SWINE Study Group Notes History - Most domestic pigs derived from the European wild pig ... thought to be derived from the chinese Sus vittatus or Sus indicus and the Indian Sus cristatus. - Wild pigs are considered nocturnal omnivores. Pig Terminology Boar: Non castrated male Barrow: Castrated male Gilt: A young female kept for breeding that upon farrowing becomes a sow. However, some husbandry men consider a female to be a gilt until the second farrowing. An "open" gilt is one that has not been bred. A "closed" gilt is pregnant. Sow: An adult female pig that has farrowed and is used for breeding. Shoat: Newly weaned! piglet Farrow: Parturition process of the pig Taxonomy Order: Artiodactyla: Even toed-ungulates (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, buffalo,etc) vs. Perrisodactyla (odd toed, horses, etc) Suborder: Suiformes vs. Ruminantia (Ruminants) and Tylopoda (camels) Family: Suidae (True pigs) vs Tayassuidae Genera: Sus Species: scrofa Breeds American Landrace - developed in Denmark. White although small black spots are common. Very long sides due to extra vertebrae and ribs (l5-17 ribs). Long head with large droopy ears. Chester White - from Chester and Delaware counties of Pennsylvania. Very prolific with large litters. White although small bluish spots are sometimes found. Face is of medium length and is practically straight. Ears are medium to large and droop. Yorkshire - from England. White with a broad. dished face and erect ears. Snout is medium in length and broad at nostrils. Hampshire - from Boone County, Kentucky. Black with a white belt around the shoulders and front legs. Face is long and straight with erect ears. Berkshire - from Berkshire, England. Black with white feet, face, and tail switch. Any or all of the points can be dark. Dished face with short snout and broad face. Ears are medium in size, set well apart, and carried erect. Poland China - from Miami Valley of Ohio. No swine from Poland used in its foundation. Black with or without white feet, face, and tip of tail. Face is of medium length and slightly dished. Distinctly droopy ears. Larger than most other modern breeds. Spotted swine (Spot) - From Indiana. Spotted black and white pattern with about 50# of each color. Slightly dished face with drooping ears. Hereford - from Missouri. Red body with White on at least two feet, the underline, and the switch. White. medium length face with a slight dish and drooping ears. Tamworth - from central England. Long neck and legs. Red coat that varies from golden to dark red. Moderately long straight snout. Medium size erect ears. Duroc - from NE United States. Red with shades of light to dark. Ears are medium in size and tip forward. Face is of medium length and slightly dished. Shire = erect ears. Miniature swine: Hormel miniature (Sinclair or Minnesota) - first developed at Hormel lnstitute at the University of Minnesota in 1949. Primary cross between guinea hogs from Alabama and wild boars from Catalina lsland. Piney Woods pigs from Louisiana and Ras-n-Lansa pigs from Guam were later incorporated into the gene pool. In the l96O,s a Yorkshire boar was used to introduce white color. Sinclair pigs are derived from this stock. Pittman Moore Strain - developed at the University of Minnesota and derived from feral swamp hogs from southern US. Distributed by Vita-Vet Laboratories. White haired. 8O-9O% white skin. with 1O-4O% dark spots. Adult height is about 70 kg. Hanford miniature - initially developed at the Hanford Laboratory (later known as Battelle Northwest Research Laboratories) in Richland, Washington in 1958. Owned and supplied exclusively by Charles River. Cross between Falouse gilts and a Pittman-Moore boar. A light-colored feral swamp hog and a Yucatan miniature boar were later introduced. Labco strain was added later. Less subcutaneous fat than other breeds, white skinned. Goettingen miniature - developed in 1980 at the University of Goettingen in west Germany from a cross between a Minnesota miniature and a small Vietnamese pig. German Landrace introduced for white akin. Used extensively in Europe. Average one-year height is 37 kg. Ohmini - developed in Japan in 1945 by Hioshi Ohmi from crosses of manchurian pigs with Hampshire, Duroc domestic, and Hormel miniature. They are black with a course haircoat exceptionally long ears and wrinkled skin. Average one year old height is 35 kg. Lee Sung - developed in 1975 at the University of Taiwan from Taiwanese small-ear pigs. Average one-year height is 30 kg. Yucatan miniature - native of Southern mexico, Costa Rico and other areas of Latin America. Only natural occurring miniature pig. Derived from one primary gene pool without introduction of genetic material from other breeds. Charles River's mini pigs are small Yucatan strains developed at Colorado State University from foundation animals imported from the Yucatan peninsula in 1960. Black or slate grey, relatively hairless, short profile and short snout. Wattles found in some lines. Synonyms: Maya - British; Costa Rico - Pelon De Cartigo; Latin America - Cuino; U.S.- Mexican Hairless. Yucatan micropig - a strain of Yucatan that primarily differs in size only. Developed at the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory in 1978. Anatomy Respiratory: Laryngeal diverticulum Lungs: Right - 4 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory) Left - 2 lobes (cranial, caudal) Cardiovascular: Left cardiac notch larger than right Left azygous vein enters the coronary sinus. Hemi-azygous vein enters the precava. External jugular in deep. Gastrointestinal: Spiral colon: Ansa spiralis Left side Coiled in two directions Ascending colon Reproductive: - Fibroelastic penis with distal curvature - Preputial diverticulum Anesthesia: (Malignant hyperthermia) - Inherited autosomal dominant w/ incomplete penetrance - Animals w/ high proportion of muscle to body mass - Poland china, pietrain, landrace, spotted, yorkshire - Correct with Dantrolene administration Diseases: - TGE - Corona of jejunum and ileum - Aresol or contact - Watery diarrhea - No tx - Swine dysentery - Treponema hyodysenteriae (spirochete) - Large intestine - Mucoid diarrhea - Tx = antibiotics - Enteric colibacillosis - E. coli - Watery diarrhea - K 88 strains - Tx = antibiotics - Salmonellosis - S. cholerasuis, S. typhimurium - Diarrhea - Tx = antibiotics - Proliferative ileitis - Campylobacter sputorum - Same signs as in hamster - Tx = antibacterials - Exudative epidermitis - Staph. hyos - Greasy pig disease; Eczema - Tx = cleaning pigs and antibiotics - Swinepox - - Young pigs - Haematopinus suis - Parakeratosis - Nutritional disease - Tx = Zinc supplement - Selenium Deficiency / Vitamin E - Yellow fat - Edema & sudden death of young - Atrophic rhinitis - Bordetella bronch. - Pasteurella multocida - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Mycoplasma hyopneumonia - Apical & cardiac lobes - Gray & purple lungs - Pleuropneumonia - Hemophilus pleuropneumonia - Tx = antibiotics - Swine Influenza - Orthomyxovirus RNA - Chest lesions - Tuberculosis - M. bovis = invasive w/ caseation & liquif. necrosis - M. tuberculosis, M. avian = not invasive - Erysipelas - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - Rhomboid lesions - Tx = killed bacterin or antibiotics - Hog cholera - RNA Togaviridae, pestivirus - Eradicated from USA - Glasser's Disease - Hemophilus parasuis - H. parainfluenza - Pseudorabies - Aujeszky's Disease, Mad itch - Herpes virus (H. suis) - Not human pathogen - Teschen disease - Picorniviridae - GI tract involved - Leptospirosis - L. icterohaemorrhagica - L. grippotyphosa - L. canicola - Tx = strept - Swine Vesicular Disease - Picornviridae - Feet and legs - Similar to foot & mouth - Vesicular Exanthema of Swine - Calicivirus - San Miguel Sea Lion Virus - Capable of producing VES in swine - Foot and Mouth Disease - Cloven hoofed animals - Also voles, rats, hedgehogs, sheep and reindeer - Virus will replicate in monkeys, frogs, snakes, turtles - Picorniviradae - Vesicular Stomatitis - Rhabdovirus - New Jersey & Indiana virus (no cross react) - Porcine Stress Syndrome - PSE pork - Similar to malignant hypothermia - Genetically determined - Trichinosis - Trichinella spiralis - Diaphragm, tongue, masseter, intercostal muscles - Also bear - Stomach Worms - Hyostrongylus rubidus ... The Red Stomach Worm - Ascarops strongylina - Physocephalus sexalatus - Ascaris suum - SImilar to A. canis - Migration through body is big problem - Macracanthorrhychus - Thorny Headed Worm - Tapeworm - Stephanurus dentatus - Swine Kidney Worm - Similar to Klossiella muris - Sarcoptes scabeiei - Only important skin parasite - Pruritic - Coccidia - Eimeria, Isospora, Crytosporidum - Lung worms - Metastrongylus apri - Eperythrozoonosis - Rickettsia - E. suis - Arthropod borne