Exercise for Dogs

Provided by the Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

EXERCISE FOR DOGS

January 1979 - October 1991

Janice C. Swanson, Ph.D.

INTRODUCTION

The well-being of dogs used in research is contingent upon the development and implementation of appropriate programs that promote: disease prevention, adequate veterinary care, proper nutrition, sound husbandry, socialization and appropriate facilities (92). There are two factors affecting well-being: physiological and psychological. Physiological well-being may be defined as a state of clinical health or absence of of disease or injury. Psychological well-being, however, is problematic in definition because of the complexity of assessing the "mental state" of an animal. One working definition refers to psychological well-being as a state in which an animal is free of distress for the most part, is in good health, exhibits a substantial range of behaviors typical of the species and can deal effectively with its environment (64).

Psychological well-being of dogs has been of recent concern to biological scientists, animal protection groups, the general public and regulatory agencies. The 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (Public Law 99-189) directed the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to promulgate regulations that would require registered dealers, exhibitors and research institutions to provide dogs with the opportunity to exercise. All registrants must develop an institutional plan that would satisfy regulatory requirements (1). APHIS has suggested that opportunities for exercise may be provided in a number of different ways. For example:

Dogs may be group housed in cages, pens or runs that provide at least 100 per cent of the regulated space requirement for each dog.
Individually housed dogs can be housed in cages, pens or runs that provide at least double the minimum regulated space required.
Dogs can be given access to a run or open space.
Dogs can be given positive physical contact with a human which encourages exercise (e.g. play).

Treadmills, carousels, swimming or other forms of forced exercise cannot be utilized to meet regulatory criteria since the intent of Congress was to provide the dog with the "opportunity" for exercise (1).

Controversy has surrounded the development of standards to satisfy Congressional intent (2,5). Although research has been conducted using dogs as a model for exercise physiology, little scientific work has been conducted to determine a dog's exercise "needs" in a physiologic and psychological sense (63,64,66,92). However, comparative studies may be beneficial in establishing physiological reference values of physical fitness that can be used to further investigate physiological "need".

Many factors are thought to influence the physiological and psychological well-being of the confined dog. Genotype, housing, behavior, sex, breed, age and socialization have been cited as variables (69,87,90). Of these factors housing and socialization (animal or human) have been studied to a limited degree. To date, studies have not been able to significantly demonstrate that cage size affects exercise and/or physical fitness when submaximal heart rate , muscle enzymes (O2 utilization) and plasma cortisol (stress) are measured (63,66,70,71).

There is, however, evidence that well-socialized dogs are more likely to be active than those that are socially deprived (67,69,76). Socialization can be provided through conspecifics, human contact or both. Ethological studies of wild animals have revealed that when all physiological criteria are met through food abundance, shelter and there is absence of predation animals will not "exercise". The conservation of energy is of utmost importance in wild animals and unnecessary expenditure is not a viable strategy. Therefore exercise happens as a result of animals satisfying other behavioral and physiological activities (e.g. foraging for food, socializing or seeking shelter (69). Socialization in packs for the purpose of maintaining heirarchy, resource access and breeding priviledge may be considered one of the activities. How this extrapolates to the confined domestic dog has not been determined.

More research into physiological and psychological factors is needed to fully determine their importance in maintaining a dog's psychological well-being in a variety of environments and how to measure those factors to determine whether needs are met (63,64,66,67).

This Special Reference Brief (SRB) is designed to provide bibliographic information on exercise for dogs. The SRB has been divided into categories that are related to the subject area: Regulatory Issues, Exercise Physiology, Environmental Physiology and Behavior, Husbandry and Management and, Biological Reference Values. The information in this document was derived from a variety of information resources. All citations available from the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) will provide the NAL call number.

Special thanks goes to Dr. J. Derrell Clark, D.V.M., University of Georgia, School of Veterinary Medicine and to Dr. Bruce Ewald, D.V.M. of CIBA-GIEGY for their thoughtful reviews, constructive comments and additions to this document.

REGULATORY ISSUES

001
9 CFR Part 3 Animal Welfare; Standards; Final Rule: Subpart A --
Dogs and Cats. Federal Register 56(32):6432-6460 (February 15,
1991).
NAL call number: JK6.F4
Descriptors: regulations, housing, handling, transport,
treatment, care.

002
"Doghouse or dogtrot -- How much exercise does a dog need?"
Upfront 9(1) Winter 1991, The Veterinary Medical Experiment
Station, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of
Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (Newsletter).
Descriptors: caging, indoor and outdoor housing, exercise,
physical fitness.

003
"Caging systems for dogs under the new standards of the Animal
Welfare Act." W.E.Britz. In: Canine Research Environment J.A.
Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.), Proceedings from a conference held
by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW,
Bethesda, MD; January 1990, pp. 48-52.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: pens, runs, kennels, facility design, floor space.

004
"Regulations for canine wellbeing in Canada." H.C. Rowsell. In:
Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.),
Proceedings from a conference held by the Scientists Center for
Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW, Bethesda, MD; January 1990,
pp. 11-18.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: legislation, housing, Canadian Council on Animal
Care, recommendations.

005
"Regulatory requirements for exercise of dogs." D.F. Schwindaman.
In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch
(eds.), Proceedings from a conference held by the Scientists
Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW, Bethesda, MD;
January 1990, pp. 3-7.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: Animal Welfare Act, proposed regulations, housing,
exercise requirements.

006
"Billion dollar price tag for new animals rules." C. Holden.
Science 242 (4879):662-663 (November 4, 1988).
NAL call number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: dogs, nonhuman primates, facilities, costs,
regulations, Animal Welfare Act, exercise, cages, biomedical
research.

