ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 BST - Bovine Growth Hormone January 1991 - December 1993 QB 94-10 Quick Bibliography Series Bibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on- line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography. 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BST - Bovine Growth Hormone January 1991 - December 1993 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-10 Updates QB 92-30 281 citations from AGRICOLA Jean A. Larson Animal Welfare Information Center February 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Larson, Jean A. BST--bovine growth hormone. (Quick bibliography series ; 94-10) 1. Bovine somatotropin--Bibliography. I. Title. a5071.N3 no.94-10 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Citation # NAL Call No. Article title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6 Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet. BST - Bovine Growth Hormone January 1991 - December 1993 SEARCH STRATEGY Line Description 1. S (bovine? or cattle or caw? or dairy) and (growth(f)hormone? or somatotropin? or somatomedin? or bst or bgh) 2. S PY1991:PY1994 3. S S1 and S2 BST - Bovine Growth Hormone 1 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 The 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine growth hormone gene contains novel elements required for efficient and accurate polyadenylation. Goodwin, E.C.; Rottman, F.M. Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992 Aug15. The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (23): p. 16330-16334; 1992 Aug15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Structural genes; Exons; Nucleotide sequences; Genetic regulation Abstract: In addition to the conserved AAUAAA hexanucleotide, GU- and U-rich sequences in the 3'-flanking region are thought to be critical for efficient polyadenylation. The 3'-flanking sequence requirements for efficient and accurate polyadenylation of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene were determined by quantitative S1 nuclease analysis of transcripts derived from various BGH 3' deletions and block mutations transiently transfected into COS-1 cells. Though the BGH 3'- flanking sequence contains a portion of the putative GU efficiency element, we find that mutation of this element leads to a marginal decrease in efficiency similar to that from mutation of other sequences that do not contain recognizable GU- or U-rich motifs. The data are consistent with a diffuse efficiency element in the BGH polyadenylation signal rather than a discrete element as is thought to exist in other mammalian signals. We have also determined that a region from 18 to 27 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site contains sequences required for correctly positioning the cleavage site. 2 NAL Call. No.: QP501.B642 The ability of bovine mammary tissue to synthesize lipids for 96 h when cocultured with liver and adipose tissue. Keys, J.E.; Fekry, A.E.; Wood, D.L.; Capuco, A.V. Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 May. Biochemistry and cell biology; Biochimie et biologie cellulaire v. 70 (5): p. 343-346; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary tissue; Adipose tissue; Liver; Explants; Tissue culture; Acetates; Phospholipids; Triacylglycerols; Fatty acids; Biosynthesis; Somatotropin; Models 3 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Abomasal infusion of casein enhances nitrogen retention in somatotropin-treated steers. Houseknecht, K.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Fox, D.G.; Smith, D.F. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Aug. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (8): p. 1717-1725; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Steers; Somatotropin; Abomasum; Infusion; Casein; Nitrogen; Retention; Protein requirement; Immunoglobulins; Growth Abstract: The effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) administration and abomasal protein infusion on nitrogen metabolism were investigated using four abomasally-cannulated Holstein steers in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Treatments were factorially arranged to include daily abomasal infusion (water or casein, 0.9 g/kg body wt) and daily bST injection (0 or 200 mug/kg body wt). Each treatment period lasted for 23 d and consisted of an adjustment period (d 1 to 7), casein infusion (d 8 to 23) and bST treatment (d 10 to 23). Nitrogen metabolism and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) profiles were characterized on d 16-22. Animals were fed a total mixed diet balanced to achieve 0.75 kg gain/d and supplemented to provide 115% of requirements for crude protein and minerals. Nitrogen retention was increased by casein and bST individually (21 and 33%, respectively) or in combination (75%). Somatotropin treatment increased the biological value of absorbed N, which was consistent with reductions in plasma urea nitrogen. Circulating IGF-I was increased by bST and was highly correlated (r = 0.73) with N retention. Overall, bST altered requirements so that less absorbed N was required per unit of N retained. However, results also demonstrated that because of limitations in amino acids supplied from microbial and ruminal escape protein in young growing cattle, amino acid supply may limit the magnitude of N retention response to bST under many situations. 4 NAL Call. No.: A00109 Action alert! Urge FDA to label milk from BGH-injected cows. Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the National Wildlife Federation; 1991 Oct. The gene exchange v. 2 (3): p. 10; 1991 Oct. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Public opinion 5 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Actions of bovine somtotropin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes in cattle. Elvinger, F.; Hansen, P.J.; Head, H.H.; Natzke, R.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Granulocytes; Lymphocytes; Heifers; Phagocytosis; Heat resistance; Temperature; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate; Mitosis; Mitogens Abstract: Objectives were to determine 1) in vitro effects of bST on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes and 2) in vivo effects of bST on leukocyte function of heifers fed to maintain medium or high growth rates. When administered in vitro, bST did not affect function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation by resting lymphocytes was stimulated by 1000 ng/ml bST. When given in vitro, bST did not further enhance [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured at 38.5 degrees C but reduced the depression of mitogen-stimulated proliferation caused by incubating cells at 42 degrees C. When bST was administered in vivo, phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from bST-treated heifers were not different from cells of control heifers. As measured by [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes from bST-treated heifers responded similarly to those of control heifers when incubated at 38.5 degrees C, but the depression in [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake due to culture at 42 degrees C was less for lymphocytes obtained from bST-treated heifers. In conclusion, bST had little effect on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes but could promote proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and protect cells from effects of elevated temperature. 6 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Analysis of somatic cell count data by a peak evaluation algorithm to determine inflammation events. Elvinger, F.; Littell, R.C.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3396-3406; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Cell counting; Somatotropin; Seasonal fluctuations; Algorithms; Computer analysis; Inflammation Abstract: Increases in SCC are an expression of inflammation events in the udder. Inflammation events are sporadic, of variable amplitude and duration, and can be analyzed by computer programs designed to evaluate pulses of hormone secretion. Baseline values for SCC, which take into account long-term trends, were calculated using the PUL-SAR peak evaluation algorithm. An inflammation event was defined as an increase of log2(SCC) of at least 1 unit from the preceding data point if the observed value exceeded the baseline value by a threshold value. Incidence rate, duration, and amplitude of inflammation events were calculated. Weekly composite milk SCC from individual cows from two Florida dairy farms were recorded. Data were analyzed for effects of season (summer and fall) and bST in two separate data sets. Incidence rate of inflammation events was higher in summer than in fall (4.31 and 2.91 events per cow X year). In one of two data sets only, duration of inflammation events was longer in cows treated with bST (2.4 +/- .2 vs. 1.6 +/- .2 wk). In contrast, least squares analysis of variance of log2(SCC) did not detect differences due to season or bST. The use of the peak evaluation algorithm led to the detection of seasonal and bST effects on inflammation events in cows. 7 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Androgens modulate growth hormone-releasing factor-induced GH release from bovine anterior pituitary cells in static culture. Hassan, H.A.; Merkel, R.A.; Enright, W.J.; Tucker, H.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 209-218; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Steers; Heifers; Pituitary; Cell culture; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Androgens 8 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Application of type I and II errors in dairy farm management decision making. Galligan, D.T.; Chalupa, W.; Ramberg, C.F. Jr Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 902-910; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Decision making; Errors; Sodium bicarbonate; Somatotropin; Cost analysis; Farm results; Break- even point; Milk production Abstract: The economic costs of type I and type II errors associated with decisions regarding the use of sodium bicarbonate and bST on dairy farms were calculated. Data from published experiments were used to estimate the mean and SD in production responses and associated changes in DM intake. The frequency distribution of the production response and the expected monetary value of type I error (using a product when it is unprofitable) and type II error (not using a product when it is profitable) were calculated. Supplemental sodium bicarbonate ($.05/cow per d) and bST ($.40/cow per d) were used as sample decision problems. Milk was valued at $.28/kg, and feed was priced at $.15/kg. Based on 12 reports, cows supplemented with .75% sodium bicarbonate in ration DM produced an additional 1.43 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 1.13) and consumed .36 kg/d more feed type I error costs were $.02/d, whereas type II error costs were $.32/d. From 16 reports, cows supplemented daily with 10 to 15 mg/d of bST produced an additional 3.9 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 2.1) and consumed .6 kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.03/d, whereas type II error costs were $.66/d. Because type II error costs were greater than type I error costs, the economic decision favored the use of sodium bicarbonate or bST or both. Type II error cost was greater than type I for both, products when DM cost was varied from $.064 to .239/kg and milk price was varied from $.145 to $.429/kg. 9 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Applications of size exculsion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering detection to proteins, including somatotropins. Severdia, A.G.; Strohl, G.K.; Fox, O.F.; Iyer, K.S. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 337-341; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal health; Drug formulations; Molecular weight; Proteins; Somatotropin; Chromatography; Lasers Abstract: Size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering detection (SEC/LALLS) has been applied to the separation and characterization of a number of proteins as a function of molecular weight using different SEC columns and elution buffers. The use of a LALLS detector in conjunction with a concentration detector eliminated the need for calibration of the SEC column. Data acquisition and analysis were under computer control. The technique has been demonstrated to determine molecular weights for a variety of proteins, including natural bovine and natural porcine somatotropins. The LALLS detector combined with an SEC column was effective in determining an accurate molecular weight even under conditions when the SEC columns' separation was not strictly size-dependent. Applications of the technique to protein samples that contain dimers and higher order aggregates, i.e., samples which may arise in protein stability and formulation studies, will be discussed. 10 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Applied dynamics of dairy replacement growth and management. Hoffman, P.C.; Funk, D.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2504-2516; 1992 Sep. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Growth rate; Replacement; Age at first calving; Milk yield; Dystocia; Mammary glands; Somatotropin; Literature reviews Abstract: The applied objective of rearing dairy replacement heifers is to minimize investment inputs while maximizing profitable outputs. To reduce inputs one fundamental methodology is to reduce rearing time. Research efforts to reduce the age at first calving below 22 to 24 mo have generally resulted in reduced milk yield. Research suggests that reductions in milk yield may be the result of high energy planes of nutrition, employed to reduce calving age, on mammary parenchyma tissue development. This research is vital to an understanding of the effects of growth and development on the output potential of the replacement heifer, but it is not the only consideration in applied management. Other management factors, such as feed efficiency, dystocia, calving weight, and economics, also have a large influence on the decision-making process in management schemes for replacement heifers. When management schemes are developed, all of these factors must be taken into account, but at present, the interrelationships of management factors are poorly understood. As a consequence, only modest progress has been made in dairy replacement heifer management programs over the last three decades. Making positive changes for the future requires creative thought, investigations of new concepts, and application of those concepts by innovative producers in a management program that results in acceptable performance and profitability. 