BST - Bovine Growth Hormone Provided by the Animal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library

QB 94-10

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281 citations from AGRICOLA

Jean A. Larson
Animal Welfare Information Center

February 1994
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Larson, Jean A.
BST--bovine growth hormone.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-10)
1. Bovine somatotropin--Bibliography. I. Title.
a5071.N3 no.94-10

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Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
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Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
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1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet.
BST - Bovine Growth Hormone
January 1991 - December 1993


SEARCH STRATEGY
Line Description

1. S (bovine? or cattle or caw? or dairy) and
(growth(f)hormone? or somatotropin? or somatomedin? or
bst or bgh)

2. S PY1991:PY1994

3. S S1 and S2



BST - Bovine Growth Hormone

1 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
The 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine growth hormone gene
contains novel elements required for efficient and accurate
polyadenylation. Goodwin, E.C.; Rottman, F.M.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1992 Aug15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (23): p.
16330-16334; 1992 Aug15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Structural genes; Exons;
Nucleotide sequences; Genetic regulation

Abstract: In addition to the conserved AAUAAA hexanucleotide,
GU- and U-rich sequences in the 3'-flanking region are thought
to be critical for efficient polyadenylation. The 3'-flanking
sequence requirements for efficient and accurate
polyadenylation of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene were
determined by quantitative S1 nuclease analysis of transcripts
derived from various BGH 3' deletions and block mutations
transiently transfected into COS-1 cells. Though the BGH 3'-
flanking sequence contains a portion of the putative GU
efficiency element, we find that mutation of this element
leads to a marginal decrease in efficiency similar to that
from mutation of other sequences that do not contain
recognizable GU- or U-rich motifs. The data are consistent
with a diffuse efficiency element in the BGH polyadenylation
signal rather than a discrete element as is thought to exist
in other mammalian signals. We have also determined that a
region from 18 to 27 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage
site contains sequences required for correctly positioning the
cleavage site.


2 NAL Call. No.: QP501.B642
The ability of bovine mammary tissue to synthesize lipids for
96 h when cocultured with liver and adipose tissue.
Keys, J.E.; Fekry, A.E.; Wood, D.L.; Capuco, A.V.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 May.
Biochemistry and cell biology; Biochimie et biologie
cellulaire v. 70 (5): p. 343-346; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary tissue; Adipose tissue;
Liver; Explants; Tissue culture; Acetates; Phospholipids;
Triacylglycerols; Fatty acids; Biosynthesis; Somatotropin;
Models


3 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Abomasal infusion of casein enhances nitrogen retention in
somatotropin-treated steers.
Houseknecht, K.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Fox, D.G.; Smith, D.F.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Aug. The
Journal of nutrition v. 122 (8): p. 1717-1725; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Somatotropin; Abomasum; Infusion; Casein;
Nitrogen; Retention; Protein requirement; Immunoglobulins;
Growth

Abstract: The effects of bovine somatotropin (bST)
administration and abomasal protein infusion on nitrogen
metabolism were investigated using four abomasally-cannulated
Holstein steers in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Treatments
were factorially arranged to include daily abomasal infusion
(water or casein, 0.9 g/kg body wt) and daily bST injection (0
or 200 mug/kg body wt). Each treatment period lasted for 23 d
and consisted of an adjustment period (d 1 to 7), casein
infusion (d 8 to 23) and bST treatment (d 10 to 23). Nitrogen
metabolism and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I)
profiles were characterized on d 16-22. Animals were fed a
total mixed diet balanced to achieve 0.75 kg gain/d and
supplemented to provide 115% of requirements for crude protein
and minerals. Nitrogen retention was increased by casein and
bST individually (21 and 33%, respectively) or in combination
(75%). Somatotropin treatment increased the biological value
of absorbed N, which was consistent with reductions in plasma
urea nitrogen. Circulating IGF-I was increased by bST and was
highly correlated (r = 0.73) with N retention. Overall, bST
altered requirements so that less absorbed N was required per
unit of N retained. However, results also demonstrated that
because of limitations in amino acids supplied from microbial
and ruminal escape protein in young growing cattle, amino acid
supply may limit the magnitude of N retention response to bST
under many situations.


4 NAL Call. No.: A00109
Action alert! Urge FDA to label milk from BGH-injected cows.
Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the
National Wildlife Federation; 1991 Oct.
The gene exchange v. 2 (3): p. 10; 1991 Oct.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Public
opinion


5 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Actions of bovine somtotropin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes
and lymphocytes in cattle.
Elvinger, F.; Hansen, P.J.; Head, H.H.; Natzke, R.P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1991
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Granulocytes;
Lymphocytes; Heifers; Phagocytosis; Heat resistance;
Temperature; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate; Mitosis;
Mitogens

Abstract: Objectives were to determine 1) in vitro effects of
bST on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and
lymphocytes and 2) in vivo effects of bST on leukocyte
function of heifers fed to maintain medium or high growth
rates. When administered in vitro, bST did not affect function
of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Methyl-3H]thymidine
incorporation by resting lymphocytes was stimulated by 1000
ng/ml bST. When given in vitro, bST did not further enhance
[methyl-3h]thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes
cultured at 38.5 degrees C but reduced the depression of
mitogen-stimulated proliferation caused by incubating cells at
42 degrees C. When bST was administered in vivo, phagocytosis
and killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear
leukocytes from bST-treated heifers were not different from
cells of control heifers. As measured by [methyl-3h]thymidine
uptake after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes
from bST-treated heifers responded similarly to those of
control heifers when incubated at 38.5 degrees C, but the
depression in [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake due to culture at 42
degrees C was less for lymphocytes obtained from bST-treated
heifers. In conclusion, bST had little effect on function of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes but could promote proliferation
of lymphocytes in vitro and protect cells from effects of
elevated temperature.


6 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Analysis of somatic cell count data by a peak evaluation
algorithm to determine inflammation events.
Elvinger, F.; Littell, R.C.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3396-3406; 1991
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Cell counting;
Somatotropin; Seasonal fluctuations; Algorithms; Computer
analysis; Inflammation

Abstract: Increases in SCC are an expression of inflammation
events in the udder. Inflammation events are sporadic, of
variable amplitude and duration, and can be analyzed by
computer programs designed to evaluate pulses of hormone
secretion. Baseline values for SCC, which take into account
long-term trends, were calculated using the PUL-SAR peak
evaluation algorithm. An inflammation event was defined as an
increase of log2(SCC) of at least 1 unit from the preceding
data point if the observed value exceeded the baseline value
by a threshold value. Incidence rate, duration, and amplitude
of inflammation events were calculated. Weekly composite milk
SCC from individual cows from two Florida dairy farms were
recorded. Data were analyzed for effects of season (summer and
fall) and bST in two separate data sets. Incidence rate of
inflammation events was higher in summer than in fall (4.31
and 2.91 events per cow X year). In one of two data sets only,
duration of inflammation events was longer in cows treated
with bST (2.4 +/- .2 vs. 1.6 +/- .2 wk). In contrast, least
squares analysis of variance of log2(SCC) did not detect
differences due to season or bST. The use of the peak
evaluation algorithm led to the detection of seasonal and bST
effects on inflammation events in cows.


7 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Androgens modulate growth hormone-releasing factor-induced GH
release from bovine anterior pituitary cells in static
culture.
Hassan, H.A.; Merkel, R.A.; Enright, W.J.; Tucker, H.A.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 209-218; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Heifers; Pituitary; Cell culture;
Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Androgens


8 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Application of type I and II errors in dairy farm management
decision making. Galligan, D.T.; Chalupa, W.; Ramberg, C.F. Jr
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 902-910; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Decision making; Errors; Sodium
bicarbonate; Somatotropin; Cost analysis; Farm results; Break-
even point; Milk production

Abstract: The economic costs of type I and type II errors
associated with decisions regarding the use of sodium
bicarbonate and bST on dairy farms were calculated. Data from
published experiments were used to estimate the mean and SD in
production responses and associated changes in DM intake. The
frequency distribution of the production response and the
expected monetary value of type I error (using a product when
it is unprofitable) and type II error (not using a product
when it is profitable) were calculated. Supplemental sodium
bicarbonate ($.05/cow per d) and bST ($.40/cow per d) were
used as sample decision problems. Milk was valued at $.28/kg,
and feed was priced at $.15/kg. Based on 12 reports, cows
supplemented with .75% sodium bicarbonate in ration DM
produced an additional 1.43 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 1.13) and
consumed .36 kg/d more feed type I error costs were $.02/d,
whereas type II error costs were $.32/d. From 16 reports, cows
supplemented daily with 10 to 15 mg/d of bST produced an
additional 3.9 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 2.1) and consumed .6
kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.03/d, whereas type
II error costs were $.66/d. Because type II error costs were
greater than type I error costs, the economic decision favored
the use of sodium bicarbonate or bST or both. Type II error
cost was greater than type I for both, products when DM cost
was varied from $.064 to .239/kg and milk price was varied
from $.145 to $.429/kg.


9 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Applications of size exculsion chromatography with low-angle
laser light scattering detection to proteins, including
somatotropins. Severdia, A.G.; Strohl, G.K.; Fox, O.F.; Iyer,
K.S.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p.
337-341; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal health; Drug formulations; Molecular
weight; Proteins; Somatotropin; Chromatography; Lasers

Abstract: Size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser
light scattering detection (SEC/LALLS) has been applied to the
separation and characterization of a number of proteins as a
function of molecular weight using different SEC columns and
elution buffers. The use of a LALLS detector in conjunction
with a concentration detector eliminated the need for
calibration of the SEC column. Data acquisition and analysis
were under computer control. The technique has been
demonstrated to determine molecular weights for a variety of
proteins, including natural bovine and natural porcine
somatotropins. The LALLS detector combined with an SEC column
was effective in determining an accurate molecular weight even
under conditions when the SEC columns' separation was not
strictly size-dependent. Applications of the technique to
protein samples that contain dimers and higher order
aggregates, i.e., samples which may arise in protein stability
and formulation studies, will be discussed.


10 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Applied dynamics of dairy replacement growth and management.
Hoffman, P.C.; Funk, D.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2504-2516; 1992
Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Growth rate; Replacement;
Age at first calving; Milk yield; Dystocia; Mammary glands;
Somatotropin; Literature reviews

Abstract: The applied objective of rearing dairy replacement
heifers is to minimize investment inputs while maximizing
profitable outputs. To reduce inputs one fundamental
methodology is to reduce rearing time. Research efforts to
reduce the age at first calving below 22 to 24 mo have
generally resulted in reduced milk yield. Research suggests
that reductions in milk yield may be the result of high energy
planes of nutrition, employed to reduce calving age, on
mammary parenchyma tissue development. This research is vital
to an understanding of the effects of growth and development
on the output potential of the replacement heifer, but it is
not the only consideration in applied management. Other
management factors, such as feed efficiency, dystocia, calving
weight, and economics, also have a large influence on the
decision-making process in management schemes for replacement
heifers. When management schemes are developed, all of these
factors must be taken into account, but at present, the
interrelationships of management factors are poorly
understood. As a consequence, only modest progress has been
made in dairy replacement heifer management programs over the
last three decades. Making positive changes for the future
requires creative thought, investigations of new concepts, and
application of those concepts by innovative producers in a
management program that results in acceptable performance and
profitability.