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Cardiovascular

007
"Augmentation of coronary flow improves myocardial function in
exercise." [Abstract] P.A. Gwirtz, J.M. Dodd et.al. Journal of
Cardiovascular Pharmacology 15(5):752-758 (May 1990).
Descriptors: dogs, coronary blood flow (CBF), ventricular
pressure, atrial pressure, prazosin, adenosine, submaximal
exercise.

008
"Endurance training alters arterial baroreflex function in dogs."
P.A. Gwirtz, M.A. Brandt, H.J. Mass et.al. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise 22(2):200-206 (April 1990).
Descriptors: arterial pressure, baroreceptor pressure,
electrocardiogram, heart rate,R-R interval, nitroprusside,
carotid occlusion.

009
"Does exercise training alter myocardial creatine kinase MB
isoenzyme content?" T.D. Miller et.al. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise 21(4):437-440 (August 1989).
Descriptors: dogs, myocardial degeneration-regeneration.

010
"Daily exercise enhances coronary resistance vessel sensitivity
to pharmacological activation." S.E. DiCarlo, R.W. Blair, V.S.
Bishop et.al. Journal of Applied Physiology 66(1):421-428
(January 1989).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: dogs, intracoronary infusion, alpha-adrenergic
agonists, beta 2-adrenergic agonists, vasodilator, nonspecific
potentiation, stellate ganglionectomy.

011
"Endurance training in dogs increases vascular responsiveness to
analpha 1-agonist." J.M. Evans, J.N. Funk, J.B. Charles, et.al.
Journal of Applied Physiology 65(2):625-632 (August 1988).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: baroreflex modulation, heart rate, vascular
resistance, phenylephrine, treadmill, ganglionic blockade.

012
"Effects of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise training
in dogs." E.E. Wolfel, J. Lindenfeld, J. Smoal, et.al. Journal of
Applied Physiology 64(5):1960-1967 (May 1988).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: propranolol, treadmill, heart rate, blood volume,
arterial lactates.

013
"Hemodynamics and left ventricular function: A comparison between
adult racing greyhounds and greyhounds completely untrained from
birth." L.A. Pape, J.M. Price, S. Alpert, et.al. Basic Research
in Cardiology 81(4)417-424 (July-August 1986).
Descriptors: left ventricular function, cardiomegaly, systemic
vascular resistance, cardiac index, stroke volume.

014
"Dynamic exercise training in foxhounds. I. Oxygen consumption
and hemodynamic responses." T.I. Musch, G.C. Haidet, G.A. Ordway,
et.al. Journal of Applied Physiology 59(1):183-189 (July 1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: maximal exercise, submaximal exercise, treadmill,
cardiac output, lactate, VO2max.

015
"Cardiac output and muscle blood flow in exercising dogs." R.
Pendergast, J.A. Krasney, A. Ellis, et.al. Respiratory Physiology
61(3):317-326 (September 1985).
NAL call number: QP121.A1R4
Descriptors: average blood flow, treadmill, oxygen uptake,
cardiac output, muscle blood flow.

016
"Proximal coronary vasomotor reactivity after exercise training
in dogs." A.A. Bove and J.D. Dewey. Circulation 71(3):620-625
(March 1985).
Descriptors: treadmill, submaximal exercise, endurance,
alpha-adrenergic stimulation, serotonin.

017
"Effects of exercise training on coronary transport capacity."
M.H. Laughlin. Journal of Applied Physiology 58(2):468-476
(February 1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: dogs, sedentary, exercise-trained, coronary blood
flow, permeability surface area, labelling, muscles,
vasodilation.

018
"Maximum coronary blood flow and minimum coronary resistance in
exercise-trained dogs." I.Y. Liang, M. Hamra and H.L. Stone.
Journal of Applied Physiology 56(3):641-647 (March 1984).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: microspheres, adenosine, myocardial flow.

019
"Coronary vascular response to adrenergic stimulation in
exercise-conditioned dogs." P.A. Gwirtz and H.L. Stone. Journal
of Applied Physiology 57(2):315-320 (August 1984).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill, resting, submaximal exercise,
alpha-receptor stimulation, neural control, potentiation.

020
"Blood volume, heart rate, and left ventricular ejection fraction
changes in dogs before and after exercise during endurance
training." I.C. Mackintosh, I.C. Dormel, A.L. Van Gelder et.al.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 44(10):1960-1962
(October 1983).
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: radionuclide angiography, interrelationships,
cardiovascular system.

021
"Exercise in electrocardiographic interpretation." D.G. Allen and
R.S. Downey. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 24(6):199 (June
1983).
NAL call number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: tracing analysis, diagnostics, interpretation,
clinical studies.

022
"Effect of exercise conditioning on coronary resistance." I.Y.
Liang and H.L. Stone. Journal of Applied Physiology
53(3):631-636 (September 1982).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill, diastolic coronary resistance, aortic
pressure, left coronary circumflex flow, adrenergic blockade.

023
"Heart rate adaptation to exercise training in cardiac denervated
dog." G.A. Ordway, J.B. Charles, D.C. Randall, et.al. Journal of
Applied Physiology 52:1586-1590 (1982).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: intrapericardial denervation, chronoic exercise,
bradycardia, treadmill.

024
"Effects of intensive exercise training on myocardial performance
and coronary blood flow." R.J. Barnard, H.W. Duncan, K.M.
Baldwin, et.al. Journal of Applied Physiology 49(3):444-449
(September 1980).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill, gastrocnemius malate dehydrogenase,
cardiac output, stroke volume, tension-time index, pressure
time-index.