11 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Assessment of thermal status of somatotropin-injected lactating Holstein cows maintained under controlled-laboratory thermoneutral, hot and cold environments. Manalu, W.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.Z.; Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 121 (12): p. 2006-2019; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovidae; Injection; Somatotropin; Temperature; Heat production; Heat loss Abstract: Two experiments, with a single-reversal design and 12 cows per experiment, were conducted to study the effects of somatotropin on thermal status of lactating cows under laboratory thermoneutral (18 to 22 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity), hot (24-35 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity) and cold (-5 - +5 degrees C, 50-55% relative humidity) conditions. Throughout the experiment six cows were injected with somatotropin (25 mg/d) and six with sodium bicarbonate. All injections were started the first day of the 30-d natural environmental period (22-35 degrees C and 41-97% relative humidity for summer experiment, and -5 - +5 degrees C and 4-25% relative humidity for winter experiment) before the cows were exposed alternatively to laboratory thermoneutral and hot or cold environments. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher energy intake (13 and 17%), heat production (19 and 25%), heat loss (36 and 24%) and milk energy (40 and 49%), than control cows under thermoneutral and hot conditions, respectively. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher heat production (18 and 10%), respiratory heat loss (27 and 17%) and milk energy (14 and 25%) than control cows under thermoneutral and cold conditions, respectively. The increased heat production associated with somatotropin was accompanied by increased heat losses. Part of the increased heat production was attributed to the increased milk energy and energy intake. These results suggest that increased heat production during somatotropin treatment was within the range that could be dissipated by the cows. 12 NAL Call. No.: HD1955.S7 Nr.29 Auswirkungen von Erzeuger- und Verbraucherreaktionen in der EG beim Einsatz von gentechnologisch hergestelltem Bovinem Somatotropin (BST) in der Milchproduktion / von Rudiger Meimberg, Heinrich Wurzbacher [Effects of producer and consumer reactions in the EG by the use of genetically engineered manufactured bovine somatotropin (BST) in milk production]. Meimberg, Rudiger Munchen : IFO-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung,; 1992. viii, 241 p. ; 21 cm. (Ifo Studien zur Agrarwirtschaft, 29). Includes bibliographical references. Language: German 13 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393 bGH developments. Stark, M. Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar. Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 13; 1991 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Developing countries; Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk production; Milk products 14 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393 Biotechnology & milk: Benefit or threat?. Hansen, M.K. Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar. Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 1-5; 1991 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk production 15 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Biotechnology financing for 1991 already tops $1 billion. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr08. Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr08. Language: English Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; European communities; Usda; Regulations 16 NAL Call. No.: QH301.F3 Body composition of animals treated with partitioning agents: implications for human health. Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A. Bethesda, Md. : The Federation; 1991 Nov. The FASEB journal : offical publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology v. 5 (14): p. 2951-2957; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Somatotropin; Lipid metabolism; Protein metabolism; Animal products; Body composition; Dietary fat; Meat; Public health 17 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Body composition of dairy cows according to lactation stage, somatotropin treatment, and concentrate supplementation. Chilliard, Y.; Cisse, M.; Lefaivre, R.; Remond, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3103-3116; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body composition; Somatotropin; Lactation stage; Body fat; Body protein; Body condition; Concentrates; Energy intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Grazing Abstract: Body weight, condition score, deuteriated water dilution space, estimated body lipids and proteins, and calculated energy and protein balances were determined in 24 multiparous Holstein cows at wk 1, 20, and 39 after parturition. Cows received two levels of energy concentrate (high and low groups) from wk 3. The objective was to estimate changes in body composition as affected by stage of lactation, concentrate level, and bST administration or placebo from wk 9 in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Cows from high and low energy groups lost 25 and 35 kg of body lipids and 3.3 and .5 kg of body proteins, respectively, during the first 7 wk of lactation. During the end of the winter period (wk 8 to 20), control and bST-injected cows lost 8.5 and 21.1 kg of body lipids, respectively. During the grazing period (wk 20 to 39), bST-injected cows gained more BW (34 kg), water (36 kg), and estimated proteins (5.8 kg) and lost more condition score (-.2 units) and estimated lipids (-11.5 kg) than controls. Using data from control periods, it was calculated that 1 unit change in body condition score corresponded to changes of 35 to 44 kg in BW (corrected for estimated gut content variation), 21 to 29 kg in body lipids, and 200 to 300 Mcal in body energy. One kilogram of corrected BW change corresponded to a change of 4.3 or 5.5 to 5.9 Mcal in body energy when calculated from cumulative energy balances or body components, respectively. 18 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Bovine growth hormone found safe for use. Hileman, B. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May13. Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (19): p. 7-8; 1991 May13. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Economic impact; Dairy farming; Genetic engineering 19 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Bovine somatotropin. Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Baldwin, R.L. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Mar. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (1): p. 147-163; 1992 Mar. In the series analytic: Applied pharmacology and therapeutics II / edited by Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and Antoinette D. Jernigan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Physiological functions; Insulin-like growth factor; Effects; Milk production 20 NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3B68 1992 Bovine somatotropin and emerging issues an assessment. Hallberg, M. C. Boulder : Westview Press,; 1992. xvii, 324 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy). Includes bibliographical references and index. Language: English Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Dairy farming; Dairy products; Animal biotechnology 21 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 N953 Bovine somatotropin and the safety of cows' milk: National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference statement. Grumbach, M.M.; Bier, D.M.; Blumenthal, H.; Clark, J. Jr; Dunkley, W.L.; Gray, G.M.; Hintz, R.L.; Hutton, N.E.; Knobil, E.; Lippe, B. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc; 1991 Aug. Nutrition reviews v. 49 (8): p. 227-232; 1991 Aug. Paper presented at the "National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference," December 5-7, 1990, Bethesda. Language: English Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Conferences; Food safety; Toxicity; Adverse effects; Residues; Beef; Nutritive value; Human milk; Comparisons 22 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy. Bauman, D.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992 Dec. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Literature reviews; Milk composition; Production costs; Lactation; Economic impact Abstract: One of the first potential biotechnology products for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies, universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow the arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein, lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change, dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced number of cows, and decl 23 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7398 Bovine somatotropin safety and effectiveness: an industry perspective. Hecht, D.W. Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1991 Apr. Food technology v. 45 (4): p. 118, 123-124, 126; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Milk; Food technology; Somatotropin; Food safety; Food quality; Regulations; Biotechnology; Food processing Abstract: The end goal of technology, when applied to agriculture, is to improve the efficiency of food production or to enhance the quality of our food. That is the goal of bovine somatotropin (BST), one of the first major products of biotechnology being developed for the food industry. This article will discuss (1) how BST came into being and the impact it will have on the food industry; (2) whether it is safe; (3) reasons some people oppose it; (4) regulatory and consumer perception implications; and (5) public benefits. 24 NAL Call. No.: A00067 BST and CAP don't rhyme. Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1992 Jan20. European biotechnology newsletter (127): p. 3-4; 1992 Jan20. Language: English Descriptors: Belgium; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic impact; Cap; Regulation 25 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45 bST & milk: benefit or bane?. McGuirk, A.M.; Kaiser, H.M. Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economic Association; 1991. Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 6 (1): p. 20-21, 24-26; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Virginia; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Economic impact; Innovation adoption; Dairy industry; Supply balance; Food safety; Consumer surveys 26 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5 bST & the EEC: politics vs. science. Vandaele, W. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb. Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 148-149; 1992 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant DNA; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food and nutrition controversies; European communities; Ec regulations 27 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 BST, TMR, trade, consumers shape future dairy industry. Schiek, W.A.; Dillon, W. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Aug03. Feedstuffs v. 64 (32): p. 16-17; 1992 Aug03. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Demand; Dairy technology; Innovation adoption; Agricultural policy; Trade policy; Trends; Environmental protection; Population growth; Food safety; Consumer preferences 28 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 bST to play critical role in dairy industry. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Sep. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 8; 1991 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Food safety 29 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 BST-bovine growth hormone--January 1987-January 1992. Larson, J.A. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Mar. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-30): 89 p.; 1992 Mar. Updates QB 91-75. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovidae; Bibliographies 30 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 BST-bovine somatotropin/growth hormone--January 1986-December 1990. Larson, J.A. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Apr. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-75): 34 p.; 1991 Apr. Updates QB 90-16. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Bovidae; Somatotropin; Bibliographies 31 NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Cell culture from lung tissue of transgenic rabbit-producer of bovine growth hormone. Musienko, M.I.; Makarevich, A.V.; Ernst, L.K.; Gol'dman, I.L.; D'yakonov, L.P.; Strel'chenko, N.S.; Semenova, V.A.; Smirnov, O.K.; Matveev, V.A. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991. Soviet agricultural sciences (1): p. 33-36; 1991. Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (1), 1991, p. 32-35. (20 AK1). Includes references. Language: English; Russian Descriptors: Rabbits; Transgenics; Lungs; Animal tissues; Cell culture; Bovidae; Somatotropin; Transfer; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering 32 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Changes in concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin and growth hormone in bovine mammary gland secretion ante and post partum. Einspanier, R.; Schams, D. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 May. Journal of dairy research v. 58 (2): p. 171-178; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Insulin-like growth factor; Mammary glands; Secretions; Prepartum period; Postpartum period; Dry period; Insulin; Somatotropin; Ph; Binding; Proteins; Colostrum; Milk 33 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Changes in hormones, metabolites, and milk after treatment with sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST) in Deutsches Fleckvieh and German Black and White cows. Schams, D.; Graf, F.; Meyer, J.; Graule, B.; Mauthner, M.; Wollny, C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1583-1592; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dual purpose cattle; Breed differences; Controlled release; Blood plasma; Insulin- like growth factor; Insulin; Milk yield; Fatty acids; Milk composition; Body weight; Lactation stage Abstract: Twelve second-lactation Deutsches Fleckvieh cows, (FV, a dual-purpose breed) and 12 German Black and White (BW, a dairy breed) were used to evaluate similarities and differences in the response to a prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (N-methionyl bovine somatotropin, bST). Cows were milked twice daily and fed a basic diet (70% corn silage, 30% alfalfa hay) ad libitum plus 1 kg of concentrate. Additionally, concentrates and supplements were offered at the rate of 1 kg for each 2.2 kg of milk produced above 12 kg/d. Six cows of each breed were treated s.c. with 500 mg of sometribove at 14-d intervals from wk 9 to 29 postpartum (pp). Blood was collected by jugular vein puncture once weekly from wk 7 to 33 pp and daily for 14 d after the first and last (llth) injection of bST. Somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, thyroid hormones, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), liver enzymes, and blood metabolites were evaluated. During bST treatment, plasma ST increased significantly on d 7 in both breed and then decreased on d 14 after injection. Plasma IGF-I was positively correlated with ST. Plasma NEFA were high on d 7 and decreased on d 14. In response to bST, the average milk yield increased for FV and BW cows by 5.1 kg/d (29.7%) and 5.0 kg/d (28%), respectively, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) increased by 5.0 kg/d (28%) and 5.3 kg/d (19.9%), respectively. Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, number of somatic cells, and body weight were similar across treatments. No difference in health or reproductive problems were observed between control and bST-treated cows. Results of the study demonstrate that bST is equally effective in improving milk yield in dual-purpose and dairy breeds of cows. 34 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Changes in metabolites, metabolic hormones, and luteinizing hormone before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Jones, E.J.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1607-1615; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Prepubertal females; Lh; Breed differences; Insulin; Metabolites; Puberty; Blood serum; Fatty acids; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Age differences Abstract: We determined changes in insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and LH before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Our primary objective was to identify metabolites and metabolic hormones that serve as metabolic cues for onset of puberty. Angus (n = 12), Braford (n = 7), Charolais (n = 9), and Simmental (n = 7) heifers were assigned at weaning (289 +/- 25 d of age; 264 +/- 23 kg) to open-sided pens with slotted floors, and they were fed a corn silage-concentrate diet formulated to provide gains of .91 kg/d. Puberty was defined as the 1st d (d 0) that serum progesterone (determined in blood samples collected at weekly intervals) exceeded 1 ng/ml. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding at 15-min intervals for 8 h at 21-d intervals before puberty in a subsample of heifers (at least five per breed). Angus and Simmental heifers weighed less and were younger (P < .05) at puberty than Charolais and Braford heifers. Serum FFA before feeding and frequency of LH release increased (P < .05) from d -40 +/- 3 to d -17 +/-3 in all breeds. Conversely, concentrations of insulin were greater (P < .05) at -40 than at -17 d from puberty in Angus, but not in Braford, Charolais, or Simmental heifers. Frequency of GH release was greater at d -40 than at d -17 in Angus heifers; however, in Braford and Charolais heifers frequency of GH release was greater at d -17 than at d -40. Concentrations of IGF-I (measured every 2 wk) increased linearly (P < .07) from d -56 to 0 from puberty in Angus but not in other breeds. In conclusion, frequency of LH release and concentrations of FFA increased before puberty in all breeds; however, consistent changes in other metabolites and hormones were observed only in Angus heifers. 35 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Characteristics of somatotropin and prolactin profiles in young dairy sires before and after a 72-hour fast during different seasons. Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 503-507; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Prolactin; Breeding value; Fasting; Seasonal fluctuations; Computer software; Prediction; Sires Abstract: Serial blood samples were collected from young (X = 275 d of age) AI sires at 20-min intervals for an 8-h period before and after a 72-h fast. Samples were collected from four different groups of young sires in January (n = 23), April (n = 31), July (n = 27), and October (n = 24). Samples were collected for only 6 h for the July group. Plasma somatotropin (ST) and prolactin (PRL) data were analyzed by PULSAR, a computerized peak detection program. The PULSAR parameters, except for number of peaks detected, were not different (P > .05) when calculated using data from the entire 8-h period or just the first 6 h. Because some endocrine characteristics as defined by PULSAR were influenced by season, deviated values were calculated for those characteristics within seasonal groups by subtracting the mean of that group from each individual observation for all PULSAR parameters. Number of ST peaks was correlated (P < .01, r = 26) with USDA pedigree index (PI) for fat yield (PIF), sire predicted transmitting ability for fat PTAF; (P < .01, r = .30), Northeast AI Sire Comparison (NEAISC) PIF (P < .05, r = 24), and sire PTAF (P < .01, r = .33). No ST pulsatile characteristics after fasting were correlated (P > .05) with PI. Prolactin peak length was negatively related to USDA PIF P < .05, r = -.23) before fasting and positively correlated (P < .05, r = .26) after fasting. Seasonal differences in pulsatile characteristics may reduce usefulness of endocrine parameters in assessing genetic merit for production traits. 36 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Codex commission foils U.S. effort to open markets to beef with hormones. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul12. Nutrition week v. 21 (27): p. 1-2; 1991 Jul12. Language: English Descriptors: Italy; Codex alimentarius; European communities; Beef; Drug residues; Food safety; Somatotropin; Usda; Regulations; Consumer protection; Food additives Abstract: The United States lost a key battle with the European Community (EC) this week over the use of growth hormones in beef cattle. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) voted not to approve a committee report supporting the U.S. position that hormones are safe to use in food production. 37 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Commercial-scale refolding of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin. Storrs, S.B.; Przybycien, T.M. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (470): p. 197-205; 1991. In the series analytic: Protein refolding / edited by G. Georgiou and E. De Bernardez-Clark. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Recombinant DNA; Isolation; Analytical methods Abstract: A method to dissolve and oxidize recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (mBST) from bacterial inclusion bodies suitable for large scale manufacture has been developed. mBST-containing inclusion bodies are dissolved, refolded, and oxidized in a single step in 4.5 M urea and pH 11.25 at protein concentrations in the 5 - 15 g/L range with yields in excess of 80%. Yield is a strong function of the urea concentration used during the oxidation reaction; optimal yields are obtained at intermediate urea concentrations. 38 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Comparison of alternative diphasic lactation curve models under bovine somatotropin administration. Weigel, K.A.; Craig, B.A.; Bidwell, T.R.; Bates, D.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 580-589; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation curve; Milk yield; Probabilistic models; Time series; Arima Abstract: The multiphasic logistic function has recently been proposed as a model for lactation curves in dairy cattle. The applicability of several forms of this function was examined under three levels of recombinant bST administration beginning 100 d postpartum. Lactation curve models were fit to mean daily yields for each of the treatment groups and a control group. The traditional diphasic function was unable to model adequately the steep ascent and early peak in daily milk yield occurring immediately after calving in both treatment and control groups. The early portion of the lactation was more appropriately modeled using a diphasic function with a power transformation of time in the first phase, such that this phase became asymmetric. This modified diphasic function also resulted in smaller residuals and less autocorrelation than the triphasic function, which was used as a reference model, when both models were applied to the control group data. The increase in daily milk yield because of bST administration was modeled by the addition of a term consisting of a rising exponential function. Such a model may be useful for examining dosage effects in long-term bST studies in which injections begin in mid-lactation or later. Time series procedures reduced autocorrelation among residuals in both the control and treatment groups, and such models could be useful for removing autocorrelation in lactation curve applications that involve daily or weekly yield observations. 39 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Comparison of performance, clinical chemistry, and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs treated with recombinant ovine or bovine somatotropins. McLaughlin, C.L.; Hedrick, H.B.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Finn, R.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Kasser, T.R.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1453-1463; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Species differences; Blood chemistry; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood sugar; Insulin; Blood serum; Nitrogen; Body weight; Organs; Weight; Carcass yield; Carcass quality; Carcass composition; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion Abstract: The variation in growth and carcass composition responses of lambs to somatotropin (ST) treatment may depend on the source of ST used as well as on other experimental conditions. In the present experiment, growth, carcass composition, and clinical chemistry responses to recombinantly produced ovine ST (oST) and two bovine ST (N-methionyl-bST[M- bST] and N-alanyl-bST[A-bST] were compared. Lambs weighing 42 kg were assigned to treatment groups of control (no injection) or 4 mg/d of M-bST, A-bST, or oST administered by s.c. injection for 6 wk. Growth rate was increased by an average of 30% and feed efficiency was improved by an average of 22% by ST treatment compared with control, and responses did not differ among ST. The IGF-I, insulin, and glucose concentrations were increased by 107, 700, and 53% compared with control, respectively, and did not differ among ST treatment groups. Urea nitrogen responses to A-bST and oST were transiently greater than those to M-bST. Although quality grade was not affected by treatment, an average 8-kg increase in weight of retail cuts was calculated from yield grade. Carcasses of ST-treated lambs were calculated to have 1.3 kg more muscle and 1.9 kg less fat. Although fat and muscle were affected more by oST than by M-bST on a percentage basis, they did not differ among treatment groups on a total weight basis. Thus, both bST variants and oST improved growth performance and carcass leanness. Decreased responses of some carcass variables to M-bST treatment may have been related to the presence of antibodies that were indicated by an increased number of positive responders in a relative bST binding assay. 40 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Comparison of somatotropin and growth hormone-releasing factor on milk yield, serum hormones, and energy status. Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Allen, M.S.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3421-3428; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk yield; Insulin-like growth factor; Energy consumption; Blood plasma; Adipose tissue Abstract: Holstein cows received 12 mg/d of growth hormone- releasing factor (continuous i.v. infusion, n = 5), 14 mg/d of bST (single daily i.m. injection, n = 8), or no treatment (controls, n = 8) for 60 d. Compared with controls (31.6 kg/d), bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk yield to 34.2 and 37.0 kg/d, respectively. The increase in milk yield induced by the growth hormone-releasing factor was greater than that for bST. Milk yield was not different among groups following cessation of treatment. Milk energy output was 24.2 Mcal/d in controls, and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk energy output to 28.5 Mcal/d. Milk energy output of cows receiving BST was 26.1 Mcal/d. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased DMI (23.2 kg/d) over that of controls (21.1 kg/d), whereas bST (21.5 kg/d) did not. Relative to controls, bST increased averaged daily serum somatotropin from 1.3 to 7.6 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I from 67.5 to 116.0 ng/ml. Relative to bST, growth hormone-releasing factor increased serum somatotropin to 16.3 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I to 202.6 ng/ml. Relative to control (115.8 meq/dl) and bST (158.1 meq/dl), growth hormone-releasing factor increased plasma NEFA (230.3 meq/dl). During treatment, calculated energy balance was negative for cows receiving growth hormone-releasing factor but positive for bST and control cows. Milk composition, body condition score, BW, and apparent digestibility of DM were not different among treatments. We conclude that i.v. infusion of 12 mg/d mg of growth hormone-releasing factor has greater galactopoietic activity than i.m. injections of 14 mg/d of bST. These data support the concept that the galactopoietic effects of growth hormone-releasing factor are mediated, via increased secretion of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I. 41 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 Comparison of the galactopoietic response to pituitary-derived and recombinant-derived variants of bovine growth hormone. Eppard, P.J.; Bentle, L.A.; Violand, B.N.; Ganguli, S.; Hintz, R.L.; Kung, L. Jr; Krivi, G.G.; Lanza, G.M. Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Jan. The Journal of endocrinology v. 132 (1): p. 47-56; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Amino acid sequences; Recombination; Pituitary; Milk; Milk synthesis; Milk composition; Blood serum; Blood chemistry Abstract: Two studies were designed to examine the differences in galactopoietic potency of molecular variants of pituitary- and recombinant-derived bovine GH (bGH). The recombinant bGH molecules included amino-terminal and position-127 amino acid substitutions which are representative of two of the four natural pituitary variants or of partially degraded bGH molecules. Amino-terminal variants of bGH included methionine (Met1), alanine (Ala1), serine (Ser1) or deletion of four amino acids (delta 1-4). The delta 1-4 variants were representative of degradation products previously isolated in pituitary bGH preparations. In the first study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer solution (control), pituitary-derived bGH, or recombinant-derived [Met1, Leu127]-bGH, [Met1, Val127]-bGH, [Ala1, Leu127]-bGH, or [Ala1, Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25 mg bGH/day for 21 days. Substitution of the amino- terminal alanyl residue with methionine did not affect milk response. GH variants with Val127 elicited a greater milk response (8.5 kg/day) than Leu127 bGH variants (6.5 kg/day). The average milk response to the four recombinant bGH variants was 7.5 kg/day greater than controls compared with 4.4 kg/day for pituitary-derived bGH. In contrast, blood bGH concentrations were equivalent for pituitary and recombinant bGH treatments, approximately 20 microgram/l more than control levels at 3 h after injection. Blood free fatty acid concentrations were increased, but insulin and glucose levels were unaffected by bGH treatment. In the second study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer control solution or recombinant-derived [Met2, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Val127]-bGH, [delta 1-4, Leu127]- bGH or [delta 1-4, Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25mg bGH/day for 28 days. The milk response to full-length bGH variants was 6.6 kg/day greater than the response to the amino-terminal deletion variants (P < 0.05). Substitution of valine for leucine did n 42 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Comparison of the growth-promoting properties of daily versus continuous administration of somatotropin in female rats with intact pituitaries. Azain, M.J.; Kasser, T.R.; Sabacky, M.J.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 384-392; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release; Subcutaneous injection; Rats; Growth rate; Pigs Abstract: The effect of dose and mode of delivery of recombinant bovine (rbST) or porcine somatotropin (rpST) on the growth rate of female rats with intact pituitaries was investigated in a series of experiments. The overall objective of these studies was to compare the relationship of dose and mode of delivery on the growth response to somatotropin. The equivalence of rbST and rpST in stimulation of growth was demonstrated. In an initial study, treatment of rats with 0, .67 (3 mg/kg), or 2.0 mg/d (9 mg/kg) of rbST for 28 d resulted in ADG of .8, 2.6, and 3.8 g/d (P < .0001, SEM .1 g). A log- linear dose response to rbST in the range of .07 to 32 mg/d (.3 to 145 mg/kg) for the stimulation of gain was observed. Continuous delivery of rpST in bicarbonate buffer was achieved using osmotic pumps. Sustained, log-linear growth for doses of 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of rpST/d for 28 d was demonstrated. In a direct comparison of bolus injection and continuous delivery at doses of 0, .22, .67, 2.0, and 6.0 mg of rpST/d, a significant difference in slope (P < .0001) of the modes of delivery was observed; continuous delivery had a greater slope. Depending on the dose administered, bolus injection was either more (< .67 mg/d) or less efficacious (> .67 mg/d) than continuous delivery in its ability to stimulate growth in female rats with intact pituitaries. It is hypothesized that the difference in the slope of the dose-response curves can be accounted for by the animal's ability to utilize the hormone effectively. 43 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and steroids in follicular fluid of preovulatory bovine ovarian follicles: effect of daily injections of a growth hormone-releasing factor analog and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Spicer, L.J.; Enright, W.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 1133-1139; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heifers; Ovaries; Graafian follicles; Follicular fluid; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Progesterone; Corpus luteum; Estradiol Abstract: To determine whether long-term administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) alters ovarian follicular fluid (FFL) concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), progesterone, and estradiol (E2), and follicular growth, Friesian X Hereford heifers (n = 47; 346 +/- 3 kg) were divided into the following four groups: control (vehicle; n = 11); 1 microgram GRF (human [Des NH2 Tyr1, D-Ala2, Ala15] GRF [1-29]-NH2).kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); 1 microgram TRH.kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); or GRF + TRH (n = 12). Daily injections (s.c.) continued for 86 d. On d 89, heifers that had been synchronized were slaughtered and ovaries were removed. Follicles were grouped by magnitude of diameter into the three following sizes: 1 to 3.9 mm (small, n = 55), 4.0 to 7.9 mm (medium, n = 63), and greater than or equal to 8 mm (large, n = 71). Growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) TRH did not affect (P > .10) IGF-I concentrations in FFL of any follicle size group. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased (P < .06) size (average +/- pooled SE) of large follicles (14.7 vs 13.0 +/- .6 mm). Growth hormone-releasing factor also increased (P < .05) progesterone concentrations 4.4-fold above controls in FFL of medium-sized follicles but had no effect on progesterone in FFL of the small or large follicles. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone did not alter FFL progesterone or E2 concentrations in any follicle size group. We conclude that the GRF and(or) TRH treatments we employed did not affect intra-ovarian IGF-I concentrations, but GRF may alter steroidogenesis of medium-sized follicles and growth of large follicles. 44 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P Constitutive and trophoblast-specific expression of a class of bovine interferon genes. Cross, J.C.; Roberts, R.M. Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1991 May01. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v. 88 (9): p. 3817-3821; 1991 May01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Conceptus; Interferon; Gene expression; Proteins; Trophoblast; Viral interference; Murine paramyxovirus Abstract: The early conceptus in sheep and cattle secretes a low molecular weight protein called ovine and bovine trophoblast protein 1 (TP-1) that is critical for establishment of pregnancy. TP-1 is a type I interferon (IFN) and is most related to IFN-omega. Here we have determined if TP-1 genes are regulated similarly to other type I IFNs. Single day 18 bovine conceptuses secrete approximately 10(5) units of IFN antiviral activity per hour in culture, amounts approximately 300 times higher than those produced by Sendai virus-induced leukocytes. Although conceptuses express mRNA for IFN-alpha, IFN-omega, and TP-1, TP-1 constitutes > 99% of the IFN produced. In contrast, leukocytes produce predominantly IFN-alpha, although TP-1 mRNA is inducible by Sendai virus to very low levels. TP-1 mRNA is detectable by Northern analysis in conceptuses from early pregnancy but is absent in late gestation placenta and several adult tissues. Transfected bovine TP-1 genes are expressed in human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells in the absence of any specific stimulus, whereas these cells do not secrete antiviral activity constitutively or after transfection with a bovine IFN-omega gene. The transfected TP-1 gene is not expressed in nontrophoblast cells (mouse L929 and hamster Chinese hamster ovary), however. The 5' promoter region of the TP-1 gene is sufficient to direct trophoblast-specific expression onto a human growth hormone reporter gene in JAR cells. Deletion of the promoter from -450 to -126 results in a 4-to 5-fold decrease in expression. Together these data demonstrate that the genes for TP-1 are inducible by virus but are expressed preferentially in trophoblast cells and are functionally distinct from IFN-omega genes. 45 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information. Kaiser, H.M. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Jun. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 5; 1991 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormones; Consumer attitudes 46 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information. Kaiser, H.M. Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany County; 1991 Jun. News and views v. 76 (6): p. 8-9; 1991 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Feed additives; Milk consumption; Consumer attitudes 47 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Consumer group calls unlabeled hormone-treated milk 'udder insanity'. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 May04. Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (9): p. 14; 1992 May04. Language: English Descriptors: Labeling; Somatotropin; Food safety; Milk production; Regulations 48 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A2N6 Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards bovine somatotropin. Kaiser, H.M.; Scherer, C.W.; Barbano, D.M. Ithaca, N.Y. : The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association; 1992 Apr. Northeastern journal of agricultural and resource economics v. 21 (1): p. 10-20; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Usage; Consumer attitudes; Perception; Adverse effects; Economic impact; Milk consumption; Household surveys; Demography; Socioeconomic status; Food safety 49 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Consumer's union, states look to limit BGH. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Apr24. Nutrition week v. 22 (16): p. 3; 1992 Apr24. Language: English Descriptors: Somatotropin; Interest groups; Food and nutrition controversies 50 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Contact sensitivity and systemic antibody responses in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin. Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 747-755; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Hypersensitivity; Organochlorine compounds; Hemagglutination tests; Thickness; Skin Abstract: Effects of exogenous bST on humoral and cell- mediated immune responses in lactating dairy cows were determined. The systemic antibody response to human erythrocytes and the cutaneous sensitivity response induced by dinitrochlorobenzene were the immune responses investigated. Cows were treated with either 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg of bST/d for 266 d starting between wk 4 and 5 of lactation. Systemic immunizations and contact sensitivity were initiated during midlactation, 22 wk after bST treatments began. Hemagglutinating antibody titers and areas under the response profiles were not statistically different for bST-treated versus control cows. The cutaneous sensitivity response was similarly not affected by bST administration. Present antibody titer results agreed with our previous observations that bST did not affect serum IgM concentrations, but the cutaneous sensitivity results were in contrast with our finding of augmented proliferative responsiveness of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in bST-treated versus control cows. It is possible that exogenous bST affects some immune processes and lymphocyte subsets and not others. Further research is required to determine the practical significance of the variable immunomodulation elicited by exogenous bST. 51 NAL Call. No.: aHD9001.N275 Controversy over livestock growth hormones continues. Blayney, D.P.; Fallert, R.F.; Shagam, S.D. Washington, D.C. : Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service, USDA; 1991 Oct. FoodReview v. 14 (4): p. 6-9; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Livestock; Somatotropin; Food and nutrition controversies; Food safety; Food biotechnology; Farm structure; Surpluses; Animal welfare Abstract: At the forefront of biotechnology in animal agriculture is the experimental use of somatotropin, growth hormones that occur naturally in animals. The safety, positive and negative implication surrounding the controversy over the use of bovine somatotropin use for milk production are discussed. 