11 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Assessment of thermal status of somatotropin-injected
lactating Holstein cows maintained under controlled-laboratory
thermoneutral, hot and cold environments.
Manalu, W.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.Z.; Becker, B.A.; Collier,
R.J. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991
Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 121 (12): p. 2006-2019; 1991
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovidae; Injection; Somatotropin;
Temperature; Heat production; Heat loss

Abstract: Two experiments, with a single-reversal design and
12 cows per experiment, were conducted to study the effects of
somatotropin on thermal status of lactating cows under
laboratory thermoneutral (18 to 22 degrees C, 30-50% relative
humidity), hot (24-35 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity) and
cold (-5 - +5 degrees C, 50-55% relative humidity) conditions.
Throughout the experiment six cows were injected with
somatotropin (25 mg/d) and six with sodium bicarbonate. All
injections were started the first day of the 30-d natural
environmental period (22-35 degrees C and 41-97% relative
humidity for summer experiment, and -5 - +5 degrees C and
4-25% relative humidity for winter experiment) before the cows
were exposed alternatively to laboratory thermoneutral and hot
or cold environments. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher
energy intake (13 and 17%), heat production (19 and 25%), heat
loss (36 and 24%) and milk energy (40 and 49%), than control
cows under thermoneutral and hot conditions, respectively. The
somatotropin-treated cows had higher heat production (18 and
10%), respiratory heat loss (27 and 17%) and milk energy (14
and 25%) than control cows under thermoneutral and cold
conditions, respectively. The increased heat production
associated with somatotropin was accompanied by increased heat
losses. Part of the increased heat production was attributed
to the increased milk energy and energy intake. These results
suggest that increased heat production during somatotropin
treatment was within the range that could be dissipated by the
cows.


12 NAL Call. No.: HD1955.S7 Nr.29
Auswirkungen von Erzeuger- und Verbraucherreaktionen in der EG
beim Einsatz von gentechnologisch hergestelltem Bovinem
Somatotropin (BST) in der Milchproduktion / von Rudiger
Meimberg, Heinrich Wurzbacher [Effects of producer and
consumer reactions in the EG by the use of genetically
engineered manufactured bovine somatotropin (BST) in milk
production]. Meimberg, Rudiger
Munchen : IFO-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung,; 1992.
viii, 241 p. ; 21 cm. (Ifo Studien zur Agrarwirtschaft, 29).
Includes bibliographical references.

Language: German


13 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
bGH developments.
Stark, M.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 13; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Developing countries; Cattle; Somatotropin;
Biotechnology; Milk production; Milk products


14 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
Biotechnology & milk: Benefit or threat?.
Hansen, M.K.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 1-5; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk
production


15 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Biotechnology financing for 1991 already tops $1 billion. New
York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr08.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr08.

Language: English

Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Food safety; European communities; Usda; Regulations


16 NAL Call. No.: QH301.F3
Body composition of animals treated with partitioning agents:
implications for human health.
Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A.
Bethesda, Md. : The Federation; 1991 Nov.
The FASEB journal : offical publication of the Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology v. 5 (14): p.
2951-2957; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Somatotropin;
Lipid metabolism; Protein metabolism; Animal products; Body
composition; Dietary fat; Meat; Public health


17 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Body composition of dairy cows according to lactation stage,
somatotropin treatment, and concentrate supplementation.
Chilliard, Y.; Cisse, M.; Lefaivre, R.; Remond, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3103-3116; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body composition; Somatotropin;
Lactation stage; Body fat; Body protein; Body condition;
Concentrates; Energy intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Grazing

Abstract: Body weight, condition score, deuteriated water
dilution space, estimated body lipids and proteins, and
calculated energy and protein balances were determined in 24
multiparous Holstein cows at wk 1, 20, and 39 after
parturition. Cows received two levels of energy concentrate
(high and low groups) from wk 3. The objective was to estimate
changes in body composition as affected by stage of lactation,
concentrate level, and bST administration or placebo from wk 9
in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Cows from high and low energy
groups lost 25 and 35 kg of body lipids and 3.3 and .5 kg of
body proteins, respectively, during the first 7 wk of
lactation. During the end of the winter period (wk 8 to 20),
control and bST-injected cows lost 8.5 and 21.1 kg of body
lipids, respectively. During the grazing period (wk 20 to 39),
bST-injected cows gained more BW (34 kg), water (36 kg), and
estimated proteins (5.8 kg) and lost more condition score (-.2
units) and estimated lipids (-11.5 kg) than controls. Using
data from control periods, it was calculated that 1 unit
change in body condition score corresponded to changes of 35
to 44 kg in BW (corrected for estimated gut content
variation), 21 to 29 kg in body lipids, and 200 to 300 Mcal in
body energy. One kilogram of corrected BW change corresponded
to a change of 4.3 or 5.5 to 5.9 Mcal in body energy when
calculated from cumulative energy balances or body components,
respectively.


18 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
Bovine growth hormone found safe for use.
Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May13.
Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (19): p. 7-8; 1991 May13.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food
safety; Economic impact; Dairy farming; Genetic engineering


19 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
Bovine somatotropin.
Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Baldwin, R.L.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Mar.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice
v. 8 (1): p. 147-163; 1992 Mar. In the series analytic:
Applied pharmacology and therapeutics II / edited by Kenneth
W. Hinchcliff and Antoinette D. Jernigan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Physiological functions;
Insulin-like growth factor; Effects; Milk production


20 NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3B68 1992
Bovine somatotropin and emerging issues an assessment.
Hallberg, M. C.
Boulder : Westview Press,; 1992.
xvii, 324 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (Westview special studies in
agriculture science and policy). Includes bibliographical
references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Dairy farming; Dairy
products; Animal biotechnology


21 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 N953
Bovine somatotropin and the safety of cows' milk: National
Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference
statement.
Grumbach, M.M.; Bier, D.M.; Blumenthal, H.; Clark, J. Jr;
Dunkley, W.L.; Gray, G.M.; Hintz, R.L.; Hutton, N.E.; Knobil,
E.; Lippe, B.
New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc; 1991 Aug.
Nutrition reviews v. 49 (8): p. 227-232; 1991 Aug. Paper
presented at the "National Institutes of Health Technology
Assessment Conference," December 5-7, 1990, Bethesda.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Conferences; Food safety;
Toxicity; Adverse effects; Residues; Beef; Nutritive value;
Human milk; Comparisons


22 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy.
Bauman, D.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992
Dec. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage
effects; Literature reviews; Milk composition; Production
costs; Lactation; Economic impact

Abstract: One of the first potential biotechnology products
for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of
bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies,
universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this
extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been
conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results
have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This
quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new
technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In
contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and
persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy
breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor
affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of
action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the
metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used
for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow
the arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining
normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that
bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there
are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor
management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein,
lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not
substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in
manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of
paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be
effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and
perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would
utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy
products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less
feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal
excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of
bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change,
dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced
number of cows, and decl


23 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7398
Bovine somatotropin safety and effectiveness: an industry
perspective. Hecht, D.W.
Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1991 Apr.
Food technology v. 45 (4): p. 118, 123-124, 126; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Food technology; Somatotropin; Food safety;
Food quality; Regulations; Biotechnology; Food processing

Abstract: The end goal of technology, when applied to
agriculture, is to improve the efficiency of food production
or to enhance the quality of our food. That is the goal of
bovine somatotropin (BST), one of the first major products of
biotechnology being developed for the food industry. This
article will discuss (1) how BST came into being and the
impact it will have on the food industry; (2) whether it is
safe; (3) reasons some people oppose it; (4) regulatory and
consumer perception implications; and (5) public benefits.


24 NAL Call. No.: A00067
BST and CAP don't rhyme.
Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1992 Jan20.
European biotechnology newsletter (127): p. 3-4; 1992 Jan20.

Language: English

Descriptors: Belgium; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic
impact; Cap; Regulation


25 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45
bST & milk: benefit or bane?.
McGuirk, A.M.; Kaiser, H.M.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economic Association; 1991.
Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 6
(1): p. 20-21, 24-26; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Virginia; Somatotropin; Milk yield;
Economic impact; Innovation adoption; Dairy industry; Supply
balance; Food safety; Consumer surveys


26 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
bST & the EEC: politics vs. science.
Vandaele, W.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.
Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 148-149; 1992 Feb.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant DNA;
Genetic engineering; Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food
and nutrition controversies; European communities; Ec
regulations


27 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
BST, TMR, trade, consumers shape future dairy industry.
Schiek, W.A.; Dillon, W.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Aug03.
Feedstuffs v. 64 (32): p. 16-17; 1992 Aug03. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Demand; Dairy technology;
Innovation adoption; Agricultural policy; Trade policy;
Trends; Environmental protection; Population growth; Food
safety; Consumer preferences


28 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
bST to play critical role in dairy industry.
Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County
Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Sep.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange
County. p. 8; 1991 Sep.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Food safety


29 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
BST-bovine growth hormone--January 1987-January 1992.
Larson, J.A.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Mar.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-30): 89 p.; 1992
Mar. Updates QB 91-75. Bibliography.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovidae; Bibliographies


30 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
BST-bovine somatotropin/growth hormone--January 1986-December
1990. Larson, J.A.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Apr.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-75): 34 p.; 1991
Apr. Updates QB 90-16. Bibliography.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovidae; Somatotropin; Bibliographies


31 NAL Call. No.: S1.S68
Cell culture from lung tissue of transgenic rabbit-producer of
bovine growth hormone.
Musienko, M.I.; Makarevich, A.V.; Ernst, L.K.; Gol'dman, I.L.;
D'yakonov, L.P.; Strel'chenko, N.S.; Semenova, V.A.; Smirnov,
O.K.; Matveev, V.A. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991.
Soviet agricultural sciences (1): p. 33-36; 1991. Translated
from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk.
Doklady, (1), 1991, p. 32-35. (20 AK1). Includes references.

Language: English; Russian

Descriptors: Rabbits; Transgenics; Lungs; Animal tissues; Cell
culture; Bovidae; Somatotropin; Transfer; Biotechnology;
Genetic engineering


32 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
Changes in concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1,
insulin and growth hormone in bovine mammary gland secretion
ante and post partum. Einspanier, R.; Schams, D.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 May.
Journal of dairy research v. 58 (2): p. 171-178; 1991 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Insulin-like growth factor; Mammary
glands; Secretions; Prepartum period; Postpartum period; Dry
period; Insulin; Somatotropin; Ph; Binding; Proteins;
Colostrum; Milk


33 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Changes in hormones, metabolites, and milk after treatment
with sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST) in Deutsches
Fleckvieh and German Black and White cows.
Schams, D.; Graf, F.; Meyer, J.; Graule, B.; Mauthner, M.;
Wollny, C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p.
1583-1592; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dual purpose cattle;
Breed differences; Controlled release; Blood plasma; Insulin-
like growth factor; Insulin; Milk yield; Fatty acids; Milk
composition; Body weight; Lactation stage

Abstract: Twelve second-lactation Deutsches Fleckvieh cows,
(FV, a dual-purpose breed) and 12 German Black and White (BW,
a dairy breed) were used to evaluate similarities and
differences in the response to a prolonged-release formulation
of sometribove (N-methionyl bovine somatotropin, bST). Cows
were milked twice daily and fed a basic diet (70% corn silage,
30% alfalfa hay) ad libitum plus 1 kg of concentrate.
Additionally, concentrates and supplements were offered at the
rate of 1 kg for each 2.2 kg of milk produced above 12 kg/d.
Six cows of each breed were treated s.c. with 500 mg of
sometribove at 14-d intervals from wk 9 to 29 postpartum (pp).
Blood was collected by jugular vein puncture once weekly from
wk 7 to 33 pp and daily for 14 d after the first and last
(llth) injection of bST. Somatotropin (ST), insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, thyroid hormones,
nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), liver enzymes, and blood
metabolites were evaluated. During bST treatment, plasma ST
increased significantly on d 7 in both breed and then
decreased on d 14 after injection. Plasma IGF-I was positively
correlated with ST. Plasma NEFA were high on d 7 and decreased
on d 14. In response to bST, the average milk yield increased
for FV and BW cows by 5.1 kg/d (29.7%) and 5.0 kg/d (28%),
respectively, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) increased by 5.0
kg/d (28%) and 5.3 kg/d (19.9%), respectively. Milk content of
fat, protein, lactose, number of somatic cells, and body
weight were similar across treatments. No difference in health
or reproductive problems were observed between control and
bST-treated cows. Results of the study demonstrate that bST is
equally effective in improving milk yield in dual-purpose and
dairy breeds of cows.