025
"Changes in diastolic coronary resistance during submaximal
exercise in conditioned dogs." I.Y. Liang and H.L. Stone. Journal
of Applied Physiology 54(4):1057-1062 (April 1983).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: left circumflex coronary flow, aortic pressure,
heart rate, adrenergic blockade, myocardial oxygen consumption.

026
"Coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and exercise
training in dogs." H.L. Stone. Journal of Applied Physiology
49:759-768 (1980).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: coronary blood flow, atrial pacing, occlusion,
reactive hyperemia.

027
"Cardiovascular responses to local hindlimb hypoxemia: Relation
to the exercise reflex." J. Longhurst and R. Zelis. American
Journal of Physiology 237(3):359-H365 (September 1979).
NAL call number: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: chemoreceptors, hypercapnia, acidosis, pressure
reflex, tachycardia reflex.

028
"Myocardial blood flow and hemodynamic responses to exercise
training in dogs." A.A. Bove, P.B. Hultgren, T.F. Ritzer, et. al.
Journal of Applied Physiology 46:571-578 (1979).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: hypertrophy, hemodynamics, bloodflow, treadmill.

029
"Effects of exercise training on coronary reactive hyperemia and
blood flow in the dog." M.H. Laughlin, J.N. Diana and C.M.
Tipton. Journal of Applied Physiology 45:604-610 (1978).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: coronary occlusion, blood flow, vascular resistance,
weight ratios, hypertrophy.

030
Venous Pressure Changes: Their Measurement and Significance in
Exercising Dogs [Doctoral dissertation] by Andrew Algis
Schoenberg, University of Utah, 1972. University Microfilms, Ann
Arbor, MI; 1972.
NAL call number: DISS 72-7, 724
Descriptors: vascular reactivity, physiology.

031
"A submaximal test for dogs: Evaluation of effects of training,
detraining, and cage confinement." C.M. Tipton, R.A. Carey, W.C.
Eastin, et.al. Journal of Applied Physiology 37:271-275 (1974).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: coronary blood flow, blood pressure, atropine.

Musculoskeletal

032
"Effects of exercise on blood flow to canine articular tissues."
P.A. Simkin, A. Huang and R.S. Benedict. Journal of Orthopaedic
Research 8(2):297-303 (March 1990).
Descriptors: articular blood flow, microsphere technique,
treadmill, justa-articular bone.

033
"Moderate running exercise augments glycosaminoglycans and
thickness of articular cartilage in the knee joint of young
Beagle dogs." I. Kiviranta, M. Tammi, J. Jurvelin, et.al. Journal
of Orthopedic Research 6(2):188-195 (1988).
Descriptors: histology, microspectrophotometry, stifle joint,
GAGs, chondroitin sulfates, calcification.

034
"Training effects on regional blood flow response to maximal
exercise in foxhounds." T.I. Musch, G.C. Haidet, G.A. Ordway,
et.al. Journal of Applied Physiology 62(4):1724-1732 (April
1987).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill, blood flow, muscles, dynamic exercise
training.

035
"Dynamic exercise training in foxhounds: II. Analysis of skeletal
muscle." D. Parson, T.I. Musch, R.L. Moore, et.al. Journal of
Applied Physiology 59(1):190-197 (July 1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: gastrocnemius, triceps, semitendinosus, treadmill,
biochemical analysis, histochemical analysis.

036
"Muscle cell electrical hyperpolarization and reduced
hyperkalemia in physically conditioned dogs." J.P. Knochel, J.D.
Blachley, J.H. Johnson, et.al. Journal of Clinical Investigation
75(2):740-745 (February 1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill, potassium, skeletal muscle, biochemical
analysis, somatostatin.

037
"Hypothalamic rectal and muscle temperatures in exercising dogs
effect of cooling." B. Kruk, H. Kaciuba-Uscilko, K. Nazar, et.al.
Journal of Applied Physiology 58(5):1444-1448 (1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: endurance, body temperature, hyperthermia, heart
rate, respiratory rate, blood lactic acid, plasma osmolality.

038
"Morphometric analyses on the muscles of exercise trained and
untrained dogs." C.M. Cabri and N.T. James. American Journal of
Anatomy 166(3):359-368 (March 1983).
NAL call number: 447.8 AM32
Descriptors: endurance, treadmill, muscle biopsy, stereology,
heterochromatin, euchromatin.

039
"Effects of exercise on the histochemical changes of articular
chondrocytes in adult dogs." S.A. Kincaid and D.C. Van Sickle.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 43(7):1218-1226 (1982).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: enzymes, humeral head, lactic acid dehydrogenase,
succinic acid, nicotinamide dinucleotide dehydrogenase,
glucose-6-phosphatases, lipid synthesis.

040
"Influence of physical activity on ligament insertions in the
knees of dogs." G.S. Laros, C.M. Tipton and R.R. Cooper. Journal
of Bone and Joint Surgery 53A:275-286 (1971).
Descriptors: articulation, joint.

041
"Physical fitness in the confined dog: Criteria and monitoring of
muscular performance." J.T. Yoder, B.W. Kingrey and L.R.
Dragestedt. American Journal of Veterinary Research 25:727-738
(1964).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: laboratory, treadmill, blood lactate, pulse rate,
alkaline reserve, hemoglobin, muscle fibers.

Biochemical/Metabolic

042
"Effects of exercise programs on serum biochemical stress
indicators in purpose-bred Beagle dogs." S. Campbell. In: Canine
Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.),
Proceedings from a conference held by Scientists Center for
Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW, Bethesda, MD; January 1990,
pp. 77-82.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: cage housing, serum chemistry, cortisol, lymphocyte
transformation.