52 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.A36 The correspondence of farm and retail milk price movements. Outlaw, J.L.; Capps, O. Jr; Knutson, R.D.; Schwart, R.B. Jr College Station, Tex. : Agricultural & Food Policy Center; 1991 Mar. AFPC policy working paper (91-7): 14 p.; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Milk prices; Retail prices; Producer prices; Somatotropin; Marketing margins 53 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating behavior in the bull and boar. Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars. 54 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 The costs and benefits of bGH may not be distributed fairly. Comstock, G. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 121-130; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit analysis; Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions 55 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 The costs and benefits of bGH will distributed fairly. Tweeten, L. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 108-120; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit analysis; Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions 56 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Deadline approaches for Wisconsin governor's decision on bST ban. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec02. Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (23): p. 11; 1991 Dec02. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulation 57 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Debate slows growth hormone commercialization. Thayer, A. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May06. Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (18): p. 25; 1991 May06. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Genetic engineering; Economic impact 58 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Detection of bovine somatotropin treatment in dairy cattle performance records. Swalve, H.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1690-1699; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: France; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Cluster analysis; Lactation curve; Accuracy; Detection Abstract: Effectiveness of cluster analysis in detecting application of bST was examined. Field data were manipulated by adding a specified percentage of the true performance to original test day records to simulate application of bST. The partly manipulated data then were analyzed using cluster analysis. Test day milk production data came from 42,779 cows of the Bretagne (Northwestern France) that had test days between 1986 and 1989. As criteria in the cluster analysis for differentiation between treated and untreated cows, parameters of the incomplete gamma function along with other variables calculated from test day records were used. The best differentiation was achieved when a persistency parameter, defined as the ratio of second divided by first trimester production, was used as a variable in the cluster analysis. For the assumed scenario of bST application, more than 80% of all cows were classified correctly under random use of bST. Systematic treatment led to improved results. 59 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Development of a culture system for bovine granulosa cells: effects of growth hormone, estradiol, and gonadotropins on cell proliferation, steroidogenesis, and protein synthesis. Langhout, D.J.; Spicer, L.J.; Geisert, R.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3321-3334; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Cell culture; Culture media; Graafian follicles; Hormone secretion; Progesterone; Estradiol; Insulin; Somatotropin; Lh; Protein synthesis; Serum; Epidermal growth factor Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were 1) to develop a culture system that has the positive effect of serum on granulosa cell attachment and allows subsequent expression of hormonal effects in serum-free medium and 2) to determine the effect of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol (E2), and growth hormone (GH) on growth, steroidogenesis, and(or) protein synthesis of bovine granulosa cells. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 4 or 6 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (5 micrograms/ml) increased (P < .05) cell numbers (cells X 10(5)/well) severalfold compared with controls. Alone, EGF (10 ng/ml), FSH (200 ng/ml), LH (200 ng/ml), E2 (2 micrograms/ml), or GH (0 to 1,000 ng/ml) had no effect on cell numbers. However, when included with insulin, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml of GH increased (P < .05) granulosa cell numbers on d 4 of culture. Insulin alone increased (P < .05) progesterone production (ng.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1) by severalfold on d 4, but EGF, FSH, LH, or GH alone had no effect and E2 inhibited progesterone production. In the presence of insulin, FSH and GH (100 ng/ml) increased (P < .05) progesterone production on d 4 of culture, whereas EGF (10 ng/ml) elicited a decrease (P < .05) in production. In cells from both sizes of follicles, GH (300 ng/ml) increased synthesis of cellular proteins (> 10 kDa). In cells from only large follicles, LH (200 ng/ml) decreased synthesis and secretion of proteins (greater than or equal to 3.5 kDa). These results support the hypothesis that GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian function. 60 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Development of a recombinant bovine leukemia virus vector for delivery of a synthetic bovine growth hormone-releasing factor gene into bovine cells. Mehigh, C.S.; Elias, V.D.; Mehigh, R.J.; Helferich, W.G.; Tucker, H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 687-693; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Gene transfer; Somatoliberin; Bovine oncovirus; Vectors; Messenger RNA; Transfection; Cell cultures Abstract: Continuous intravenous infusion of bovine growth hormone-releasing factor (bGRF) increases milk synthesis in dairy cattle by as much as 46%. We have begun to develop a system for delivery and expression of a synthetic bGRF gene in cultured bovine cells using the provirus of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The gene encoding synthetic bGRF, constructed from eight overlapping oligonucleotides, was fused to the whey acidic protein promoter (WAP) or the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV). These plasmids, termed pWAP.GRF and pMMTV.GRF, were able to induce transcription of bGRF upon transfection into Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and induction with a lactogenic hormonal milieu (prolactin, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, insulin) or dexamethasone. When these constructs were cloned into a BLV vector in place of its oncogenic region, and transfected into MDBK cells, bGRF was expressed. Virus particles were prepared from these cultures and used to deliver the bGRF gene by viral infection into fresh MDBK cells. Northern blot analysis of MDBK total RNA revealed a fivefold higher level of expression of bGRF mRNA in transfected cultures than in virally infected cells, and no expression was detected in control cultures. The bGRF peptide was detected in both cell extracts and media samples from transfected cultures but was not detected in cell extracts or media samples from virally infected cells. This provirus construct may prove useful as a delivery system for peptides into cattle. 61 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Developmental changes in the regulation of plasma growth hormone concentrations in Holstein calves. Sartin, J.L.; Kemppainen, R.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Marple, D.N.; Williams, J.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (9): p. 1397-1400; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Calves; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Biological development; Digestive system; Hormone secretion; Regulation; Hypothalamus; Age differences; Alpha-adrenergic receptors Abstract: A study was initiated to determine whether development of a functional ruminant digestive system was associated with alterations in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration. Holstein bull calves were fed milk or milk with grain until studied at the age of 1 month (n = 12). Calves placed on pasture with some grain supplementation were studied at the age of 3 months (n = 6) to determine plasma GH concentration in an animal with fully developed ruminant metabolism. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for 5 hours, followed by administration of bovine GH-releasing factor (0.075 microgram/kg of body weight) and subsequent blood sample collection for 1 hour. On the following day, a blood sample was collected via jugular cannula, clonidine (10 microgram/kg) was administered, and blood samples were subsequently obtained. Data indicated that milk-fed calves had higher mean plasma GH concentration than did either milk/grain-fed or older calves. The difference in mean plasma GH concentration was related to higher secretory pulse amplitude. Pituitary responses to bovine GH-releasing factor did not differ among the 3 groups, but response to clonidine were greater in milk-fed calves than in calves of the other groups. These data indicate that the change from a nonruminant to a ruminant-type gastrointestinal tract, perhaps attributable to subsequent changes in metabolism, may induce changes in hypothalmic function to decrease GH concentration. 62 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522 Dietetic association prepares to answer questions about government BST decision. Conroy, D. Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar03. Biotech daily v. 2 (133): p. 1, 4; 1993 Mar03. Language: English Descriptors: Food safety; Somatotropin; Milk production 63 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Dose titration of sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows. Downer, J.V.; Patterson, D.L.; Rock, D.W.; Chalupa, W.V.; Cleale, R.M.; Firkins, J.L.; Lynch, G.L.; Clark, J.H.; Brodie, B.O.; Jenny, B.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1125-1136; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release; Milk yield; Female fertility; Milk composition; Pregnancy; Feed intake; Nutritional adequacy; Body condition; Animal health; Bovine mastitis Abstract: Lactating dairy cows (n = 264) were used in seven dose titration experiments at four geographic locations in the United States. A sustained-release formulation of recombinant bST was evaluated for a 30-wk treatment period that began 14 wk postpartum. The first series of four experiments evaluated doses of 0, 140, 350, or 700 mg of bST/14 d (series A); the second series evaluated doses of 0, 56, 140, or 350 mg of bST/14 d (series B). Milk yield, DMI, milk composition, body condition, health, and reproductive parameters were measured. Multiparous cows in series A that were administered 700 mg of bST/14 d yielded 3.0 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control cows. When all seven experiments were combined, multiparous cows that were administered 350 ml, of bST/14 d yielded 2.7 and 2.6 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control cows. Dry matter intake was not significantly affected by bST administration. In series A, an increase in milk yield with no increase in DMI resulted in lower adequacy of dietary NE(L) and CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements among multiparous cows administered 700 mg of bST/14 d. Primiparous cows that were administered bST in series A and both parity groups in the combined seven experiments were not different from control cows in the adequacy of dietary NE(L) or CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements. No adverse effects of bST on health parameters were significant, and doses of 350 mg of bST/14 d or less caused no changes in reproductive parameters. Conception rate was decreased by administration of 700 mg of bST/14 d. These data suggest that 350 mg of bST/14 d increased yields of milk and FCM with no adverse effects on DMI, health, or reproduction in dairy cows. 64 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin implants on feedlot performance in steers. Dalke, B.S.; Roeder, R.A.; Kasser, T.R.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Hunt, C.W.; Hinman, D.D.; Schelling, G.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2130-2137; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth; Performance; Carcass composition; Blood serum Abstract: One hundred twenty crossbred beef steers averaging 377 kg were used in a 2 X 4 factorial experiment to determine the dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) implants on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The implant dosages were 0 (sham), 40, 80, or 160 mg/wk administered s.c. in the tailhead region on a weekly basis throughout the experiment. The steers were fed a high- concentrate diet, which contained either a degradable (DP; soybean meal) or an escape (EP; corn gluten and blood meal) protein source. No dietary protein effect or dietary protein X rbST level interactions were detected. Recombinant bST decreased both DMI (P < .10) and feed/gain (P < .05) in a linear dose-dependent manner. Dosage of rbST did not significantly affect (P > .10) ADG or final weight of the steers. Recombinant bST decreased backfat depth (P < .10), marbling score (P < .05), and quality grade (P < .10) and increased yield grade (P < .10) in a linear dose-dependent manner. Soft tissue composition of the 9-10-11th rib section was altered (P < .01) by rbST administration in a linear dose- dependent manner. The percentage of protein in the rib section was increased by 9.4% and fat was decreased by 11.8% at the 160 mg/wk rbST level compared with the sham-implanted steers. Recombinant bST did not affect (P > .10) dressing percentage, hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, or longissimus muscle area. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in the steers exhibited a linear response to dosage of rbST (P < .01). These data indicate that rbST is an efficacious method of improving feedlot performance and partitioning nutrient deposition in feedlot steers. 65 NAL Call. No.: 472 N42 Doubts over animal health delay milk hormone. MacKenzie, D. London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan18. New scientist v. 133 (1804): p. 13; 1992 Jan18. Language: English Descriptors: Europe; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Animal health 66 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Drug companies, activists prepare for explosive controversy over hormone. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Oct18. Nutrition week v. 21 (41): p. 1, 4-5; 1991 Oct18. Language: English Descriptors: Milk; Food safety Abstract: Using lawsuits, grassroots activism, freedom of information requests, and skillful public relations, opponents of bovine growth hormone (BGH, known scientifically as bovine somatotropin or BST) have temporarily partly hobbled supporters' ability to mobilize their two greatest treasure troves: drug company money and millions of dollars from the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board. 67 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488 Drug to increase milk from cows is judged safe. Andrews, E.L. New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 May08. The New York times. p. A1, A8; 1991 May08. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic engineering; Food safety 68 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 EC declares BST safe for humans, effective--but not ready for market. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr. Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; European communities; Usda; Economic impact 69 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin for the United States dairy industry. Fallert, F.R.; Liebrand, C.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 12-19; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Economic impact; International trade; Price support; Milk prices; Dairy cows; Dairy farms 70 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin use for the Arizona dairy industry. Shoeffling, J.R.; Angus, R.C.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2347-2352; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Milk prices; Economic impact; Dairy cooperatives; Dairies; Price support; Quotas; Dairy cows Abstract: This study examined the impacts of bST on income of dairy producers in Arizona. The nature of milk production in Arizona, the institutional aspects of the Milk Order, and die supply management program of the United Dairymen of Arizona (the only milk cooperative in Arizona) were considered in the model. Prices declined with increased milk yields from bST. Three dairy enterprise budgets demonstrated that gross revenue minus variable costs initially increased for adopters of bST but declined for nonadopters. If government milk purchase increases cause support price reductions, gross revenues less variable costs would decrease for both adopters and nonadopters but more for nonadopters. Adjustments in size of dairy farms would be required if increased milk production due to bST is large enough to result in decreases in milk price support levels. 71 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk composition. Barbano, D.M.; Lynch, J.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Nemeth, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1775-1793; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk composition; Milk proteins; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Lactation; Cell counting Abstract: Forty Holstein cows received biweekly injections of prolonged-release formulation of bST, and 39 received biweekly injections of excipient, in a study to evaluate the effects of long-term bST administration on milk composition and component production. Injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum. Administration of bST increased production of milk and of all measured components. Concentrations of lactose (4.85 and 4.81%), fat (3.76 and 3.67%), total solids (12.57 and 12.44%), SNF (8.83 and 8.75%), casein (2.56 and 2.53%), and true protein (3.13 and 3.08%) were similar in milks from cows receiving bST and excipient, respectively. Percentages of NPN (times 6.38) and total protein were greater in milk from bST- treated cows (.179% NPN and 3.32% total protein) compared with milk from cows injected with excipient (.172% NPN and 3.24% total protein). Use of bST did not change the relative percentages of alpha(S)-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, or casein proteolysis products. A cyclical pattern of milk production, component production, and composition within each 14-d injection interval was observed. This suggests that a diminishing amount of bST was delivered during the latter third of each injection interval. There were no effects of bST on milk composition that would be of any practical significance to dairy product manufacturers or consumers. 72 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of a prolonge-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk fat. Lynch, J.M.; Barbano, D.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Nemeth, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1794-1809; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk fat; Fatty acids; Lactation stage; Phospholipids; Cholesterol; Melting point; Milk composition; Milk fat yield; Glycerol Abstract: Nine Holstein cows were injected biweekly with a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bST, and 9 cows were injected with excipient. Intramuscular injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued at 14-d intervals for the full lactation. Administration of bST increased production of milk, total fat, and all milk fat components measured. Average fatty acid composition of milk fat was not influenced by bST treatment. Stage of lactation had a large influence on production and percentage of individual fatty acids in milk fat from both bST-treated and control cows. The stage of lactation impact on the fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected changes in the relative contributions of body fat mobilization and de novo synthesis of milk fat components in response to changes in energy balance. Initiation of bST treatment caused some transient changes in milk fatty acid composition that were related to energy balance. These changes were small compared with the normal changes because of stage of lactation in all cows. Phospholipid and cholesterol content of milk also changed with stage of lactation but were not influenced by bST treatment. Melting properties of milk fat were influenced greatly by stage of lactation. Bovine somatotropin did not cause any changes in composition or physical properties of milk fat that were outside the range of normal variation. 73 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone releasing factor on concentrations of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor I in lactating beef cows. Moore, K.L.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Campbell, R.M.; Heimer, E.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Apr. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (2): p. 125-139; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Immunization; Blood serum; Opioids; Naloxone; Pregnancy; Somatoliberin; Hormone secretion; Arginine 74 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor on growth and onset of puberty in beef heifers. Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Miller, D.C.; Heimer, E.P.; Campbell, R.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 69 (12): p. 4914-4924; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heifers; Puberty; Immunization; Somatoliberin; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Breed differences; Beef cows; Age; Insulin; Liveweight gain; Fat thickness Abstract: Angus and Charolais heifers (195 +/- 7 kg) were actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on concentrations of somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin (INS), growth, and onset of puberty. Primary immunizations were given at 184 +/- 7 d of age (d 0 of experiment) by injecting (s.c.) 1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 22) or 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (HSAi, n = 21). Booster immunizations of .5 mg of antigen were given on d 62, 92, 153, and 251. Antibody binding (percentage at 1:2,000 dilution) to [125I)GRF on d 69 was greater (P < .01) in GRFi (53.7 +/- 4.5) than in HSAi (10.1 +/- .6) heifers. Serum concentration (ng/ml) and frequency (peaks/5 h) of ST release, respectively, on d 78 were lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers (3.3 +/- .1 vs 5.6 +/- .2 and .9 +/- .3 vs 2.3 .2). Serum IGF-I (ng/ml) was lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers on d 69 (41 +/- 5 vs 112 +/- 4). Serum INS (microunit/ml) on d 78 was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (2.2 +/- .1) than in HSAi (3.8 +/- .2) heifers. Feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency were lower (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers. Hip height was lower (P < .01) and fat thickness was greater (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers by d 132 and 167, respectively. Percentage of heifers attaining puberty (progesterone > 1 ng/ml for two consecutive weeks) by d 209 and 379 (12.9 and 18.5 mo of age), respectively, was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (40.9 and 45.5) than in HSAi (81.0 and 100). In conclusion, growing heifers were successively immunized against GRF. Active immunization against GRF resulted in decreased serum concentration of ST, IGF-I, and INS. In addition, GRF immunization led to lowered feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency, increased fat depth, and delayed onset of puberty in heifers. We propose that ST and IGF-I are important metabolic mediators involved in the initiation of puberty in h 75 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of age and intake on growth hormone kinetics in dairy heifers. Lapierre, H.; Farmer, C.; Girard, C.; Brazeau, P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 199-207; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Age; Nutrition 76 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of bovine growth hormone gene expression, sex and age on plasma gonadotropins, estrone and testosterone in prepuberal pigs. Guthrie, H.D.; Pursel, V.G.; Miller, K.F.; Bolt, D.J.; Palmiter, R.D.; Brinster, R.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (3): p. 423-429; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Boars; Transgenics; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Gonadotropins; Estrone; Testosterone; Gene expression; Hormone secretion; Sexual maturity; Lh 77 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of bovine somatotropin on production and reproduction in prepubertal Friesian heifers. Murphy, M.G.; Rath, M.; O'Callaghan, D.; Austin, F.H.; Roche, J.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2165-2171; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Puberty; Reproductive efficiency; Milk composition; Lactation number; Growth rate; Liveweight; Age Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of bST on average daily gain, onset of puberty, first lactation milk yield, and reproductive efficiency in Friesian heifers. Heifers (n = 16 per treatment) were allocated to either: 1) control (1.5 ml of vehicle) or 2) bST (15 mg of bST in 1.5 ml of vehicle) using a randomized complete block design. Subcutaneous injections of bST were administered once daily from 7 mo of age for 120 d or until heifers reached puberty. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk, and blood samples were collected twice weekly after heifers reached 200 kg. Progesterone concentrations were used to determine onset of puberty. Heifers were bred between 16 and 18 mo of age and, following parturition, milk yield and composition were recorded twice weekly and once every 2 wk, respectively. Heifers assigned to bST treatment had an average daily gain (kg) of .8 compared with .7 in control heifers. Number of days from birth to onset of puberty for bst-treated heifers was 401 compared with 381 for control heifers. Treatment with bST had no effect on milk yield, milk composition, or reproductive efficiency during the first lactation. These data demonstrate that daily administration of bST to Friesian heifers from 7 to 11 mo of age does not affect average daily gain, onset of puberty, reproductive efficiency, or first lactation milk yield of heifers. 78 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of bovine somototropin and protein on rumen fermentation and forestomach and whole tract digestion in dairy cows. Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3505-3517; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation; Dietary protein; Crude protein; Fiber content; Ph; Transit time; Amino acids; Protein requirement Abstract: Four lactating Holstein cows with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were allocated to one of two TMR with either 17.1 or 23.6% CP at 5 to 9 d postpartum. Cows also were assigned to either bST (20.6 mg/d) or excipient (control) treatment at that time for the 84-d experiment but were switched to different protein levels every 21 d in four periods. Intake of DM and forestomach and whole tract digestion of DM were unaffected by treatments. Forestomach and whole tract apparent digestion of N was higher for cows fed the high protein diet. Forestomach NDF and ADF digestion was higher for cows fed the high protein diet but was significant for control cows only. Rumen pH, ammonia N, and isovalerate were higher for cows fed the high protein diet. Rumen ammonia N and acetate were lower for bST-treated cows. Rumen pool sizes of total ingesta, DM, NDF, and bacterial OM were not affected by either treatment. However, the total pool size of rumen NAN and nonbacterial NAN was larger for cows fed the high protein diet. Duodenal flow of AA was higher for cows fed the high protein diet. However, duodenal protein AA profiles were similar among treatments except for lysine, which was higher, and methionine and alanine, which tended to be lower, for cows fed the high protein diet. There were few bST X protein or bST X duration of treatment interactions. Results support the concept that bST-treated cows have digestive metabolism similar to untreated cows of similar actual production. 