34 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Changes in metabolites, metabolic hormones, and luteinizing
hormone before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and
Simmental heifers. Jones, E.J.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1607-1615; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Prepubertal females; Lh;
Breed differences; Insulin; Metabolites; Puberty; Blood serum;
Fatty acids; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Age
differences

Abstract: We determined changes in insulin, glucose, free
fatty acids (FFA), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth
factor I (IGF-I) and LH before puberty in Angus, Braford,
Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Our primary objective was to
identify metabolites and metabolic hormones that serve as
metabolic cues for onset of puberty. Angus (n = 12), Braford
(n = 7), Charolais (n = 9), and Simmental (n = 7) heifers were
assigned at weaning (289 +/- 25 d of age; 264 +/- 23 kg) to
open-sided pens with slotted floors, and they were fed a corn
silage-concentrate diet formulated to provide gains of .91
kg/d. Puberty was defined as the 1st d (d 0) that serum
progesterone (determined in blood samples collected at weekly
intervals) exceeded 1 ng/ml. Blood samples were collected
before and after feeding at 15-min intervals for 8 h at 21-d
intervals before puberty in a subsample of heifers (at least
five per breed). Angus and Simmental heifers weighed less and
were younger (P < .05) at puberty than Charolais and Braford
heifers. Serum FFA before feeding and frequency of LH release
increased (P < .05) from d -40 +/- 3 to d -17 +/-3 in all
breeds. Conversely, concentrations of insulin were greater (P
< .05) at -40 than at -17 d from puberty in Angus, but not in
Braford, Charolais, or Simmental heifers. Frequency of GH
release was greater at d -40 than at d -17 in Angus heifers;
however, in Braford and Charolais heifers frequency of GH
release was greater at d -17 than at d -40. Concentrations of
IGF-I (measured every 2 wk) increased linearly (P < .07) from
d -56 to 0 from puberty in Angus but not in other breeds. In
conclusion, frequency of LH release and concentrations of FFA
increased before puberty in all breeds; however, consistent
changes in other metabolites and hormones were observed only
in Angus heifers.


35 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Characteristics of somatotropin and prolactin profiles in
young dairy sires before and after a 72-hour fast during
different seasons. Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 503-507; 1992
Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Blood serum; Somatotropin;
Prolactin; Breeding value; Fasting; Seasonal fluctuations;
Computer software; Prediction; Sires

Abstract: Serial blood samples were collected from young (X =
275 d of age) AI sires at 20-min intervals for an 8-h period
before and after a 72-h fast. Samples were collected from four
different groups of young sires in January (n = 23), April (n
= 31), July (n = 27), and October (n = 24). Samples were
collected for only 6 h for the July group. Plasma somatotropin
(ST) and prolactin (PRL) data were analyzed by PULSAR, a
computerized peak detection program. The PULSAR parameters,
except for number of peaks detected, were not different (P >
.05) when calculated using data from the entire 8-h period or
just the first 6 h. Because some endocrine characteristics as
defined by PULSAR were influenced by season, deviated values
were calculated for those characteristics within seasonal
groups by subtracting the mean of that group from each
individual observation for all PULSAR parameters. Number of ST
peaks was correlated (P < .01, r = 26) with USDA pedigree
index (PI) for fat yield (PIF), sire predicted transmitting
ability for fat PTAF; (P < .01, r = .30), Northeast AI Sire
Comparison (NEAISC) PIF (P < .05, r = 24), and sire PTAF (P <
.01, r = .33). No ST pulsatile characteristics after fasting
were correlated (P > .05) with PI. Prolactin peak length was
negatively related to USDA PIF P < .05, r = -.23) before
fasting and positively correlated (P < .05, r = .26) after
fasting. Seasonal differences in pulsatile characteristics may
reduce usefulness of endocrine parameters in assessing genetic
merit for production traits.


36 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
Codex commission foils U.S. effort to open markets to beef
with hormones. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition
Institute; 1991 Jul12. Nutrition week v. 21 (27): p. 1-2; 1991
Jul12.

Language: English

Descriptors: Italy; Codex alimentarius; European communities;
Beef; Drug residues; Food safety; Somatotropin; Usda;
Regulations; Consumer protection; Food additives

Abstract: The United States lost a key battle with the
European Community (EC) this week over the use of growth
hormones in beef cattle. The Codex Alimentarius Commission
(CAC) voted not to approve a committee report supporting the
U.S. position that hormones are safe to use in food
production.


37 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Commercial-scale refolding of recombinant methionyl bovine
somatotropin. Storrs, S.B.; Przybycien, T.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (470): p.
197-205; 1991. In the series analytic: Protein refolding /
edited by G. Georgiou and E. De Bernardez-Clark. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering;
Recombinant DNA; Isolation; Analytical methods

Abstract: A method to dissolve and oxidize recombinant
methionyl bovine somatotropin (mBST) from bacterial inclusion
bodies suitable for large scale manufacture has been
developed. mBST-containing inclusion bodies are dissolved,
refolded, and oxidized in a single step in 4.5 M urea and pH
11.25 at protein concentrations in the 5 - 15 g/L range with
yields in excess of 80%. Yield is a strong function of the
urea concentration used during the oxidation reaction; optimal
yields are obtained at intermediate urea concentrations.


38 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Comparison of alternative diphasic lactation curve models
under bovine somatotropin administration.
Weigel, K.A.; Craig, B.A.; Bidwell, T.R.; Bates, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 580-589; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation curve; Milk
yield; Probabilistic models; Time series; Arima

Abstract: The multiphasic logistic function has recently been
proposed as a model for lactation curves in dairy cattle. The
applicability of several forms of this function was examined
under three levels of recombinant bST administration beginning
100 d postpartum. Lactation curve models were fit to mean
daily yields for each of the treatment groups and a control
group. The traditional diphasic function was unable to model
adequately the steep ascent and early peak in daily milk yield
occurring immediately after calving in both treatment and
control groups. The early portion of the lactation was more
appropriately modeled using a diphasic function with a power
transformation of time in the first phase, such that this
phase became asymmetric. This modified diphasic function also
resulted in smaller residuals and less autocorrelation than
the triphasic function, which was used as a reference model,
when both models were applied to the control group data. The
increase in daily milk yield because of bST administration was
modeled by the addition of a term consisting of a rising
exponential function. Such a model may be useful for examining
dosage effects in long-term bST studies in which injections
begin in mid-lactation or later. Time series procedures
reduced autocorrelation among residuals in both the control
and treatment groups, and such models could be useful for
removing autocorrelation in lactation curve applications that
involve daily or weekly yield observations.


39 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Comparison of performance, clinical chemistry, and carcass
characteristics of finishing lambs treated with recombinant
ovine or bovine somatotropins. McLaughlin, C.L.; Hedrick,
H.B.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Finn, R.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell,
G.F.; Kasser, T.R.; Baile, C.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1453-1463; 1993
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Species differences; Blood
chemistry; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood sugar; Insulin;
Blood serum; Nitrogen; Body weight; Organs; Weight; Carcass
yield; Carcass quality; Carcass composition; Liveweight gain;
Feed intake; Feed conversion

Abstract: The variation in growth and carcass composition
responses of lambs to somatotropin (ST) treatment may depend
on the source of ST used as well as on other experimental
conditions. In the present experiment, growth, carcass
composition, and clinical chemistry responses to recombinantly
produced ovine ST (oST) and two bovine ST (N-methionyl-bST[M-
bST] and N-alanyl-bST[A-bST] were compared. Lambs weighing 42
kg were assigned to treatment groups of control (no injection)
or 4 mg/d of M-bST, A-bST, or oST administered by s.c.
injection for 6 wk. Growth rate was increased by an average of
30% and feed efficiency was improved by an average of 22% by
ST treatment compared with control, and responses did not
differ among ST. The IGF-I, insulin, and glucose
concentrations were increased by 107, 700, and 53% compared
with control, respectively, and did not differ among ST
treatment groups. Urea nitrogen responses to A-bST and oST
were transiently greater than those to M-bST. Although quality
grade was not affected by treatment, an average 8-kg increase
in weight of retail cuts was calculated from yield grade.
Carcasses of ST-treated lambs were calculated to have 1.3 kg
more muscle and 1.9 kg less fat. Although fat and muscle were
affected more by oST than by M-bST on a percentage basis, they
did not differ among treatment groups on a total weight basis.
Thus, both bST variants and oST improved growth performance
and carcass leanness. Decreased responses of some carcass
variables to M-bST treatment may have been related to the
presence of antibodies that were indicated by an increased
number of positive responders in a relative bST binding assay.


40 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Comparison of somatotropin and growth hormone-releasing factor
on milk yield, serum hormones, and energy status.
Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Allen, M.S.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker,
H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association;
1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3421-3428;
1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk
yield; Insulin-like growth factor; Energy consumption; Blood
plasma; Adipose tissue

Abstract: Holstein cows received 12 mg/d of growth hormone-
releasing factor (continuous i.v. infusion, n = 5), 14 mg/d of
bST (single daily i.m. injection, n = 8), or no treatment
(controls, n = 8) for 60 d. Compared with controls (31.6
kg/d), bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk
yield to 34.2 and 37.0 kg/d, respectively. The increase in
milk yield induced by the growth hormone-releasing factor was
greater than that for bST. Milk yield was not different among
groups following cessation of treatment. Milk energy output
was 24.2 Mcal/d in controls, and growth hormone-releasing
factor increased milk energy output to 28.5 Mcal/d. Milk
energy output of cows receiving BST was 26.1 Mcal/d. Growth
hormone-releasing factor increased DMI (23.2 kg/d) over that
of controls (21.1 kg/d), whereas bST (21.5 kg/d) did not.
Relative to controls, bST increased averaged daily serum
somatotropin from 1.3 to 7.6 ng/ml and insulin-like growth
factor-I from 67.5 to 116.0 ng/ml. Relative to bST, growth
hormone-releasing factor increased serum somatotropin to 16.3
ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I to 202.6 ng/ml.
Relative to control (115.8 meq/dl) and bST (158.1 meq/dl),
growth hormone-releasing factor increased plasma NEFA (230.3
meq/dl). During treatment, calculated energy balance was
negative for cows receiving growth hormone-releasing factor
but positive for bST and control cows. Milk composition, body
condition score, BW, and apparent digestibility of DM were not
different among treatments. We conclude that i.v. infusion of
12 mg/d mg of growth hormone-releasing factor has greater
galactopoietic activity than i.m. injections of 14 mg/d of
bST. These data support the concept that the galactopoietic
effects of growth hormone-releasing factor are mediated, via
increased secretion of somatotropin and insulin-like growth
factor-I.