043
"Effect of exercise conditioning on red blood cell volume and
erythropoietin concentration in the beagle dog." H.U. Magerlein,
S.A. Heffner and M.R. Fedde. Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness 30(3):231-234 (1990).
Descriptors: hematology, treadmill, endurance training, blood
cell index.

044
"Physiological and blood biochemical responses to submaximal
treadmill exercise in Canaan dogs before, during and after
training." J.C. Sneddon, P.P. Minnaar, J.F. W. Grosskopf, et.al.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 60(2):87-91
(June 1989).
NAL call number: 41.8S08
Descriptors: indices of fitness, heart rate, rectal temperature,
plasma creatine kinase, plasma lactate, hemoglobin.

045
"Hematologic, biochemical, blood-gas, and acid-base values in
Greyhounds before and after exercise." J.E. Ilkiw, P.E. Davis and
D.B. Church. American Journal of Veterinary Research
50(4):583-586 (April 1989).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature,
blood cell counts, sodium, chloride, aspartate transaminase,
creatine kinase, urea.

046
"Changes in hematology and plasma biochemistry during maximal
exercise in Greyhounds." D.H. Snow, R.C. Harris and E. Stuttard.
Veterinary Record 123(19):487-489 (1988).
NAL call number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit,
plasma protein, creatinine, blood lactate, plasma glucose,
ammonia, glycerol, uric acid.

047
"Factor VIII complex in canine plasma after submaximal treadmill
exercise." M.A. Turrentine, A.W. Hahn and G.S. Johnson. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 47(1):39-42 (January 1986).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: coagulation Factor VIII, von Willibrand factor,
coagglutinin cofactor activity, plasma concentrations.

048
"Intermuscular variation in enzyme response to training in dogs."
R.B. Armstrong and M.H. Laughlin. Federation Proceedings 44:1371
(1985).
NAL call number: 442.9 F31P
Descriptors: succinate dehydrogenase, gastrocnemius, triceps
brachii, gluteal, gracilis, flexor digitorum superficialis.

049
"Hemodynamic effects of minus 6 degrees tilt on exercise-trained
vs cage-confined dogs." W.G. Squires, T.D. Branddon, D. Rotto,
et.al. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17(2):282
(1985).
Descriptors: hematology, confinement.

050
"Important role of glucagon during exercise in diabetic dogs."
D.H. Wasserman, H.L. A. Lickley and M. Vranic. Journal of Applied
Physiology 59(4):1272-1281 (1985).
NAL call number 447.8 J825
Descriptors: glucose kinetics, insulin, counter-regulatory
hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, lactate,
immunoreactive glucagon (IRG).

051
"Strenuous exercise may cause health hazards for racing
Greyhounds." G. Bjotvedt, C.W. Weems and K. Foley. Veterinary
Medicine and Small Animal Clinician 79(12):1481-1487 (December
1984).
NAL call number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: temperature, ear canal, rectal, blood samples,
morphology, lactic acid, blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed
cell volume, biochemical changes.

052
"Chylomicron triglyceride metabolism in resting and exercising
fed dogs." R.L. Terjung, L. Budoltoski, K. Nazar, et.al. Journal
of Applied Physiology 52(4):815-820 (April 1982).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: fatty acids, working muscle, triglyceride uptake.

053
"Effects of heatstroke, dehydration and exercise on blood enzyme
levels in the dog." A. Magazanik, Y. Epstein, Y. Shapiro and E.
Sohar. In: Contributions to Thermal Physiology: A Satellite
Symposium of the 28th International Congress of Physiological
Sciences, Peces, Hungary, 1980 Z. Szelenyi and M. Szekely
(eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 549-552.
NAL call number: QP1.I522 1980
Descriptors: treadmill, creatine phosphokinase, 1,6
diphosphate-aldolase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase.

054
"The physiological response of Siberian Husky dogs to exercise:
Effect of interval training." A.E. Ready and G. Morgan. Canadian
Veterinary Journal 25(2):86-91 (1984).
NAL call number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: hematology, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood cell
counts, lactate, creatine, phosphokinase, glutamic pyruvic
transaminase, heart rate.

055
"Metabolic and temperature responses to physical exercise in
thyroidectomized dogs." H. Kaciuba-Uscilko, Z. Brzezinska and A.
Kobryn. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational
Physiology 40(4):219-226 (1979).
Descriptors: exertion, fatty acids, norepinephrine, thyroid
hormones.

056
"The effect of prolonged restriction of physical activity on
exercise performance in dogs." E. Pohoska. Acta Physiologica
Polonica 30(3):337-350 (1979).
NAL call number: 444.8 AC8
Descriptors: temperature, rectal, blood samples, glucose,
lactate, free fatty acid, adrenaline, noradrenaline, muscle
glycogen, muscle biopsy.

057
"The effect of restriction of physical activity on adaptation to
prolonged exercise in dogs." E. Pohoska. Acta Physiologica
Polonica 27(2):199-202 (1976).
NAL call number: 444.8 AC8
Descriptors: temperature, blood enzymes, muscle biology.

058
"Lactate metabolism in resting and exercising dogs." B. Issekutz,
Jr., W.A.S. Shaw and A.C. Issekutz. Journal of Applied Physiology
40(3):312-319 (1976).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: turnover, oxidation, gluconeogenesis, utilization.