79 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of chronobiological alteration of the circadian rhythm of prolactin and somatotrphid release in the dairy cow. Evans, N.M.; Hacker, R.R.; Hoover, J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (6): p. 1821-1829; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Light regime; Prolactin; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Circadian rhythm Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if a skeletal photoperiod administered at the appropriate time of a 24-h day could stimulate prolactin and somatotropin release in dairy cattle. Cows in mo 8 of gestation were exposed to either 12 to 13 h of continuous light or to three skeletal photoperiods consisting of a total of 8 h of light. Cows in the skeletal photoperiod light regimens received 6 h of light from 0500 to 1100 h and a 2-h light pulse at either 1500 to 1700 h, 1800 to 2000 h, or 2100 to 2300 h. Cows exposed to the light regimen pulse at 1800 to 2000 h exhibited a circadian rhythm of prolactin and somatotropin release. The mean prolactin and somatotropin concentrations were also higher in this treatment. It is concluded that a circadian rhythm with a photosensitive phase is present for prolactin and somatotropin release in the lactating dairy cow. The photosensitive phase for both hormones occurs between 13 and 15 h after subjective dawn. The expression of the circadian rhythm of these hormones depends on the photoperiod to which cows are exposed. 80 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of CO-treatment with recombinant bovine somatotrophin on plasma progesterone concentration and number of embryos collected from superovulated Holstein heifers. Rieger, D.; Walton, J.S.; Goodwin, M.L.; Johnson, W.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 863-868; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Fsh; Superovulation; Superovulated females; Progesterone; Blood plasma; Synthetic pituitary hormones; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Ovulation Abstract: Mature Holstein heifers were induced to superovulate with twice-daily injections of porcine follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), and were given either 20 mg i.m. of recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) or saline with each FSH injection. The animals were artificially inseminated and the embryos were collected nonsurgically at Day 7. There was no significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D) total number of embryos collected from rBST-treated animals (8.3 +/- 5.3) when compared with that of the controls (7.2 +/- 6.6), or in the mean number of transferable embryos (5.3 +/- 4.0 vs 5.2 +/- 4.5). However, co-treatment with rBST tended to increase the ovulatory response, and it significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 6 (P = 0.04). Based on these latter observations, we conclude that treatment with rBST enhanced the superovulatory response in heifers. 81 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of dietary energy and previous bovine somatotropin on milk yield, mastitis, and reproduction in dairy cows. Hemken, R.W.; Harmon, R.J.; Silvia, W.J.; Tucker, W.B.; Heersche, G.; Eggert, R.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4265-4272; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry matter; Feed intake; Body weight; Milk yield; Milk composition; Diet; Caloric value; Lactation number; Bovine mastitis; Ovulation; Conception rate; Female fertility Abstract: Thirty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked according to time of calving and assigned to a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of two dietary energy concentrations either without or with bST (20.6 mg/d per cow) administered to cows that had not or had received bST during the preceding lactation. Subcutaneous injection of bST began 28 to 35 d postpartum and continued for 39 wk. The dietary energy concentration X bST interaction was not significant for any response variable. Compared with DMI of control cows, DMI was higher for cows receiving bST, being 1.6 and 2.4 kg/d higher for cows receiving bST for one and two lactations, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yields were higher for cows receiving bST than for controls. Those receiving bST for a second lactation also produced more milk than controls until wk 20; thereafter, milk yields were similar to those of controls. Somatotropin administration had no adverse effect on udder health. Cows receiving bST tended to ovulate less regularly than controls, which may be attributed to their higher milk yield. However, BW gains during lactation were similar for all treatments, indicating that bST-treated cows built energy reserves for the subsequent lactation. Although energy concentrations of the diets had no significant impact on yield, the higher energy diet tended to depress milk fat concentration. Administration of bST to dairy cows for a second, consecutive lactation yielded responses similar for the first 20 wk of the study to those receiving bST for the first time. However, after wk 20, milk yield was less than that by cows receiving bST for the first lactation but similar to that of control cows. 82 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of fish meal and expeller-processed soybean meal fed to dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin (sometribove). Calsamiglia, S.; Hongerholt, D.D.; Crooker, B.A.; Stern, M.D.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2454-2462; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Crude protein; Soybean oilmeal; Fish meal; Protected protein; Chemical composition; Milk yield; Lactation curve; Milk composition; Body condition; Feed conversion; Blood chemistry Abstract: Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked by calving date and milk production and assigned randomly to a TMR formulated to contain 68 or 55% of dietary CP as ruminally degradable CP. Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage, and ground corn. Supplemental CP was soybean meal for the control diet or a combination of soybean meal, expeller- processed soybean meal, and fish meal for the low degradable protein diet. Two 10-wk phases began on d 31 +/- 3 (phase 1) and 110 +/- 7 postpartum [phase 2, all cows received subcutaneous implantations of pelleted (400 mg) bST (sometribove) every 14 d]. Dietary energy, CP, ruminally degradable CP, NDF, and ADF were similar between dietary treatments. Production of FCM increased in response to bST but was not affected by dietary treatment. Cows fed the expeller- processed soybean meal and fish meal TMR produced milk that contained less milk fat in phase I and less milk protein content in both phases. The DMI, BW, and body condition scores were not affected by diet. Hematocrit, plasma urea N, albumin, total protein, creatinine, glucose, and serum insulin were similar between dietary treatments. Replacing soybean meal with expeller processed soybean meal and fish meal did not affect ruminal degradation of protein or milk production but decreased milk fat and protein contents. 83 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 The effect of genetic selection for milk yield on the response to growth hormone secretagogues in immature cattle. Lovendahl, P.; Angus, K.D.; Woolliams, J.A. Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar. The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 419-424; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Arginine; Milk yield; Selection Abstract: Eighty 4-month-old calves of both sexes and of two selected lines differing by 70 kg in their predicted total yield of milk fat and protein were injected intravenously with three of four GH secretagogues: these were, per kg liveweight; (i) 0.2 microgram human GH-releasing factor(1-29) (GRF), (ii) 0.2 microgram TRH, (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii), and (iv) 0.1 g arginine hydrochloride. The response of GH was measured for 2 h following administration. Geometric mean concentration of the 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-min samples following GRF, TRH and their combination were 29.3, 19.5 and 156 microgram/l compared with baseline means of 6.5, 10.0 and 12.6 microgram/l respectively, and for arginine (in which the mean response included the 30-min instead of the 5-min sample) 14.6 microgram/l compared with a baseline of 8.31 microgram/l. The line selected for greater yield responded more to each secretagogue by 1.53-fold following GRF (P<0.01), 1.34-fold following TRH (P < 0.05), 1.11-fold following the combination (P>0.01) and 1.26-fold following arginine (P<0.01). Females responded 2.3-fold more than males following GRF administration (P<0.001), only 1.2-fold more following TRH (P>0.1), but less (0.63-fold) than males when GRF was combined with TRH (P<0.05). For all secretagogues the concentration of GH before administration was important in determining the size of response (P<0.001). It was concluded that the increased release of GH following the administration of GRF and TRH was a direct result of selection for dairy merit and that increased yields during lactation may, in part, be mediated directly through pituitary responsiveness. 84 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of grazing location and oronasal treatment with bull urine on reproduction performance and serum prolactin concentrations of beef heifers. Taylor, S.A.; Winder, J.A.; Hallford, D.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Dec. Theriogenology v. 38 (6): p. 1145-1161; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Grazing; Rangelands; Semiarid zones; Irrigated pastures; Bulls; Urine; Body weight; Anestrus; Liveweight gain; Body condition; Calving rate; Blood serum; Prolactin; Somatotropin Abstract: Grazing location and biostimulatory treatments were imposed on 55 Brangus and crossbred heifers in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Grazing locations (postweaning) were semi-desert rangeland with supplementation or irrigated small grains pasture. Biostimulatory treatment involved either weekly oronasal application of bull urine or no treatment (control). The duration of bull urine treatments was 8 weeks. Grazing location affected heifer weights from February through August (P < 0.01). Rate of weight gain on irrigated pasture exceeded native range (P < 0.01). Cyclicity was similar between the location groups before the treatment period. Post- treatment cyclicity rates of heifers were 25 and 78% for native range and irrigated pasture, respectively (P < .01). Twenty-five percent of cyclic heifers grazing native range went into anestrus during this treatment period, while no loss of cyclicity was observed in the heifers on irrigated pasture (P < 0.10). Heifers maintained on irrigated pasture exhibited more standing estrus following synchronization (P < 0.10), higher pregnancy rates following breeding (P < 0.05), heavier fall weights (P < 0.01), higher body condition scores (P < 0.01), and greater pelvic widths (P < 0.05) than those on native range. Cyclic heifers grazing native range had prolactin levels twice those of irrigated pasture heifers. Serum growth hormone levels were not consistently affected by treatments. Heifers which became pregnant while grazing irrigated pasture had much lower prolactin concentrations in serum collected in January than the noncyclic heifers. 85 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin on antibody formation in dairy cows. Eppard, P.J.; Rogan, G.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz, R.L.; Hammond, B.G.; Torkelson, A.R.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): . 2959-2967; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Dosage effects; Milk yield; Igg; Igm; Blood serum; Calves; Liveweight gain Abstract: Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either one, three, or five concurrent, intramuscular injections of unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were administered at 14-d intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment for a 2nd yr. Blood BST antibodies developed within the first 7 wk of treatment, and the number of cows with anti-bST binding generally declined with time. Thirteen out of 59 cows receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives) during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was detected after wk 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among the group randomly selected to continue on study during yr 2. In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated cows were positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG fraction in serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L, and affinities ranged from 1.14 X 10(8) to 3.14 X 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered to be clinically clinically, positive had performance similar to those of their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of a pathologic effect of antibodies existed in treated cows, their calves, or fetuses. The presence of anti-bST antibodies did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the calves conceived during bST treatment. 86 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on growth, carcass composition, diet digestibility, nutrient balance, and plasma constituents in dairy calves. Lapierre, H.; Pelletier, G.; Petitclerc, D.; Dubreuil, P.