41 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
Comparison of the galactopoietic response to pituitary-derived
and recombinant-derived variants of bovine growth hormone.
Eppard, P.J.; Bentle, L.A.; Violand, B.N.; Ganguli, S.; Hintz,
R.L.; Kung, L. Jr; Krivi, G.G.; Lanza, G.M.
Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Jan.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 132 (1): p. 47-56; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin;
Amino acid sequences; Recombination; Pituitary; Milk; Milk
synthesis; Milk composition; Blood serum; Blood chemistry

Abstract: Two studies were designed to examine the
differences in galactopoietic potency of molecular variants of
pituitary- and recombinant-derived bovine GH (bGH). The
recombinant bGH molecules included amino-terminal and
position-127 amino acid substitutions which are representative
of two of the four natural pituitary variants or of partially
degraded bGH molecules. Amino-terminal variants of bGH
included methionine (Met1), alanine (Ala1), serine (Ser1) or
deletion of four amino acids (delta 1-4). The delta 1-4
variants were representative of degradation products
previously isolated in pituitary bGH preparations. In the
first study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m.
injections of a buffer solution (control), pituitary-derived
bGH, or recombinant-derived [Met1, Leu127]-bGH, [Met1,
Val127]-bGH, [Ala1, Leu127]-bGH, or [Ala1, Val127]-bGH. Cows
received 25 mg bGH/day for 21 days. Substitution of the amino-
terminal alanyl residue with methionine did not affect milk
response. GH variants with Val127 elicited a greater milk
response (8.5 kg/day) than Leu127 bGH variants (6.5 kg/day).
The average milk response to the four recombinant bGH variants
was 7.5 kg/day greater than controls compared with 4.4 kg/day
for pituitary-derived bGH. In contrast, blood bGH
concentrations were equivalent for pituitary and recombinant
bGH treatments, approximately 20 microgram/l more than control
levels at 3 h after injection. Blood free fatty acid
concentrations were increased, but insulin and glucose levels
were unaffected by bGH treatment. In the second study, 54
lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer
control solution or recombinant-derived [Met2, Leu127]-bGH,
[Ser1, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Val127]-bGH, [delta 1-4, Leu127]-
bGH or [delta 1-4, Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25mg bGH/day for
28 days. The milk response to full-length bGH variants was 6.6
kg/day greater than the response to the amino-terminal
deletion variants (P < 0.05). Substitution of valine for
leucine did n


42 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Comparison of the growth-promoting properties of daily versus
continuous administration of somatotropin in female rats with
intact pituitaries. Azain, M.J.; Kasser, T.R.; Sabacky, M.J.;
Baile, C.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
Feb. Journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 384-392; 1993
Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled
release; Subcutaneous injection; Rats; Growth rate; Pigs

Abstract: The effect of dose and mode of delivery of
recombinant bovine (rbST) or porcine somatotropin (rpST) on
the growth rate of female rats with intact pituitaries was
investigated in a series of experiments. The overall objective
of these studies was to compare the relationship of dose and
mode of delivery on the growth response to somatotropin. The
equivalence of rbST and rpST in stimulation of growth was
demonstrated. In an initial study, treatment of rats with 0,
.67 (3 mg/kg), or 2.0 mg/d (9 mg/kg) of rbST for 28 d resulted
in ADG of .8, 2.6, and 3.8 g/d (P < .0001, SEM .1 g). A log-
linear dose response to rbST in the range of .07 to 32 mg/d
(.3 to 145 mg/kg) for the stimulation of gain was observed.
Continuous delivery of rpST in bicarbonate buffer was achieved
using osmotic pumps. Sustained, log-linear growth for doses of
0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of rpST/d for 28 d was demonstrated. In
a direct comparison of bolus injection and continuous delivery
at doses of 0, .22, .67, 2.0, and 6.0 mg of rpST/d, a
significant difference in slope (P < .0001) of the modes of
delivery was observed; continuous delivery had a greater
slope. Depending on the dose administered, bolus injection was
either more (< .67 mg/d) or less efficacious (> .67 mg/d) than
continuous delivery in its ability to stimulate growth in
female rats with intact pituitaries. It is hypothesized that
the difference in the slope of the dose-response curves can be
accounted for by the animal's ability to utilize the hormone
effectively.


43 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and steroids in
follicular fluid of preovulatory bovine ovarian follicles:
effect of daily injections of a growth hormone-releasing
factor analog and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Spicer, L.J.; Enright, W.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Mar. Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 1133-1139; 1991
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Ovaries; Graafian follicles; Follicular
fluid; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin;
Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Progesterone;
Corpus luteum; Estradiol

Abstract: To determine whether long-term administration of
growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) and(or)
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) alters ovarian follicular
fluid (FFL) concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I
(IGF-I), progesterone, and estradiol (E2), and follicular
growth, Friesian X Hereford heifers (n = 47; 346 +/- 3 kg)
were divided into the following four groups: control (vehicle;
n = 11); 1 microgram GRF (human [Des NH2 Tyr1, D-Ala2, Ala15]
GRF [1-29]-NH2).kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); 1 microgram TRH.kg-1
BW.d-1 (n = 12); or GRF + TRH (n = 12). Daily injections
(s.c.) continued for 86 d. On d 89, heifers that had been
synchronized were slaughtered and ovaries were removed.
Follicles were grouped by magnitude of diameter into the three
following sizes: 1 to 3.9 mm (small, n = 55), 4.0 to 7.9 mm
(medium, n = 63), and greater than or equal to 8 mm (large, n
= 71). Growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) TRH did not
affect (P > .10) IGF-I concentrations in FFL of any follicle
size group. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased (P <
.06) size (average +/- pooled SE) of large follicles (14.7 vs
13.0 +/- .6 mm). Growth hormone-releasing factor also
increased (P < .05) progesterone concentrations 4.4-fold above
controls in FFL of medium-sized follicles but had no effect on
progesterone in FFL of the small or large follicles.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone did not alter FFL progesterone
or E2 concentrations in any follicle size group. We conclude
that the GRF and(or) TRH treatments we employed did not affect
intra-ovarian IGF-I concentrations, but GRF may alter
steroidogenesis of medium-sized follicles and growth of large
follicles.


44 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Constitutive and trophoblast-specific expression of a class of
bovine interferon genes.
Cross, J.C.; Roberts, R.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1991 May01.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 88 (9): p. 3817-3821; 1991 May01.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Conceptus; Interferon; Gene expression;
Proteins; Trophoblast; Viral interference; Murine
paramyxovirus

Abstract: The early conceptus in sheep and cattle secretes a
low molecular weight protein called ovine and bovine
trophoblast protein 1 (TP-1) that is critical for
establishment of pregnancy. TP-1 is a type I interferon (IFN)
and is most related to IFN-omega. Here we have determined if
TP-1 genes are regulated similarly to other type I IFNs.
Single day 18 bovine conceptuses secrete approximately 10(5)
units of IFN antiviral activity per hour in culture, amounts
approximately 300 times higher than those produced by Sendai
virus-induced leukocytes. Although conceptuses express mRNA
for IFN-alpha, IFN-omega, and TP-1, TP-1 constitutes > 99% of
the IFN produced. In contrast, leukocytes produce
predominantly IFN-alpha, although TP-1 mRNA is inducible by
Sendai virus to very low levels. TP-1 mRNA is detectable by
Northern analysis in conceptuses from early pregnancy but is
absent in late gestation placenta and several adult tissues.
Transfected bovine TP-1 genes are expressed in human
choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells in the absence of any specific
stimulus, whereas these cells do not secrete antiviral
activity constitutively or after transfection with a bovine
IFN-omega gene. The transfected TP-1 gene is not expressed in
nontrophoblast cells (mouse L929 and hamster Chinese hamster
ovary), however. The 5' promoter region of the TP-1 gene is
sufficient to direct trophoblast-specific expression onto a
human growth hormone reporter gene in JAR cells. Deletion of
the promoter from -450 to -126 results in a 4-to 5-fold
decrease in expression. Together these data demonstrate that
the genes for TP-1 are inducible by virus but are expressed
preferentially in trophoblast cells and are functionally
distinct from IFN-omega genes.


45 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information.
Kaiser, H.M.
Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County
Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Jun.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange
County. p. 5; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormones; Consumer
attitudes


46 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45
Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information.
Kaiser, H.M.
Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany
County; 1991 Jun.
News and views v. 76 (6): p. 8-9; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Feed additives; Milk
consumption; Consumer attitudes


47 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Consumer group calls unlabeled hormone-treated milk 'udder
insanity'. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 May04.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (9): p. 14; 1992 May04.

Language: English

Descriptors: Labeling; Somatotropin; Food safety; Milk
production; Regulations


48 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A2N6
Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards bovine
somatotropin. Kaiser, H.M.; Scherer, C.W.; Barbano, D.M.
Ithaca, N.Y. : The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource
Economics Association; 1992 Apr.
Northeastern journal of agricultural and resource economics v.
21 (1): p. 10-20; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Usage;
Consumer attitudes; Perception; Adverse effects; Economic
impact; Milk consumption; Household surveys; Demography;
Socioeconomic status; Food safety


49 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
Consumer's union, states look to limit BGH.
Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Apr24.
Nutrition week v. 22 (16): p. 3; 1992 Apr24.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Interest groups; Food and nutrition
controversies


50 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Contact sensitivity and systemic antibody responses in dairy
cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.;
Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 747-755; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation;
Hypersensitivity; Organochlorine compounds; Hemagglutination
tests; Thickness; Skin

Abstract: Effects of exogenous bST on humoral and cell-
mediated immune responses in lactating dairy cows were
determined. The systemic antibody response to human
erythrocytes and the cutaneous sensitivity response induced by
dinitrochlorobenzene were the immune responses investigated.
Cows were treated with either 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg of bST/d for
266 d starting between wk 4 and 5 of lactation. Systemic
immunizations and contact sensitivity were initiated during
midlactation, 22 wk after bST treatments began.
Hemagglutinating antibody titers and areas under the response
profiles were not statistically different for bST-treated
versus control cows. The cutaneous sensitivity response was
similarly not affected by bST administration. Present antibody
titer results agreed with our previous observations that bST
did not affect serum IgM concentrations, but the cutaneous
sensitivity results were in contrast with our finding of
augmented proliferative responsiveness of mitogen-stimulated
peripheral blood lymphocytes in bST-treated versus control
cows. It is possible that exogenous bST affects some immune
processes and lymphocyte subsets and not others. Further
research is required to determine the practical significance
of the variable immunomodulation elicited by exogenous bST.


51 NAL Call. No.: aHD9001.N275
Controversy over livestock growth hormones continues.
Blayney, D.P.; Fallert, R.F.; Shagam, S.D.
Washington, D.C. : Commodity Economics Division, Economic
Research Service, USDA; 1991 Oct.
FoodReview v. 14 (4): p. 6-9; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Somatotropin; Food and nutrition
controversies; Food safety; Food biotechnology; Farm
structure; Surpluses; Animal welfare

Abstract: At the forefront of biotechnology in animal
agriculture is the experimental use of somatotropin, growth
hormones that occur naturally in animals. The safety, positive
and negative implication surrounding the controversy over the
use of bovine somatotropin use for milk production are
discussed.


52 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.A36
The correspondence of farm and retail milk price movements.
Outlaw, J.L.; Capps, O. Jr; Knutson, R.D.; Schwart, R.B. Jr
College Station, Tex. : Agricultural & Food Policy Center;
1991 Mar. AFPC policy working paper (91-7): 14 p.; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk prices; Retail prices; Producer prices;
Somatotropin; Marketing margins


53 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations
during mating behavior in the bull and boar.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone;
Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion;
Blood serum; Stress response

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate
peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone
(GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating
and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in
the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually
inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h
before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single,
restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during
exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled
similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min
during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow.
Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female
included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only),
mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and
time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls,
four completed at least one service (intromission +
ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight
or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in
significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but
not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls
mounting eight or more times also experienced significant
elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six
boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting
the sow fewer than five times were both associated with
significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum
concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure
to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the
suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity
can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and
T in boars.


54 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
The costs and benefits of bGH may not be distributed fairly.
Comstock, G.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p.
121-130; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit
analysis; Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions


55 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
The costs and benefits of bGH will distributed fairly.
Tweeten, L.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p.
108-120; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit
analysis; Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions


56 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Deadline approaches for Wisconsin governor's decision on bST
ban. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec02.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (23): p. 11; 1991 Dec02.

Language: English

Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Regulation


57 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
Debate slows growth hormone commercialization.
Thayer, A.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May06.
Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (18): p. 25; 1991 May06.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food
safety; Genetic engineering; Economic impact


58 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Detection of bovine somatotropin treatment in dairy cattle
performance records.
Swalve, H.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1690-1699; 1991
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: France; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Milk
production; Cluster analysis; Lactation curve; Accuracy;
Detection

Abstract: Effectiveness of cluster analysis in detecting
application of bST was examined. Field data were manipulated
by adding a specified percentage of the true performance to
original test day records to simulate application of bST. The
partly manipulated data then were analyzed using cluster
analysis. Test day milk production data came from 42,779 cows
of the Bretagne (Northwestern France) that had test days
between 1986 and 1989. As criteria in the cluster analysis for
differentiation between treated and untreated cows, parameters
of the incomplete gamma function along with other variables
calculated from test day records were used. The best
differentiation was achieved when a persistency parameter,
defined as the ratio of second divided by first trimester
production, was used as a variable in the cluster analysis.
For the assumed scenario of bST application, more than 80% of
all cows were classified correctly under random use of bST.
Systematic treatment led to improved results.