Respiration

059
"Ventilatory responses during electrically induced muscular work
in anesthetized dogs after both deafferentation and cross
circulation of hindlimbs." A.C. Da Silva, et.al. Brazilian
Journal of Medical and Biological Research 15(2-3):153-159 (July
1982).
Descriptors: neural afferent component, hyperpnea, humoral
effects, respiratory minute volume, frequency, tidal volume,
oxygen consumption, tachypneic response.

060
"Control of ventilation during graded exercise in the dog." P.C.
Szylyk, B.W. McDonald, R. Pendergast, et.al. Respiratory
Physiology 46(3):345-365 (December 1981).
NAL call number: QP121.A1R4
Descriptors: VE response, treadmill, VT response, frequency.

061
"Respiratory and circulating adjustments in evaporative heat loss
of dogs at rest and exercise." K. Pleschka, K. Rockenfeller, C.
Schaefer, et.al. In: Contributions to Thermal Physiology: A
Satellite Symposium of the 28th International Congress of
Physiological Sciences, Peces, Hungary, 1980. Z. Szelenyi and M.
Szekely (eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 545-547.
NAL call number: QP1.I522 1980
Descriptors: lingual blood flow, respiratory rate,
thermoregulation, treadmill, blood pressure, interplueral
pressure, electromagnetic flowmetry.

062
"Oxygen consumption and ventilation of dogs during passive and
active exercise." A.K. Russo, J. Tarasantchi and M.A. Griggio.
Journal of Applied Physiology 42(6):923-927 (1977).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: energy metabolism, ventilation, respiratory
parameters.

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

063
"Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs."
J.D. Clark, J.P. Calpin and R.B. Armstrong. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 52(7):1024-1028 (July 1991).
NAL call number: 41.3 AmA3
Descriptors: environment, treadmill, heart rate, enzyme
activities.

064
"Pyschologic Well-Being: Conceptual issues, behavioral measures,
and implications for dogs." Suzanne Hetts. Veterinary Clinics of
North America: Small Animal Practice 21(2):369-387 (March 1991).
Descriptors: Animal Welfare Act, regulations, history, physical
and psychic well-being, measures, indicators, abnormal behavior,
normal behavior, preference testing, caging, socialization.

065
"Environmental variables and animal care." E.L. Besch. In: Canine
Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.),
Proceedings from a conference held by the Scientists Center for
Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW, Bethesda, MD; January 1990,
pp. 53-57.
NAL call number: Ql7337.C22C36
Descriptors: temperature, humidity, ventilation, contaminants.

066
"Research studies in exercise and behavior of dogs." J.D. Clark.
In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch
(eds.), Proceedings from a conference held by the Scientists
Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW, Bethesda, MD;
January 1990, pp. 61-65.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: confinement systems, housing, experimental design,
EKG, muscle enzyme, behavior.

067
"Effects of primary enclosure size and human contact." H.C.
Hughes and S. Campbell. In: Canine Research Environment J.A.
Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.), Proceedings from a conference held
by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW,
Bethesda, MD; January 1990, pp.66-75.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: housing, movement, distance, time, handling.

068
"Socialization and management of purpose-bred dogs." T. Carroll,
D.A. Valerio and G. Pucak. In: Canine Research Environment J.A.
Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.), Proceedings from a conference held
by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW,
Bethesda, MD; January 1990, pp. 33-37.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: whelping, neonatal care, social behavior program.

069
"Canine behavior." M.W. Fox. In: Canine Research Environment J.A.
Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.), Proceedings from a conference held
by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW,
Bethesda, MD; January 1990, pp. 21-31.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: ethology, socialization, exercise, housing,
environment, psychological well-being.

070
"The effects of cage size and pair housing on exercise of Beagle
dogs." H.C. Hughes, S. Campbell and C. Kenney. Laboratory Animal
Science 39(4):302-305 (1989).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: distance , activity patterns, movement,
socialization.

071
"Some effects of limited exercise on purpose-bred Beagles." S.A.
Campbell, H.C. Hughes, H.E. Griffin, et.al. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 49 (8):1298-1301 (August 1988).
NAL call number 41.8 Am3A.
Descriptors: dogs, exercise, stress, lymphocyte transformation,
cortisol, animal welfare.

072
"Activity and behavior of farmed raccoon dogs." H. Korhonen.
Scientifur 12 (1):27-37 (1988).
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: circadian activity, behavioral patterns, rhythms,
eating, elimination, aggression, environmental conditions.

073
"Effects of cage size on growth, feed intake, fur quality and
activity pattern of farmed raccoon dogs." H. Korhonen and M.
Harri. Zeitschrift fur Versuchstierkunde 31 (2):49-54 (1988).
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: breeds, cage size, cage rearing, growth rate, food
intake, fur quality, animal behavior.

074
"Effects of indoor and outdoor maintenance of dogs upon food
intake, body weight, and different blood parameters." G. Kuhn and
W. Hardegg. Zeitschrift fur Versuchstierkunde 31(5):205-214
(1988).
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: environment, red blood cell counts, packed cell
volume, hemoglobin, plasma enzymes, substrates, minerals.

075
"Physiologic basis and consequences of distress in animals." J.E.
Breazile. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
191:1212-1215 (1987).
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: stress, eustress, feeding behavior, reproduction,
ACTH, glucocorticoids, sympathetic nervous system, reponses.

076
Laboratory Animal Husbandry: Ethology, Welfare and Experimental
Variables M.W. Fox. State University of New York Press, Albany,
NY; 1986, pp. 11-15.
NAL call number: SF406 F69
Descriptors: confinement effects, physical activity,
stereotypies, cage size.

077
"Motor activity of mongrel dogs under three different housing
conditions." H. Sigg and I. Tobler. Zeitschrift fur
Versuchstierkunde 28(4):157-165 (1986).
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: dogs, animal housing, movements, dark, light,
kinetic energy.