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 587-598; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Feed intake; Digestibility; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Fat percentage; Insulin Abstract: Sixty male dairy grain-fed calves, raised from 70 to 223 kg BW in individual crates, were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement to determine the effect of administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF). Calves received twice-daily s.c. injections of .9% NaCl (control), GRF (5 microgram/kg BW), TRF (1 microgram/kg BW) or GRF (5 microgram/kg BW) plus TRF (1 microgram/kg BW, GTRF). Average daily gain and days on feed were not affected by treatments, but TRF treatment increased (P < .05) total intake of dry matter (DM) and feed conversion ratio: 3.00, 3.02, 3.08, and 3.22 kg DM/kg weight gain for control, GRF, TRF, and GTRF, respectively. During two 7-d periods, after 66 and 75 d of treatment, feces and urine were collected from 40 calves (5 per treatment per period). Treatment with GRF increased (P < .05) digestibility of DM, nitrogen (N), and energy and tended (P < .20) to increase N retention. At slaughter, withers height was increased (P = .05) by GRF and carcass length was increased (P < .05) by TRF. Pituitary and liver weights were increased (P < .05) by TRF. The combination of GRF and TRF slightly increased (P < .10) protein content and decreased (P < .05) fat content of the 9-10-11th rib section. After d 1, GRF treatment chronically increased (P < .05) insulin concentrations and also increased (P < .10) IGF-I concentrations on d 29 and 57. In summary, chronic treatment with GRF and(or) TRF did not improve growth or efficiency, although GRF increased digestibility of DM, N, and energy and the GRF plus TRF combination resulted in slightly leaner carcasses. 87 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone- releasing factor and (or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Delorme, L.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P. Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan. Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 99-108; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Hypothalamic releasing hormones; Thyrotropin releasing hormone 88 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone- releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on milk production, insulin-like growth factor-I and plasma constituents in dairy cows. Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Couture, Y.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 707-715; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Milk production; Insulin-like growth factor; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Milk composition; Liveweight gain; Blood composition; Long term experiments 89 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of long-term bovine somatotropin (sometribove) treatment on nitrogen (protein) distribution in Jersey milk. Kindstedt, P.S.; Pell, A.N.; Rippe, J.K.; Tsang, D.S.; Hartnell, G.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 72-80; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Protein content; Casein; Whey protein; Nonprotein nitrogen; Milk yield; Cheesemaking Abstract: Twenty-six Jersey cows were assigned randomly to one of two treatments. Twelve cows received biweekly subcutaneous injection of 500 mg of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin), beginning 60 plus or minus 3 d postpartum and continuing throughout one lactation. Fourteen control animals received injections of placebo carrier. Milk samples were taken biweekly on weeks alternate to injection when differences in milk components were expected to be greatest compared with controls. The milk samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen. The average SCC for control and treatment groups was 44,000 plus or minus 47,000 and 56,000 plus or minus 65,000. Milk from sometribove-treated cows was significantly lower in total protein (3.92, 4.12%), true protein (3.74, 3.95%), and casein (3.11, 3.34%) than that from control cows on d 8 of the 14 d injection cycle. Casein as a percentage of true protein was lower (83.38, 84.52%), and non- protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was higher (4.61, 4.26%) in milk from treated cows. The theoretical yield of Cheddar cheese was ca. .07% less for milk from treated cows that from control cows due to ca. 1% less casein as a percentage of true protein in the former. The differences in nitrogen distribution represent the response during the middle of the injection cycle when milk output was the highest and milk protein the lowest rather than the average response for the injection cycle. The results of the study indicate minimal impact on the cheese manufacturer because in practice milk is commingled from many dairies. The observed changes in the milk nitrogen distribution can not be attributed to the effects of negative energy or protein balance of the cows. 90 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The effect of manipulation in energy allowance during the rearing period of heifers on hormone concentrations and milk production in first lactation cows. Peri, I.; Gertler, A.; Bruckental, I.; Barash, H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 742-751; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Plane of nutrition; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Milk yield; Puberty; Age; Growth factors; Blood serum; Prolactin; Hormone secretion; Liveweight gain; Energy intake; Growth; Body weight Abstract: Fifteen Holstein heifers that were 175 +/- 4.0 d old and at BW of 175 +/- 4.9 kg were used to determine the effect of three feeding regimens from 6 to 12 mo of age on growth, blood concentration of several hormones, and milk production during first lactation. The feeding regimens consisted of two periods, the first lasting for 4 mo and the other for the subsequent 2 mo. For group A (restricted) heifers, the diet during period I was restricted to 85% of NRC (1988) recommendations (a daily BW gain of .7 kg); during period 2, a high energy, high protein diet was provided for ad libitum intake. Group B (control) heifers received a diet that corresponded to 100 and 90% of the NRC (1988) recommendations in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Group C (ad libitum) intake heifers received a high energy, high protein diet throughout both periods. Daily BW gains of heifers of groups A, B, and C were, respectively, .625, .768, and 1.100 kg for period 1 and 1.162, .705, and .797 kg for period 2. The different feeding regimens influenced the age at which the heifers achieved puberty but did not affect BW at puberty. Milk production during 250 d of lactation was 7056, 6070, and 5975 kg for groups A, B, and C, respectively. A statistical model that included serum-derived mitogenic activity and serum prolactin of period 2 accounted for 63% of the difference in milk production at first lactation. 91 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Effect of methionyl bovine somatotropin in a prolonged-release vehicle on milk production, hormone profiles and health in dairy cows. Skarda, J.; Markalous, E.; Slaba, J.; Krejci, P.; Skardova, O.; Zednik, J. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy research v. 59 (4): p. 499-506; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk yield; Bovine mastitis; Animal health 92 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effect of plane of nutrition between 6 and 16 months of age on body composition, plasma hormone concentrations and first- lactation milk production in Holstein heifers. Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 337-346; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cattle; Plane of nutrition; Body composition; Somatotropin; Insulin; Blood plasma; Milk production; Milk composition 93 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of prepartum administration of growth hormone-releasing factor on somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor I, milk production, and postpartum return to ovarian activity in primiparous beef heifers. Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1478-1487; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cows; Bred heifers; Somatoliberin; Synthetic hormones; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Milk yield; Body weight; Postpartum interval; Estrous cycle; Hormone secretion Abstract: Forty-one primiparous beef heifers were used over 2 yr to evaluate the effect of prepartum administration of a growth hormone-releasing factor analog (GRF-A) or growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF(1-29)-NH2) on somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), milk production, heifer BW, and postpartum (PP) return to ovarian activity. Beginning on d -11 +/- 1 from parturition, heifers were administered (s.c.) GRF-S ([desNH2-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]GRF(1-29)-NH2, 2.5 mg/kg; Yr 1) or GRF(1-29)-NH2 (12.5 mg/kg; Yr 2) (GRF; n = 17) or vehicle (CON; n = 24) for seven consecutive days. Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals from -60 to 300 min from the first and fourth injections. Samples were also collected at 20-min intervals for 6 h on d 25 and 69 +/- 1 PP. Area under the curve of ST (nonograms minute-1 milliliter-1) was greater (P < .01) in GRF than in CON heifers (9, 671 +/- 677 vs 2,611 +/- 237). Increases in ST after GRF-A or GRF(1-29)-NH2 were similar. On d 25 +/- 1 PP, frequency of ST release (pulses per 6 h) was greater (P < .01) in CON (3.3 +/- .2) than in GRF (2.1 +/- .2) heifers. Milk production was similar (P < .1) for the two treatments. Heifer BW loss from d -16 to 81 after parturition was greater (P < .01) in GRF (88 +/- 5) than in CON (68 +/- 5) heifers. Postpartum return to ovarian activity (progesterone > 1 ng/mL for two consecutive weeks) was delayed (P < .05) in GRF (97 +/- 14) vs CON (71 +/- 8) heifers. After accounting for variation due to treatment and year, a negative (P < .02) correlation (r = -.39) was detected between concentrations of IGF-I during the first 30 d PP and PP interval to ovarian activity. These results indicate that prepartum administration of GRF altered the release pattern of ST after parturition and was associated with greater PP BW loss and delayed PP return to ovarian activity in heifers. 94 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of prepartum bovine somatotropin in primigravid ewes on mammogenesis, milk production, and hormone concentrations. Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; Walton, J.S.; Ball, J.L.; McBride, B.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 992-1001; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ewes; Somatotropin; Prepartum period; Milk yield; Mammary glands; Cells; Gestation period; Tissue proliferation; Insulin-like growth factor; Dna replication; Blood plasma; Ewe lactation Abstract: Twenty-five primigravid ewes were used to investigate the effect of bST, between 97 and 124 d of gestation, on mammogenesis and subsequent milk production. Five ewes (reference group) were slaughtered at 96 d of gestation, and the remaining ewes were injected daily with saline (control group: n = 10) or .1 mg/kg of BW of bST (bST group: n = 10). Following bST treatment, 5 control and 5 bST group ewes were slaughtered (slaughter group). The remaining ewes were slaughtered after lambing and being milked for 8 wk (production group). Weekly blood samples were obtained from both slaughter and production group ewes. Slaughter group ewes were also subjected to 8-h serial blood sampling at 98 d (period 1) and 123 d (period 2) of gestation. Milk production was 42% higher in ewes treated prepartum with bST than in those treated with saline. Results suggest that the increase in milk was due to an increase in mammary parenchymal cell number rather than to an increase in cellular activity. The high rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into parenchymal tissue in reference group ewes suggests that the increase in parenchyma during the second trimester of gestation is due to cellular hyperplasia but that cellular hypertrophy may be more important during the last trimester. Plasma IGF-I concentrations were significantly higher during bST treatment and remained elevated between daily injections; the increase was greatest in period 2. 95 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The effect of protein degradability on milk composition and production of early lactation, somatotropin-injected cows. Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Walters, J.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1648-1653; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Protein degradation; Rumen digestion; Milk yield; Protein digestibility; Milk composition; Milk protein; Animal protein concentrates Abstract: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation that received 500 mg bST injected every 2 wk were assigned to one of two treatments to examine the influence of diets that varied in degradability of protein. Effects of degradability were determined on milk production and components and on nutrient digestibility. Treatments consisted of a basal ration (control) containing soybean meal as its primary degradable protein source and a ration (treatment) containing corn gluten and meat and bone meals as the primary undegradable protein source, representing 33% undegradable protein in CP. The undegradability of protein sources did not influence DNI and BW. Milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and production efficiency of bST- treated cows were not affected by increased undegradable protein in the diet. Milk fat and SNF were not significantly increased by treatment. Lactose was significantly higher for the control diet (5.0 vs. 4.9%) but was not biologically significant. Increasing undegradability of protein significantly increased total protein in milk and casein percentage in milk protein (3.14 vs. 2.86% and 62.11 vs. 58.24%, respectively. Total tract digestibility of nutrients was unaffected by treatment; however, CP digestibility tended to be higher as undegradability increased (67.85 vs. 62.83%). 96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 The eff