59 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Development of a culture system for bovine granulosa cells:
effects of growth hormone, estradiol, and gonadotropins on
cell proliferation, steroidogenesis, and protein synthesis.
Langhout, D.J.; Spicer, L.J.; Geisert, R.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3321-3334; 1991
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Cell culture; Culture
media; Graafian follicles; Hormone secretion; Progesterone;
Estradiol; Insulin; Somatotropin; Lh; Protein synthesis;
Serum; Epidermal growth factor

Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were 1) to
develop a culture system that has the positive effect of serum
on granulosa cell attachment and allows subsequent expression
of hormonal effects in serum-free medium and 2) to determine
the effect of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF),
estradiol (E2), and growth hormone (GH) on growth,
steroidogenesis, and(or) protein synthesis of bovine granulosa
cells. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm)
follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 4
or 6 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin
(5 micrograms/ml) increased (P < .05) cell numbers (cells X
10(5)/well) severalfold compared with controls. Alone, EGF (10
ng/ml), FSH (200 ng/ml), LH (200 ng/ml), E2 (2 micrograms/ml),
or GH (0 to 1,000 ng/ml) had no effect on cell numbers.
However, when included with insulin, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml of
GH increased (P < .05) granulosa cell numbers on d 4 of
culture. Insulin alone increased (P < .05) progesterone
production (ng.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1) by severalfold on d 4,
but EGF, FSH, LH, or GH alone had no effect and E2 inhibited
progesterone production. In the presence of insulin, FSH and
GH (100 ng/ml) increased (P < .05) progesterone production on
d 4 of culture, whereas EGF (10 ng/ml) elicited a decrease (P
< .05) in production. In cells from both sizes of follicles,
GH (300 ng/ml) increased synthesis of cellular proteins (> 10
kDa). In cells from only large follicles, LH (200 ng/ml)
decreased synthesis and secretion of proteins (greater than or
equal to 3.5 kDa). These results support the hypothesis that
GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian function.


60 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Development of a recombinant bovine leukemia virus vector for
delivery of a synthetic bovine growth hormone-releasing factor
gene into bovine cells. Mehigh, C.S.; Elias, V.D.; Mehigh,
R.J.; Helferich, W.G.; Tucker, H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American
Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science
v. 71 (3): p. 687-693; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Gene transfer; Somatoliberin;
Bovine oncovirus; Vectors; Messenger RNA; Transfection; Cell
cultures

Abstract: Continuous intravenous infusion of bovine growth
hormone-releasing factor (bGRF) increases milk synthesis in
dairy cattle by as much as 46%. We have begun to develop a
system for delivery and expression of a synthetic bGRF gene in
cultured bovine cells using the provirus of the bovine
leukemia virus (BLV). The gene encoding synthetic bGRF,
constructed from eight overlapping oligonucleotides, was fused
to the whey acidic protein promoter (WAP) or the mouse mammary
tumor virus promoter (MMTV). These plasmids, termed pWAP.GRF
and pMMTV.GRF, were able to induce transcription of bGRF upon
transfection into Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and
induction with a lactogenic hormonal milieu (prolactin,
hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, insulin) or dexamethasone.
When these constructs were cloned into a BLV vector in place
of its oncogenic region, and transfected into MDBK cells, bGRF
was expressed. Virus particles were prepared from these
cultures and used to deliver the bGRF gene by viral infection
into fresh MDBK cells. Northern blot analysis of MDBK total
RNA revealed a fivefold higher level of expression of bGRF
mRNA in transfected cultures than in virally infected cells,
and no expression was detected in control cultures. The bGRF
peptide was detected in both cell extracts and media samples
from transfected cultures but was not detected in cell
extracts or media samples from virally infected cells. This
provirus construct may prove useful as a delivery system for
peptides into cattle.


61 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Developmental changes in the regulation of plasma growth
hormone concentrations in Holstein calves.
Sartin, J.L.; Kemppainen, R.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Marple, D.N.;
Williams, J.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical
Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research
v. 52 (9): p. 1397-1400; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Biological
development; Digestive system; Hormone secretion; Regulation;
Hypothalamus; Age differences; Alpha-adrenergic receptors

Abstract: A study was initiated to determine whether
development of a functional ruminant digestive system was
associated with alterations in plasma growth hormone (GH)
concentration. Holstein bull calves were fed milk or milk with
grain until studied at the age of 1 month (n = 12). Calves
placed on pasture with some grain supplementation were studied
at the age of 3 months (n = 6) to determine plasma GH
concentration in an animal with fully developed ruminant
metabolism. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals
for 5 hours, followed by administration of bovine GH-releasing
factor (0.075 microgram/kg of body weight) and subsequent
blood sample collection for 1 hour. On the following day, a
blood sample was collected via jugular cannula, clonidine (10
microgram/kg) was administered, and blood samples were
subsequently obtained. Data indicated that milk-fed calves had
higher mean plasma GH concentration than did either
milk/grain-fed or older calves. The difference in mean plasma
GH concentration was related to higher secretory pulse
amplitude. Pituitary responses to bovine GH-releasing factor
did not differ among the 3 groups, but response to clonidine
were greater in milk-fed calves than in calves of the other
groups. These data indicate that the change from a nonruminant
to a ruminant-type gastrointestinal tract, perhaps
attributable to subsequent changes in metabolism, may induce
changes in hypothalmic function to decrease GH concentration.


62 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
Dietetic association prepares to answer questions about
government BST decision.
Conroy, D.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar03.
Biotech daily v. 2 (133): p. 1, 4; 1993 Mar03.

Language: English

Descriptors: Food safety; Somatotropin; Milk production


63 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Dose titration of sustained-release recombinant bovine
somatotropin in lactating dairy cows.
Downer, J.V.; Patterson, D.L.; Rock, D.W.; Chalupa, W.V.;
Cleale, R.M.; Firkins, J.L.; Lynch, G.L.; Clark, J.H.; Brodie,
B.O.; Jenny, B.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p.
1125-1136; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dosage effects;
Controlled release; Milk yield; Female fertility; Milk
composition; Pregnancy; Feed intake; Nutritional adequacy;
Body condition; Animal health; Bovine mastitis

Abstract: Lactating dairy cows (n = 264) were used in seven
dose titration experiments at four geographic locations in the
United States. A sustained-release formulation of recombinant
bST was evaluated for a 30-wk treatment period that began 14
wk postpartum. The first series of four experiments evaluated
doses of 0, 140, 350, or 700 mg of bST/14 d (series A); the
second series evaluated doses of 0, 56, 140, or 350 mg of
bST/14 d (series B). Milk yield, DMI, milk composition, body
condition, health, and reproductive parameters were measured.
Multiparous cows in series A that were administered 700 mg of
bST/14 d yielded 3.0 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control
cows. When all seven experiments were combined, multiparous
cows that were administered 350 ml, of bST/14 d yielded 2.7
and 2.6 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control cows. Dry
matter intake was not significantly affected by bST
administration. In series A, an increase in milk yield with no
increase in DMI resulted in lower adequacy of dietary NE(L)
and CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements among
multiparous cows administered 700 mg of bST/14 d. Primiparous
cows that were administered bST in series A and both parity
groups in the combined seven experiments were not different
from control cows in the adequacy of dietary NE(L) or CP to
meet maintenance and yield requirements. No adverse effects of
bST on health parameters were significant, and doses of 350 mg
of bST/14 d or less caused no changes in reproductive
parameters. Conception rate was decreased by administration of
700 mg of bST/14 d. These data suggest that 350 mg of bST/14 d
increased yields of milk and FCM with no adverse effects on
DMI, health, or reproduction in dairy cows.


64 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin
implants on feedlot performance in steers.
Dalke, B.S.; Roeder, R.A.; Kasser, T.R.; Veenhuizen, J.J.;
Hunt, C.W.; Hinman, D.D.; Schelling, G.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Jul. Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2130-2137; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage
effects; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth; Performance;
Carcass composition; Blood serum

Abstract: One hundred twenty crossbred beef steers averaging
377 kg were used in a 2 X 4 factorial experiment to determine
the dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin
(rbST) implants on growth performance and carcass
characteristics. The implant dosages were 0 (sham), 40, 80, or
160 mg/wk administered s.c. in the tailhead region on a weekly
basis throughout the experiment. The steers were fed a high-
concentrate diet, which contained either a degradable (DP;
soybean meal) or an escape (EP; corn gluten and blood meal)
protein source. No dietary protein effect or dietary protein X
rbST level interactions were detected. Recombinant bST
decreased both DMI (P < .10) and feed/gain (P < .05) in a
linear dose-dependent manner. Dosage of rbST did not
significantly affect (P > .10) ADG or final weight of the
steers. Recombinant bST decreased backfat depth (P < .10),
marbling score (P < .05), and quality grade (P < .10) and
increased yield grade (P < .10) in a linear dose-dependent
manner. Soft tissue composition of the 9-10-11th rib section
was altered (P < .01) by rbST administration in a linear dose-
dependent manner. The percentage of protein in the rib section
was increased by 9.4% and fat was decreased by 11.8% at the
160 mg/wk rbST level compared with the sham-implanted steers.
Recombinant bST did not affect (P > .10) dressing percentage,
hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, or
longissimus muscle area. Serum insulin-like growth factor I
(IGF-I) concentrations in the steers exhibited a linear
response to dosage of rbST (P < .01). These data indicate that
rbST is an efficacious method of improving feedlot performance
and partitioning nutrient deposition in feedlot steers.


65 NAL Call. No.: 472 N42
Doubts over animal health delay milk hormone.
MacKenzie, D.
London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan18.
New scientist v. 133 (1804): p. 13; 1992 Jan18.

Language: English

Descriptors: Europe; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Animal
health


66 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
Drug companies, activists prepare for explosive controversy
over hormone. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition
Institute; 1991 Oct18. Nutrition week v. 21 (41): p. 1, 4-5;
1991 Oct18.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Food safety

Abstract: Using lawsuits, grassroots activism, freedom of
information requests, and skillful public relations, opponents
of bovine growth hormone (BGH, known scientifically as bovine
somatotropin or BST) have temporarily partly hobbled
supporters' ability to mobilize their two greatest treasure
troves: drug company money and millions of dollars from the
National Dairy Promotion and Research Board.


67 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488
Drug to increase milk from cows is judged safe.
Andrews, E.L.
New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 May08.
The New York times. p. A1, A8; 1991 May08.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic
engineering; Food safety


68 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
EC declares BST safe for humans, effective--but not ready for
market. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; European
communities; Usda; Economic impact


69 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Economic implications of bovine somatotropin for the United
States dairy industry.
Fallert, F.R.; Liebrand, C.B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 12-19; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Economic
impact; International trade; Price support; Milk prices; Dairy
cows; Dairy farms


70 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Economic implications of bovine somatotropin use for the
Arizona dairy industry.
Shoeffling, J.R.; Angus, R.C.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2347-2352; 1991
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Arizona; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Milk prices;
Economic impact; Dairy cooperatives; Dairies; Price support;
Quotas; Dairy cows

Abstract: This study examined the impacts of bST on income of
dairy producers in Arizona. The nature of milk production in
Arizona, the institutional aspects of the Milk Order, and die
supply management program of the United Dairymen of Arizona
(the only milk cooperative in Arizona) were considered in the
model. Prices declined with increased milk yields from bST.
Three dairy enterprise budgets demonstrated that gross revenue
minus variable costs initially increased for adopters of bST
but declined for nonadopters. If government milk purchase
increases cause support price reductions, gross revenues less
variable costs would decrease for both adopters and
nonadopters but more for nonadopters. Adjustments in size of
dairy farms would be required if increased milk production due
to bST is large enough to result in decreases in milk price
support levels.