078
"A socializing program for laboratory-raised canines." S.L.
Vanderlip, J.E. Vanderlip and S. Myles. Lab Animal 14:33-36
(1985).
NAL call number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: behavior, temperament testing, selection and
breeding.

079
"The effects of differential rearing on exploratory behavior in
puppies." J.C. Wright. Applied Animal Ethology 10(1-2):27-34
(1983).
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: hand-rearing, litter-rearing, stimulus, exploratory
behavior, locomotor activity, novel objects, reactivity.

080
"Ecological behavior of free-ranging urban pet dogs." H.D. Rubin
and A.M. Beck. Applied Animal Ethology 8(1-2):161-168 (1982).
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: activity patterns, range, social interaction,
roaming.

081
"Influence of living area space on agonistic interaction in
Telomian dogs." T.F. Pettijohn, K.L. Davis and J.P. Scott.
Behavorial Neurological Biology 28(3):343-349 (1980).
Descriptors: aggression, crowding, dominance, eating, spatial
behavior.

082
"Concurrent exercise of dogs using carousel type treadmill." R.K.
Martin and J.P. Albright. Journal of Applied Physiology
46(4):1205-1206 (1979).
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: treadmill development, banked track, construction,
design, speed, maintenance, diagram.

083
"Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of Beagle
dogs." M. Hite, H.M. Hanson, N.R. Bohidar, et.al. Laboratory
Animal Science 27:60-64 (1977).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: weight gain, activity patterns, standing, lying,
sitting, sleeping, electrocardiograph, examinations, ophthalmic,
hematologic, biochemical measurements.

084
"Cage activity in the laboratory Beagle: A preliminary study to
evaluate a method of comparing cage size to physical activity."
J. Neamand, W.T. Sweeney, A.A. Creamer, et.al. Laboratory Animal
Science 25:180-183 (1975).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: physical activity, specific activity measurements,
body weight, blood chemical and urine values.

085
"An evaluation of the effects of various degrees of long term
confinement on adult Beagle dogs." W.M. Newton. Laboratory Animal
Science 22:860-64 (1972).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: calcium-47 kinetic analysis, myofibrillar enzymes.

086
"Effect of person and environment on heart rates in two strains
of pointer dogs." K.J. Thomas, O.D. Murphee and J.E. Newton.
Conditional Reflex 7(2):74-81 (April/June 1972).
Descriptors: petting, human presence, bradycardia, genetics.

087
"Effects of rearing conditions on the behavior of laboratory
animals." M.W. Fox. In: Defining the Laboratory Animal National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC; 1971, pp. 294-312.
NAL call number: SF406 I52
Descriptors: selective breeding, genotype, handling,
socialization, temperament, isolation, exercise.

088
"Behavioral effects of rearing dogs with cats during the critical
period of socialization." M.W. Fox. Behaviour 35(3-4):273-280
(1969).
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: intra-species socialization, intra-species
identification, avoidance, recognition, bonding.

089
"Neurochemical and behavioral effects of isolation rearing in
dogs." H.C. Agrawal, M.W. Fox and W.A. Himwich. Life Sciences
6:71-78 (1967).
NAL call number: 442.8 262
Descriptors: social interaction, environment, electrophysiology,
electroencephalography, chemical analysis.

090
"Environmental factors influencing stereotyped and allelomimetic
behavior in animals." M.W. Fox. Laboratory Animal Care 15:363-370
(1965).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: review, normal behavior, abnormal behavior, social
stimulation, crowding.

091
"An evaluation of an outdoor kennel for dogs." A.C. Anderson and
M. Goldman. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 137:129-135 (1960).
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: housing, economics, design, welfare.

HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT

092
"Policy, program and people: The three P's to wellbeing." T.L.
Wolfle. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L.
Krulisch (eds.), Proceedings from a conference held by the
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, June 22, 1989. SCAW,
Bethesda, MD; January 1990, pp.41-47.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: psychological well-being, exercise, socialization,
management, performance vs. engineering standards.

093
Laboratory Animal Husbandry: Ethology, Welfare and Experimental
Variables M.W. Fox, State University of New York Press, Albany,
NY; 1986.
NAL call number: SF406 F69
Descriptors: behavior, care, management, wellbeing.

094
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; NIH Publication No. 86-23,
1985, pp. 11-31.
NAL call number: SF406 N32 1985
Descriptors: guidelines, policy, husbandry, facilities,
laboratory management.

095
Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals Animal Welfare
Institute: Washington, DC; 1979, pp. 52-57.
NAL call number: SF91.A5
Descriptors: housing, facilities, site visits, requirements,
indoor, outdoor.

096
Dogs: Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding Care and
Management of Laboratory Animals ILAR (Institute of Laboratory
Animal Resources) Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Standards,
Committee on Standards, National Academy of Sciences, Washington,
DC; 1973, 48 pp.
NAL call number: SF407 D6N38
Descriptors: selection, conditioning, procurement, facilities,
husbandry, restraint, euthanasia, disposal.

097
The Beagle as an Experimental Dog Iowa State University Press,
Ames, IA; 1970, pp. 10-15.
NAL call number: QL737 C22A5
Descriptors: caging, housing, indoors, outdoors, husbandry.

098
"Housing for research dogs." N.R. Brewer. Federation Proceedings
20:917-918 (1961).
NAL call number: 442.9 F31P
Descriptors: pens, cages, space, confinement, survey.

099
The Dog in Medical Research K.S. Grimson. Public Health Service,
Washington, DC. PHS Publication No. 312. 1961.
Descriptors: husbandry, management, health.

BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE VALUES

100
"Age dependency of haematological values and concentrations of
serum biochemical constituents in normal Beagles from 1 to 14
years of age." S. Fukuda, N. Kawashima, H. Lida, et.al. Japanese
Journal of Veterinary Science 51(3):636-641 (1989).
NAL call number: 41.8 J27
Descriptors: red blood cell count, hemoglobins, hematocrits,
corpuscular volume, proteins, glucose, urea, enzymes.

101
"Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal in healthy
dogs: A new mathematical analysis and reference values." W.E. van
den Brom and R.P. Happe. American Journal of Veterinary Research
47(10):2170-2174 (1986).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: mathematical analysis, 99mTC-sulur colloid,
99mTC-diethyenetriaminepentaacetic acid.

102
"Electroneurographic examination of the ulnar and radial nerves
in the dog: Reference values, biological variation and
reproducibility." J.J. van Nes and W.E. van den Brom. Research in
Veterinary Science 40(2):189-196 (1986).
NAL call number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: electrophysiology, velocity, amplitude, peaks, nerve
action potentials.

103
"Baroreceptor reflex cardiovascular control in mongrel dogs and
racing Greyhounds." R.H. Cox, R.J. Bagshaw, D.K. Detweiler,
et.al. American Journal of Physiology 249(3):H655-662 (1985).
NAL call number: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: hemodynamic variables, vagal afferents,
hypertension, regional blood flow.

104
"Variance estimates and individuality ratios of 25 serum
constituents in Beagles." N. Liessing, R. Rizzo, H. Sargent,
et.al. Clinical Chemistry 31(1):83-86 (1985).
NAL call number: 396.8 C61
Descriptors: pretreatment values, reference intervals,
experimental design, analytical methods, variance.

105
"Normal values of coagulation of canine blood." A.C. Zondag, A.M.
Kolb, et.al. Hemostasis 15:318 (1985).
NAL call number: SF601 V523
Descriptors: thrombokinetics, screening techniques, plasma,
clotting factors.

106
"Normal values of canine M-mode echocardiogram." C.W. Lombard.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 45:2015 (1984).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: measurements, correlations, body weight.

107
"Echocardiographic indices in the normal dog." J. Boon, W.E.
Wingfield and C.W. Miller. Veterinary Radiology 24(5):214-221
(1983).
NAL call number: 41.9 AM37
Descriptors: m-mode echocardiography, amplitude, dimensions,
aortic and atrial measurements.

108
"Basal levels of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the
dog." P.A. Bridle, K.B. Brosnihan et.al. Hypertension 5:V128
(1983).
Descriptors: conscious and unconscious dogs, catecholamine,
hemodynamic variables.

109
"Sensory nerve conduction velocity of cutaneous afferents of the
radial, ulnar, neroneal, and tibial nerves of the dog: Reference
values." R.W. Redding, J.T. Ingram and S.B. Colter. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 43(3):517-521 (1982).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: mean conduction velocities, sensory action
potentials, average evoked response technique.

110
"Normal biochemical values of canine blood." P. Schoning and A.C.
Strafuss. Canine Practice 9(6):16-18 (1982).
NAL call number: SF991.A1C3
Descriptors: hematology, biochemical profiles, normal reference
values.

111
"Hematology reference values for dogs of Beagle stock." J.
Berger. Zeitschrift fur Versuchstierkunde 23(5):278-283 (1981).
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: hematology, red blood cell counts, leukocyte counts,
blood profiles.

112
"Hematology of the normal dog and cat." H.W. Tvedten. Veterinary
Clinics of North America 11(2):209-217 (1981).
NAL call number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: hematology, blood profiles, review.

113
"The normal electrocardiogram of the conscious Beagle dog." A.
Eckenfels and G. Trieb. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
47(3):567-584 (1979).
NAL call number: RA1190.S627
Descriptors: methods, aging, sex, heart rate, body weight.

114
"Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values." J.H.
Lumsden, K. Mullen, et.al. Canadian Journal of Comparative
Medicine 43:125 (1979).
Descriptors: hemodynamics, calcium, magnesium, standards.

115
"Normal laboratory values in Beagle dogs of twelve to eighteen
months of age." J.E. Jordan. American Journal of Veterinary
Research 38:509 (1977).
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: spinal fluid variables, urinalysis, creatine
phosphokinase, urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine
vanillymandelic.

116
"Serum chemistry values of normal dogs (Beagles): Association
with age, sex and family line." L.V. Kaspar and W.P. Norris.
Laboratory Animal Science 27:980 (1977).
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: serum component analysis, age, sex and familial
effects.

117
The Beagle as an Experimental Dog A.C. Anderson and L.S. Good
(eds.), Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell, London, (1970).
NAL call number: QL737 C22A5
Descriptors: husbandry, management, experimental variables,
reference values.
AUTHOR INDEX