71 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl
bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk composition.
Barbano, D.M.; Lynch, J.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.;
Hintz, R.L.; Nemeth, M.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1775-1793; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
Milk composition; Milk proteins; Milk yield; Lactation stage;
Lactation; Cell counting

Abstract: Forty Holstein cows received biweekly injections of
prolonged-release formulation of bST, and 39 received biweekly
injections of excipient, in a study to evaluate the effects of
long-term bST administration on milk composition and component
production. Injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum.
Administration of bST increased production of milk and of all
measured components. Concentrations of lactose (4.85 and
4.81%), fat (3.76 and 3.67%), total solids (12.57 and 12.44%),
SNF (8.83 and 8.75%), casein (2.56 and 2.53%), and true
protein (3.13 and 3.08%) were similar in milks from cows
receiving bST and excipient, respectively. Percentages of NPN
(times 6.38) and total protein were greater in milk from bST-
treated cows (.179% NPN and 3.32% total protein) compared with
milk from cows injected with excipient (.172% NPN and 3.24%
total protein). Use of bST did not change the relative
percentages of alpha(S)-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein,
beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, or casein proteolysis
products. A cyclical pattern of milk production, component
production, and composition within each 14-d injection
interval was observed. This suggests that a diminishing amount
of bST was delivered during the latter third of each injection
interval. There were no effects of bST on milk composition
that would be of any practical significance to dairy product
manufacturers or consumers.


72 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of a prolonge-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine
somatotropin (sometribove) on milk fat.
Lynch, J.M.; Barbano, D.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.;
Nemeth, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p.
1794-1809; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
Milk fat; Fatty acids; Lactation stage; Phospholipids;
Cholesterol; Melting point; Milk composition; Milk fat yield;
Glycerol

Abstract: Nine Holstein cows were injected biweekly with a
prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bST, and 9 cows
were injected with excipient. Intramuscular injections began
at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued at 14-d intervals for
the full lactation. Administration of bST increased production
of milk, total fat, and all milk fat components measured.
Average fatty acid composition of milk fat was not influenced
by bST treatment. Stage of lactation had a large influence on
production and percentage of individual fatty acids in milk
fat from both bST-treated and control cows. The stage of
lactation impact on the fatty acid composition of milk fat
reflected changes in the relative contributions of body fat
mobilization and de novo synthesis of milk fat components in
response to changes in energy balance. Initiation of bST
treatment caused some transient changes in milk fatty acid
composition that were related to energy balance. These changes
were small compared with the normal changes because of stage
of lactation in all cows. Phospholipid and cholesterol content
of milk also changed with stage of lactation but were not
influenced by bST treatment. Melting properties of milk fat
were influenced greatly by stage of lactation. Bovine
somatotropin did not cause any changes in composition or
physical properties of milk fat that were outside the range of
normal variation.


73 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Effect of active immunization against growth hormone releasing
factor on concentrations of somatotropin and insulin-like
growth factor I in lactating beef cows.
Moore, K.L.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Campbell, R.M.;
Heimer, E.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992
Apr.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (2): p. 125-139; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin;
Insulin-like growth factor; Immunization; Blood serum;
Opioids; Naloxone; Pregnancy; Somatoliberin; Hormone
secretion; Arginine


74 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing
factor on growth and onset of puberty in beef heifers.
Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Miller, D.C.;
Heimer, E.P.; Campbell, R.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Dec. Journal of animal science v. 69 (12): p. 4914-4924; 1991
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Puberty; Immunization; Somatoliberin;
Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Breed
differences; Beef cows; Age; Insulin; Liveweight gain; Fat
thickness

Abstract: Angus and Charolais heifers (195 +/- 7 kg) were
actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor
(GRF) to evaluate the effect on concentrations of somatotropin
(ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin (INS),
growth, and onset of puberty. Primary immunizations were given
at 184 +/- 7 d of age (d 0 of experiment) by injecting (s.c.)
1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of
human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 22) or 1.5 mg of human serum
albumin (HSAi, n = 21). Booster immunizations of .5 mg of
antigen were given on d 62, 92, 153, and 251. Antibody binding
(percentage at 1:2,000 dilution) to [125I)GRF on d 69 was
greater (P < .01) in GRFi (53.7 +/- 4.5) than in HSAi (10.1 +/-
.6) heifers. Serum concentration (ng/ml) and frequency
(peaks/5 h) of ST release, respectively, on d 78 were lower (P
< .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers (3.3 +/- .1 vs 5.6 +/- .2
and .9 +/- .3 vs 2.3 .2). Serum IGF-I (ng/ml) was lower (P <
.01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers on d 69 (41 +/- 5 vs 112 +/-
4). Serum INS (microunit/ml) on d 78 was lower (P < .05) in
GRFi (2.2 +/- .1) than in HSAi (3.8 +/- .2) heifers. Feed
intake, ADG, and feed efficiency were lower (P < .05) in GRFi
than in HSAi heifers. Hip height was lower (P < .01) and fat
thickness was greater (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers
by d 132 and 167, respectively. Percentage of heifers
attaining puberty (progesterone > 1 ng/ml for two consecutive
weeks) by d 209 and 379 (12.9 and 18.5 mo of age),
respectively, was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (40.9 and 45.5) than
in HSAi (81.0 and 100). In conclusion, growing heifers were
successively immunized against GRF. Active immunization
against GRF resulted in decreased serum concentration of ST,
IGF-I, and INS. In addition, GRF immunization led to lowered
feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency, increased fat depth,
and delayed onset of puberty in heifers. We propose that ST
and IGF-I are important metabolic mediators involved in the
initiation of puberty in h


75 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Effect of age and intake on growth hormone kinetics in dairy
heifers. Lapierre, H.; Farmer, C.; Girard, C.; Brazeau, P.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 199-207; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Age; Nutrition


76 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Effect of bovine growth hormone gene expression, sex and age
on plasma gonadotropins, estrone and testosterone in
prepuberal pigs. Guthrie, H.D.; Pursel, V.G.; Miller, K.F.;
Bolt, D.J.; Palmiter, R.D.; Brinster, R.L.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (3): p. 423-429; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Boars; Transgenics; Somatotropin; Blood
plasma; Gonadotropins; Estrone; Testosterone; Gene expression;
Hormone secretion; Sexual maturity; Lh


77 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of bovine somatotropin on production and reproduction
in prepubertal Friesian heifers.
Murphy, M.G.; Rath, M.; O'Callaghan, D.; Austin, F.H.; Roche,
J.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association;
1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2165-2171;
1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Milk yield;
Puberty; Reproductive efficiency; Milk composition; Lactation
number; Growth rate; Liveweight; Age

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the
effect of bST on average daily gain, onset of puberty, first
lactation milk yield, and reproductive efficiency in Friesian
heifers. Heifers (n = 16 per treatment) were allocated to
either: 1) control (1.5 ml of vehicle) or 2) bST (15 mg of bST
in 1.5 ml of vehicle) using a randomized complete block
design. Subcutaneous injections of bST were administered once
daily from 7 mo of age for 120 d or until heifers reached
puberty. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk, and blood samples
were collected twice weekly after heifers reached 200 kg.
Progesterone concentrations were used to determine onset of
puberty. Heifers were bred between 16 and 18 mo of age and,
following parturition, milk yield and composition were
recorded twice weekly and once every 2 wk, respectively.
Heifers assigned to bST treatment had an average daily gain
(kg) of .8 compared with .7 in control heifers. Number of days
from birth to onset of puberty for bst-treated heifers was 401
compared with 381 for control heifers. Treatment with bST had
no effect on milk yield, milk composition, or reproductive
efficiency during the first lactation. These data demonstrate
that daily administration of bST to Friesian heifers from 7 to
11 mo of age does not affect average daily gain, onset of
puberty, reproductive efficiency, or first lactation milk
yield of heifers.


78 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of bovine somototropin and protein on rumen
fermentation and forestomach and whole tract digestion in
dairy cows.
Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3505-3517; 1991
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation;
Dietary protein; Crude protein; Fiber content; Ph; Transit
time; Amino acids; Protein requirement

Abstract: Four lactating Holstein cows with permanent ruminal
and duodenal cannulas were allocated to one of two TMR with
either 17.1 or 23.6% CP at 5 to 9 d postpartum. Cows also were
assigned to either bST (20.6 mg/d) or excipient (control)
treatment at that time for the 84-d experiment but were
switched to different protein levels every 21 d in four
periods. Intake of DM and forestomach and whole tract
digestion of DM were unaffected by treatments. Forestomach and
whole tract apparent digestion of N was higher for cows fed
the high protein diet. Forestomach NDF and ADF digestion was
higher for cows fed the high protein diet but was significant
for control cows only. Rumen pH, ammonia N, and isovalerate
were higher for cows fed the high protein diet. Rumen ammonia
N and acetate were lower for bST-treated cows. Rumen pool
sizes of total ingesta, DM, NDF, and bacterial OM were not
affected by either treatment. However, the total pool size of
rumen NAN and nonbacterial NAN was larger for cows fed the
high protein diet. Duodenal flow of AA was higher for cows fed
the high protein diet. However, duodenal protein AA profiles
were similar among treatments except for lysine, which was
higher, and methionine and alanine, which tended to be lower,
for cows fed the high protein diet. There were few bST X
protein or bST X duration of treatment interactions. Results
support the concept that bST-treated cows have digestive
metabolism similar to untreated cows of similar actual
production.


79 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of chronobiological alteration of the circadian rhythm
of prolactin and somatotrphid release in the dairy cow.
Evans, N.M.; Hacker, R.R.; Hoover, J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (6): p. 1821-1829; 1991
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Light regime; Prolactin;
Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Circadian rhythm

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if a
skeletal photoperiod administered at the appropriate time of a
24-h day could stimulate prolactin and somatotropin release in
dairy cattle. Cows in mo 8 of gestation were exposed to either
12 to 13 h of continuous light or to three skeletal
photoperiods consisting of a total of 8 h of light. Cows in
the skeletal photoperiod light regimens received 6 h of light
from 0500 to 1100 h and a 2-h light pulse at either 1500 to
1700 h, 1800 to 2000 h, or 2100 to 2300 h. Cows exposed to the
light regimen pulse at 1800 to 2000 h exhibited a circadian
rhythm of prolactin and somatotropin release. The mean
prolactin and somatotropin concentrations were also higher in
this treatment. It is concluded that a circadian rhythm with a
photosensitive phase is present for prolactin and somatotropin
release in the lactating dairy cow. The photosensitive phase
for both hormones occurs between 13 and 15 h after subjective
dawn. The expression of the circadian rhythm of these hormones
depends on the photoperiod to which cows are exposed.


80 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
The effect of CO-treatment with recombinant bovine
somatotrophin on plasma progesterone concentration and number
of embryos collected from superovulated Holstein heifers.
Rieger, D.; Walton, J.S.; Goodwin, M.L.; Johnson, W.H.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May.
Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 863-868; 1991 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Holstein-friesian;
Somatotropin; Fsh; Superovulation; Superovulated females;
Progesterone; Blood plasma; Synthetic pituitary hormones;
Embryos; Embryo transfer; Ovulation

Abstract: Mature Holstein heifers were induced to
superovulate with twice-daily injections of porcine follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), and were given either 20 mg i.m. of
recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) or saline with each
FSH injection. The animals were artificially inseminated and
the embryos were collected nonsurgically at Day 7. There was
no significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D) total number
of embryos collected from rBST-treated animals (8.3 +/- 5.3)
when compared with that of the controls (7.2 +/- 6.6), or in
the mean number of transferable embryos (5.3 +/- 4.0 vs 5.2
+/- 4.5). However, co-treatment with rBST tended to increase
the ovulatory response, and it significantly increased plasma
progesterone concentrations at Day 6 (P = 0.04). Based on
these latter observations, we conclude that treatment with
rBST enhanced the superovulatory response in heifers.