Agrawal, H.C. 89
Albright, J.P. 82
Allen, D.G. 21
Alpert, S. 13
Anderson, A.C. 91,117
Animal Welfare Institute 95
Baldwin, K.M. 24
Bagshaw, R.J. 103
Barnard, R.J. 24
Beck, A.M 80
Benedict, R.S. 32
Berger, J. 111
Besch, E.L. 65
Bishop, V.S. 10
Bjotvedt, G. 51
Blachley, J.D. 36
Blair, R.W. 10
Bohidar, N.R. 83
Boon, J. 107
Bove, A.A. 16,28
Branddon, T.D. 49
Brandt, M.A. 8
Breazile, J.E. 75
Brewer, N.R. 98
Bridle, P.A. 108
Britz, W.E. 3
Brosnihan, K.B. 108
Brzezinskq, Z. 55
Budoltoski, L. 52
Cabri, C.M. 38
Calpin, J.P. 63
Campbell, S. 42,67,70
Campbell, S.A. 71
Carey, R.A. 31
Carroll, T. 68
Charles, J.B. 11,23
Church, D.B. 45
Clark, J.D. 63,66
Colter, S.B. 109
Cooper, R.R. 40
Cox, R.H. 103
Creamer, A.A. 84Da Silva, A.C. 59
Davis, K.L. 81
Davis, P.E. 45
Detweiler, D.K. 103
Dewey, J.D. 16
Diana, J.N. 29
DiCarlo, S.E. 10
Dodd, J.M. 7
Dormel, I.C. 20
Downey, R.S. 21
Dragestedt, L.R. 41
Duncan, H.W. 24
Eastin, W.C. 31
Eckenfels, A. 113
Ellis, A. 15
Epstein, Y. 53
Evan, Y.M. 11
Fedde, M.R. 43
Foley, K 51
Fox, M.W. 69,76,87,88,89,90,93
Fukuda, S. 100
Funk, J.N. 11
Goldman, M. 91
Good, L.S. 117
Griffin, H.E. 71
Griggio, M.A. 62
Grimson, K.S. 99
Grosskopf, J.F.W. 44
Gwirtz, P.A. 7,8,19
Hahn, A.W. 47
Haidet, G.C. 14,34
Hamra, M. 18
Hanson, H.M. 83
Happe, R.P. 101
Hardegg, W. 74
Harri, M. 73
Harris, R.C. 46
Heffner, S.A. 43
Hetts, S. 64
Himwich, W.A. 89
Hire, M. 83
Holden, C. 6
Huang, A. 32
Hughes, H.C. 67,70,71
Hultgren, P.B. 28
Ilkiw, J.E.45
Ingram, J.T. 109
Iowa State Univ. 97
Issekutz, A.C. 58
Issekutz Jr., B. 58
James, N.T. 38
Johnson, G.S. 47
Johnson, J.H. 36
Jordan, J.E. 115
Jurvelin, J. 33
Kaciuba-Uscilko, H. 37,55
Kasper, L.V. 116
Kawashima, N. 100
Kenney, C. 70
Kingrey, B.W. 41
Kincaid, S.A. 39
Kiviranta, I. 33
Knochel, J.P. 36
Kobryn, A. 55
Kolb, A.M. 105
Korhonen, H. 72,73
Krasney, J.A. 15
Kruk, B. 37
Kuhn, G. 74
Laros, G.S. 40
Laughlin, M.H. 17,29,48
Liang, I.Y. 18,22,25
Lickley, H.L.A. 50
Lida, H. 100
Liessing, N. 104
Lindenfeld, J. 12
Longhurst, J. 27
Lumsden, J.H. 114
Mackintosh, I.C. 20
Magazanik, A. 53
Magerlein, H.U. 43
Martin, R.K, 82
Mass, H.J. 8
McDonald, B.W. 60
Miller, C.W. 107Miller, T.D. 9
Minnaar, P.P. 44
Moore, R.L. 35
Morgan, G. 54
Mullen, K. 114
Murphee, O.D. 86
Musch, T.I. 14,34,35
Myles, S. 78
National Academy of Science 96
Nazar, K. 37,52
Neamand, J. 84
Newton, J.E. 86
Newton, W.M. 85
Norris, W.P. 116
Ordway, G.A. 14,23,34
Pape, L.A. 13
Parson, D. 34
Pendergast, R. 16,60
Pettijohn, T.F. 81
Pleschkq, K. 61
Pohoska, E. 56,57
Price, J.M. 13
Pucak, G. 68
Randall, D.C. 23
Ready, A.E. 54
Redding, R.W. 109
Ritzer, R.F. 28
Rizzo, R. 104
Rockenfeller, K. 61
Rotto, D. 49
Rowsell, H.C. 4
Rubin, H. D. 80
Russo, A.K. 62
Sargent, H. 104
Schaefer, C. 61
Schoenberg, A.A. 30
Schoning, P. 110
Schwindaman, D.F. 5
Scott, J.P. 81
Shapiro, Y. 53
Shaw, W.A.S. 58
Sigg, H. 77
Simkin, P.A. 32
Sneddon, J.C. 44
Snow, D.H. 46
Sohar, E. 53
Squires, W.G. 49
Stone, H.L. 18,19,22,25,26
Strafuss, A.C. 110
Stuttard, E. 46
Sweeney, W.T. 84
Szylyk, P.C. 60
Tammi, M. 33
Tarasantchi, J. 62
Terjung, R.L. 52
Thomas, K.J. 86
Tipton, C.M. 29,31,40
Tobler, I. 77
Trieb, G. 113
Turrentine, M.A. 47
Tvedten, H.W. 112
U.S. Dept. Health and Human Service, Public Health 94
Valerio, D.A. 68
Vanderlip, J.E. 78
Vanderlip, S.L. 78
Van Gelder, A.L. 20
Van Sickle, D.C. 39
Van den Brom, W.E. 101,102
Vranic, M. 50
Wasserman, D. 50
Weems, C.W. 51
Wingfield, W.E. 107
Wolfel, E.E. 12
Wolfle, T.L. 92
Wright, J.C. 79
Yoder, J.T. 41
Zelis, R. 27
Zondeg, A.C. 105

AWIC
Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library
USDA Cooperative Agreement No. 58-0520-5-076 - July, 1995