81 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of dietary energy and previous bovine somatotropin on
milk yield, mastitis, and reproduction in dairy cows.
Hemken, R.W.; Harmon, R.J.; Silvia, W.J.; Tucker, W.B.;
Heersche, G.; Eggert, R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4265-4272; 1991
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry matter; Feed
intake; Body weight; Milk yield; Milk composition; Diet;
Caloric value; Lactation number; Bovine mastitis; Ovulation;
Conception rate; Female fertility

Abstract: Thirty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were
blocked according to time of calving and assigned to a 2 X 3
factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete
block design to evaluate the effects of two dietary energy
concentrations either without or with bST (20.6 mg/d per cow)
administered to cows that had not or had received bST during
the preceding lactation. Subcutaneous injection of bST began
28 to 35 d postpartum and continued for 39 wk. The dietary
energy concentration X bST interaction was not significant for
any response variable. Compared with DMI of control cows, DMI
was higher for cows receiving bST, being 1.6 and 2.4 kg/d
higher for cows receiving bST for one and two lactations,
respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yields were higher for
cows receiving bST than for controls. Those receiving bST for
a second lactation also produced more milk than controls until
wk 20; thereafter, milk yields were similar to those of
controls. Somatotropin administration had no adverse effect on
udder health. Cows receiving bST tended to ovulate less
regularly than controls, which may be attributed to their
higher milk yield. However, BW gains during lactation were
similar for all treatments, indicating that bST-treated cows
built energy reserves for the subsequent lactation. Although
energy concentrations of the diets had no significant impact
on yield, the higher energy diet tended to depress milk fat
concentration. Administration of bST to dairy cows for a
second, consecutive lactation yielded responses similar for
the first 20 wk of the study to those receiving bST for the
first time. However, after wk 20, milk yield was less than
that by cows receiving bST for the first lactation but similar
to that of control cows.


82 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of fish meal and expeller-processed soybean meal fed to
dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin (sometribove).
Calsamiglia, S.; Hongerholt, D.D.; Crooker, B.A.; Stern, M.D.;
Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2454-2462; 1992
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Crude protein; Soybean
oilmeal; Fish meal; Protected protein; Chemical composition;
Milk yield; Lactation curve; Milk composition; Body condition;
Feed conversion; Blood chemistry

Abstract: Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked by
calving date and milk production and assigned randomly to a
TMR formulated to contain 68 or 55% of dietary CP as ruminally
degradable CP. Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage,
and ground corn. Supplemental CP was soybean meal for the
control diet or a combination of soybean meal, expeller-
processed soybean meal, and fish meal for the low degradable
protein diet. Two 10-wk phases began on d 31 +/- 3 (phase 1)
and 110 +/- 7 postpartum [phase 2, all cows received
subcutaneous implantations of pelleted (400 mg) bST
(sometribove) every 14 d]. Dietary energy, CP, ruminally
degradable CP, NDF, and ADF were similar between dietary
treatments. Production of FCM increased in response to bST but
was not affected by dietary treatment. Cows fed the expeller-
processed soybean meal and fish meal TMR produced milk that
contained less milk fat in phase I and less milk protein
content in both phases. The DMI, BW, and body condition scores
were not affected by diet. Hematocrit, plasma urea N, albumin,
total protein, creatinine, glucose, and serum insulin were
similar between dietary treatments. Replacing soybean meal
with expeller processed soybean meal and fish meal did not
affect ruminal degradation of protein or milk production but
decreased milk fat and protein contents.


83 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
The effect of genetic selection for milk yield on the response
to growth hormone secretagogues in immature cattle.
Lovendahl, P.; Angus, K.D.; Woolliams, J.A.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 419-424; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Hormone
secretion; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone;
Arginine; Milk yield; Selection

Abstract: Eighty 4-month-old calves of both sexes and of two
selected lines differing by 70 kg in their predicted total
yield of milk fat and protein were injected intravenously with
three of four GH secretagogues: these were, per kg liveweight;
(i) 0.2 microgram human GH-releasing factor(1-29) (GRF), (ii)
0.2 microgram TRH, (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii), and
(iv) 0.1 g arginine hydrochloride. The response of GH was
measured for 2 h following administration. Geometric mean
concentration of the 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-min samples following
GRF, TRH and their combination were 29.3, 19.5 and 156
microgram/l compared with baseline means of 6.5, 10.0 and 12.6
microgram/l respectively, and for arginine (in which the mean
response included the 30-min instead of the 5-min sample) 14.6
microgram/l compared with a baseline of 8.31 microgram/l. The
line selected for greater yield responded more to each
secretagogue by 1.53-fold following GRF (P<0.01), 1.34-fold
following TRH (P < 0.05), 1.11-fold following the combination
(P>0.01) and 1.26-fold following arginine (P<0.01). Females
responded 2.3-fold more than males following GRF
administration (P<0.001), only 1.2-fold more following TRH
(P>0.1), but less (0.63-fold) than males when GRF was combined
with TRH (P<0.05). For all secretagogues the concentration of
GH before administration was important in determining the size
of response (P<0.001). It was concluded that the increased
release of GH following the administration of GRF and TRH was
a direct result of selection for dairy merit and that
increased yields during lactation may, in part, be mediated
directly through pituitary responsiveness.


84 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
The effect of grazing location and oronasal treatment with
bull urine on reproduction performance and serum prolactin
concentrations of beef heifers. Taylor, S.A.; Winder, J.A.;
Hallford, D.M.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Dec.
Theriogenology v. 38 (6): p. 1145-1161; 1992 Dec. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Grazing; Rangelands; Semiarid
zones; Irrigated pastures; Bulls; Urine; Body weight;
Anestrus; Liveweight gain; Body condition; Calving rate; Blood
serum; Prolactin; Somatotropin

Abstract: Grazing location and biostimulatory treatments were
imposed on 55 Brangus and crossbred heifers in a 2 X 2 X 2
factorial arrangement. Grazing locations (postweaning) were
semi-desert rangeland with supplementation or irrigated small
grains pasture. Biostimulatory treatment involved either
weekly oronasal application of bull urine or no treatment
(control). The duration of bull urine treatments was 8 weeks.
Grazing location affected heifer weights from February through
August (P < 0.01). Rate of weight gain on irrigated pasture
exceeded native range (P < 0.01). Cyclicity was similar
between the location groups before the treatment period. Post-
treatment cyclicity rates of heifers were 25 and 78% for
native range and irrigated pasture, respectively (P < .01).
Twenty-five percent of cyclic heifers grazing native range
went into anestrus during this treatment period, while no loss
of cyclicity was observed in the heifers on irrigated pasture
(P < 0.10). Heifers maintained on irrigated pasture exhibited
more standing estrus following synchronization (P < 0.10),
higher pregnancy rates following breeding (P < 0.05), heavier
fall weights (P < 0.01), higher body condition scores (P <
0.01), and greater pelvic widths (P < 0.05) than those on
native range. Cyclic heifers grazing native range had
prolactin levels twice those of irrigated pasture heifers.
Serum growth hormone levels were not consistently affected by
treatments. Heifers which became pregnant while grazing
irrigated pasture had much lower prolactin concentrations in
serum collected in January than the noncyclic heifers.


85 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of high doses of a sustained-release bovine
somatotropin on antibody formation in dairy cows.
Eppard, P.J.; Rogan, G.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz,
R.L.; Hammond, B.G.; Torkelson, A.R.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza,
G.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): . 2959-2967; 1992
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation;
Dosage effects; Milk yield; Igg; Igm; Blood serum; Calves;
Liveweight gain

Abstract: Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either
one, three, or five concurrent, intramuscular injections of
unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five
doses of the vehicle. Injections were administered at 14-d
intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation or
necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment
for a 2nd yr. Blood BST antibodies developed within the first
7 wk of treatment, and the number of cows with anti-bST
binding generally declined with time. Thirteen out of 59 cows
receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives)
during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was
detected after wk 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among
the group randomly selected to continue on study during yr 2.
In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated cows were
positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG
fraction in serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged
from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L, and affinities ranged from 1.14
X 10(8) to 3.14 X 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered to be
clinically clinically, positive had performance similar to
those of their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of
a pathologic effect of antibodies existed in treated cows,
their calves, or fetuses. The presence of anti-bST antibodies
did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the
calves conceived during bST treatment.


86 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor and(or)
thyrotropin-releasing factor on growth, carcass composition,
diet digestibility, nutrient balance, and plasma constituents
in dairy calves.
Lapierre, H.; Pelletier, G.; Petitclerc, D.; Dubreuil, P.;
Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Feb. Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 587-598; 1991
Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin
releasing hormone; Feed intake; Digestibility; Growth rate;
Feed conversion efficiency; Fat percentage; Insulin

Abstract: Sixty male dairy grain-fed calves, raised from 70
to 223 kg BW in individual crates, were used in a 2 X 2
factorial arrangement to determine the effect of
administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor
(1-29)NH2 (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF).
Calves received twice-daily s.c. injections of .9% NaCl
(control), GRF (5 microgram/kg BW), TRF (1 microgram/kg BW) or
GRF (5 microgram/kg BW) plus TRF (1 microgram/kg BW, GTRF).
Average daily gain and days on feed were not affected by
treatments, but TRF treatment increased (P < .05) total intake
of dry matter (DM) and feed conversion ratio: 3.00, 3.02,
3.08, and 3.22 kg DM/kg weight gain for control, GRF, TRF, and
GTRF, respectively. During two 7-d periods, after 66 and 75 d
of treatment, feces and urine were collected from 40 calves (5
per treatment per period). Treatment with GRF increased (P <
.05) digestibility of DM, nitrogen (N), and energy and tended
(P < .20) to increase N retention. At slaughter, withers
height was increased (P = .05) by GRF and carcass length was
increased (P < .05) by TRF. Pituitary and liver weights were
increased (P < .05) by TRF. The combination of GRF and TRF
slightly increased (P < .10) protein content and decreased (P
< .05) fat content of the 9-10-11th rib section. After d 1,
GRF treatment chronically increased (P < .05) insulin
concentrations and also increased (P < .10) IGF-I
concentrations on d 29 and 57. In summary, chronic treatment
with GRF and(or) TRF did not improve growth or efficiency,
although GRF increased digestibility of DM, N, and energy and
the GRF plus TRF combination resulted in slightly leaner
carcasses.


87 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-
releasing factor and (or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on
hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows.
Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Delorme, L.;
Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 99-108; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Hypothalamic
releasing hormones; Thyrotropin releasing hormone


88 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-
releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on milk
production, insulin-like growth factor-I and plasma
constituents in dairy cows.
Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Couture, Y.;
Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 707-715; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing
hormone; Milk production; Insulin-like growth factor; Feed
intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Milk composition;
Liveweight gain; Blood composition; Long term experiments


89 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of long-term bovine somatotropin (sometribove)
treatment on nitrogen (protein) distribution in Jersey milk.
Kindstedt, P.S.; Pell, A.N.; Rippe, J.K.; Tsang, D.S.;
Hartnell, G.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p.
72-80; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition;
Protein content; Casein; Whey protein; Nonprotein nitrogen;
Milk yield; Cheesemaking

Abstract: Twenty-six Jersey cows were assigned randomly to
one of two treatments. Twelve cows received biweekly
subcutaneous injection of 500 mg of sometribove, USAN
(recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin), beginning 60 plus
or minus 3 d postpartum and continuing throughout one
lactation. Fourteen control animals received injections of
placebo carrier. Milk samples were taken biweekly on weeks
alternate to injection when differences in milk components
were expected to be greatest compared with controls. The milk
samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen,
and non-protein nitrogen. The average SCC for control and
treatment groups was 44,000 plus or minus 47,000 and 56,000
plus or minus 65,000. Milk from sometribove-treated cows was
significantly lower in total protein (3.92, 4.12%), true
protein (3.74, 3.95%), and casein (3.11, 3.34%) than that from
control cows on d 8 of the 14 d injection cycle. Casein as a
percentage of true protein was lower (83.38, 84.52%), and non-
protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was higher
(4.61, 4.26%) in milk from treated cows. The theoretical yield
of Cheddar cheese was ca. .07% less for milk from treated cows
that from control cows due to ca. 1% less casein as a
percentage of true protein in the former. The differences in
nitrogen distribution represent the response during the middle
of the injection cycle when milk output was the highest and
milk protein the lowest rather than the average response for
the injection cycle. The results of the study indicate minimal
impact on the cheese manufacturer because in practice milk is
commingled from many dairies. The observed changes in the milk
nitrogen distribution can not be attributed to the effects of
negative energy or protein balance of the cows.


90 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
The effect of manipulation in energy allowance during the
rearing period of heifers on hormone concentrations and milk
production in first lactation cows. Peri, I.; Gertler, A.;
Bruckental, I.; Barash, H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 742-751; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Plane of nutrition;
Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Milk yield; Puberty;
Age; Growth factors; Blood serum; Prolactin; Hormone
secretion; Liveweight gain; Energy intake; Growth; Body weight

Abstract: Fifteen Holstein heifers that were 175 +/- 4.0 d
old and at BW of 175 +/- 4.9 kg were used to determine the
effect of three feeding regimens from 6 to 12 mo of age on
growth, blood concentration of several hormones, and milk
production during first lactation. The feeding regimens
consisted of two periods, the first lasting for 4 mo and the
other for the subsequent 2 mo. For group A (restricted)
heifers, the diet during period I was restricted to 85% of NRC
(1988) recommendations (a daily BW gain of .7 kg); during
period 2, a high energy, high protein diet was provided for ad
libitum intake. Group B (control) heifers received a diet that
corresponded to 100 and 90% of the NRC (1988) recommendations
in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Group C (ad libitum) intake
heifers received a high energy, high protein diet throughout
both periods. Daily BW gains of heifers of groups A, B, and C
were, respectively, .625, .768, and 1.100 kg for period 1 and
1.162, .705, and .797 kg for period 2. The different feeding
regimens influenced the age at which the heifers achieved
puberty but did not affect BW at puberty. Milk production
during 250 d of lactation was 7056, 6070, and 5975 kg for
groups A, B, and C, respectively. A statistical model that
included serum-derived mitogenic activity and serum prolactin
of period 2 accounted for 63% of the difference in milk
production at first lactation.


91 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
Effect of methionyl bovine somatotropin in a prolonged-release
vehicle on milk production, hormone profiles and health in
dairy cows.
Skarda, J.; Markalous, E.; Slaba, J.; Krejci, P.; Skardova,
O.; Zednik, J. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992
Nov.
Journal of dairy research v. 59 (4): p. 499-506; 1992 Nov.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin;
Controlled release; Milk yield; Bovine mastitis; Animal health


92 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Effect of plane of nutrition between 6 and 16 months of age on
body composition, plasma hormone concentrations and first-
lactation milk production in Holstein heifers.
Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 337-346; 1992
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cattle; Plane of nutrition; Body
composition; Somatotropin; Insulin; Blood plasma; Milk
production; Milk composition


93 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of prepartum administration of growth hormone-releasing
factor on somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor I, milk
production, and postpartum return to ovarian activity in
primiparous beef heifers.
Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1478-1487; 1992
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Bred heifers; Somatoliberin; Synthetic
hormones; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Milk yield; Body weight; Postpartum interval; Estrous
cycle; Hormone secretion

Abstract: Forty-one primiparous beef heifers were used over 2
yr to evaluate the effect of prepartum administration of a
growth hormone-releasing factor analog (GRF-A) or growth
hormone-releasing factor (GRF(1-29)-NH2) on somatotropin (ST),
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), milk production, heifer
BW, and postpartum (PP) return to ovarian activity. Beginning
on d -11 +/- 1 from parturition, heifers were administered
(s.c.) GRF-S ([desNH2-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]GRF(1-29)-NH2, 2.5
mg/kg; Yr 1) or GRF(1-29)-NH2 (12.5 mg/kg; Yr 2) (GRF; n = 17)
or vehicle (CON; n = 24) for seven consecutive days. Blood
samples were collected at 20-min intervals from -60 to 300 min
from the first and fourth injections. Samples were also
collected at 20-min intervals for 6 h on d 25 and 69 +/- 1 PP.
Area under the curve of ST (nonograms minute-1 milliliter-1)
was greater (P < .01) in GRF than in CON heifers (9, 671 +/-
677 vs 2,611 +/- 237). Increases in ST after GRF-A or
GRF(1-29)-NH2 were similar. On d 25 +/- 1 PP, frequency of ST
release (pulses per 6 h) was greater (P < .01) in CON (3.3 +/-
.2) than in GRF (2.1 +/- .2) heifers. Milk production was
similar (P < .1) for the two treatments. Heifer BW loss from d
-16 to 81 after parturition was greater (P < .01) in GRF (88
+/- 5) than in CON (68 +/- 5) heifers. Postpartum return to
ovarian activity (progesterone > 1 ng/mL for two consecutive
weeks) was delayed (P < .05) in GRF (97 +/- 14) vs CON (71 +/-
8) heifers. After accounting for variation due to treatment
and year, a negative (P < .02) correlation (r = -.39) was
detected between concentrations of IGF-I during the first 30 d
PP and PP interval to ovarian activity. These results indicate
that prepartum administration of GRF altered the release
pattern of ST after parturition and was associated with
greater PP BW loss and delayed PP return to ovarian activity
in heifers.


94 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of prepartum bovine somatotropin in primigravid ewes on
mammogenesis, milk production, and hormone concentrations.
Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; Walton, J.S.; Ball, J.L.;
McBride, B.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p.
992-1001; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Somatotropin; Prepartum period; Milk yield;
Mammary glands; Cells; Gestation period; Tissue proliferation;
Insulin-like growth factor; Dna replication; Blood plasma; Ewe
lactation

Abstract: Twenty-five primigravid ewes were used to
investigate the effect of bST, between 97 and 124 d of
gestation, on mammogenesis and subsequent milk production.
Five ewes (reference group) were slaughtered at 96 d of
gestation, and the remaining ewes were injected daily with
saline (control group: n = 10) or .1 mg/kg of BW of bST (bST
group: n = 10). Following bST treatment, 5 control and 5 bST
group ewes were slaughtered (slaughter group). The remaining
ewes were slaughtered after lambing and being milked for 8 wk
(production group). Weekly blood samples were obtained from
both slaughter and production group ewes. Slaughter group ewes
were also subjected to 8-h serial blood sampling at 98 d
(period 1) and 123 d (period 2) of gestation. Milk production
was 42% higher in ewes treated prepartum with bST than in
those treated with saline. Results suggest that the increase
in milk was due to an increase in mammary parenchymal cell
number rather than to an increase in cellular activity. The
high rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into parenchymal
tissue in reference group ewes suggests that the increase in
parenchyma during the second trimester of gestation is due to
cellular hyperplasia but that cellular hypertrophy may be more
important during the last trimester. Plasma IGF-I
concentrations were significantly higher during bST treatment
and remained elevated between daily injections; the increase
was greatest in period 2.


95 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
The effect of protein degradability on milk composition and
production of early lactation, somatotropin-injected cows.
Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Walters, J.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1648-1653; 1991
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Protein degradation; Rumen digestion;
Milk yield; Protein digestibility; Milk composition; Milk
protein; Animal protein concentrates

Abstract: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation
that received 500 mg bST injected every 2 wk were assigned to
one of two treatments to examine the influence of diets that
varied in degradability of protein. Effects of degradability
were determined on milk production and components and on
nutrient digestibility. Treatments consisted of a basal ration
(control) containing soybean meal as its primary degradable
protein source and a ration (treatment) containing corn gluten
and meat and bone meals as the primary undegradable protein
source, representing 33% undegradable protein in CP. The
undegradability of protein sources did not influence DNI and
BW. Milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and production efficiency of bST-
treated cows were not affected by increased undegradable
protein in the diet. Milk fat and SNF were not significantly
increased by treatment. Lactose was significantly higher for
the control diet (5.0 vs. 4.9%) but was not biologically
significant. Increasing undegradability of protein
significantly increased total protein in milk and casein
percentage in milk protein (3.14 vs. 2.86% and 62.11 vs.
58.24%, respectively. Total tract digestibility of nutrients
was unaffected by treatment; however, CP digestibility tended
to be higher as undegradability increased (67.85 vs. 62.83%).


96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
The effect of recombinant bovine somatotrophin on ovarian
follicular growth and development in heifers.
Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Webb, R.
Colchester : The Journal; 1993 Jan.
Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 97 (1): p. 247-254;
1993 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Insulin; Follicles; Ovaries; Growth; Biological
development; Estrous cycle; Ultrasound


97 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on estradiol-induced
estrous behavior in ovariectomized heifers.
Lefebvre, D.M.; Block, E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (6): p. 1461-1464; 1992
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Ovariectomized females;
Somatotropin; Sexual behavior; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-
like growth factor; Fatty acids; Estrogens; Estrus

Abstract: To evaluate whether bST administration could affect
the intensity of estrous behavior in the absence of the ovary,
17 ovariectomized heifers were assigned to receive a placebo
or 500 mg/14 d of recombinant bST and were induced to display
behavioral estrus by administration of 2 mg of estradiol
cypionate. Estrous behavior was monitored for the following 60
h with a surveillance camera and a video recorder, and
mounting activity was quantified. Blood samples were collected
before and after bST administration. Administration of bST
numerically elevated plasma insulin and NEFA and caused a
significant increase in concentration of insulin-like growth
factor-I in plasma. Heifers that received BST started to
display estrous behavior later (24.5 +/- 1.1 and 21.9 +/- 1.1
h after estradiol administration for bST and placebo
treatments, respectively), displayed estrous behavior of
shorter duration (bST, 13.2 +/- 1.2 vs. placebo, 15.8 +/- 1.1
h), and instigated fewer mounting events (bST, 45.5 +/- 5.9
vs. placebo, 62.6 +/- 5.7 mounts) than control heifers,
although only the number of mounting events was significantly
different between the two groups.


98 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on ovarian
function in heifers: follicular populations and peripheral
hormones.
Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.; Webb, R.
Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991
Dec. Biology of reproduction v. 45 (6): p. 941-949; 1991 Dec.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Graafian follicles; Somatotropin;
Ovulation rate; Insulin-like growth factor; Fsh; Lh;
Estradiol; Progesterone; Blood sampling

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the
possible effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) on
ovarian folliculogenesis and ovulation rate. Twelve Hereford X
Friesian heifers received daily injections of either 25 mg BST
(6 heifers) or vehicle (6 heifers) for a period of two estrous
cycles until slaughter. Blood samples were collected three
times a week for measurements of peripheral growth hormone
(GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), FSH, LH,
estradiol, and progesterone. Serial blood samples were also
taken every 10 min for 8 h on Days 12 and 19 of the second
estrous cycle to monitor GH, IGF-I, FSH, and LH profiles. At
the end of treatment (Day 7 of the third estrous cycle), the
heifers were killed and their ovaries were collected.
Ovulation rate was determined by counting the number of fresh
corpora lutea (CL). All antral follicles greater than or equal
to 2 mm in diameter were dissected to assess antral follicle
populations. Granulosa and thecal cells from the three largest
follicles and CL from each heifer were collected for FSH and
LH binding measurements. All heifers had a single ovulation.
The treated heifers had significantly more antral follicles
(60.2 +/- 6.7) than did the animals in the control group (33.2
+/- 3.2) (p < 0.001). When follicles were grouped according to
diameter, the mean numbers of follicles >10 mm, 5-10 mm, and
2-5 mm in diameter were 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.8 +/-1.4, and 52.5 +/-
6.5 for the treated group, and 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.5 +/- 1.0, and
25.8 +/- 2.7 for controls. The treated group had significantly
higher peripheral concentrations of GH and IGF-I throughout
the treatment period (p < 0.01), but there were no significant
differences in peripheral estradiol and progesterone
concentrations (p > 0.05). FSH and LH concentrations
throughout the treatment period and LH pulse frequency and
pulse amplitude during the mid-luteal and follicular phases of
the estrous cycle also showed no significant differences
between the two gro


99 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the
superovulatory response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin in
heifers.
Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Wilmut, I.; Webb, R.
Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 May.
Biology of reproduction v. 48 (5): p. 1141-1149; 1993 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Superovulation; Pmsg

Abstract: Treatment of mature heifers with recombinant bovine
somatotropin (BST) increases the number of ovarian follicles
of 2-5 mm in diameter. This study was carried out to
investigate whether the increase in the number of small
follicles induced by BST treatment can enhance the
superovulatory response. In the first experiment, 24 heifers
were assigned, in a randomized block design, to four treatment
groups: 1) control; 2) BST; 3) pregnant mare serum
gonadotropin (PMSG); 4) BST + PMSG. On Day 7 of the estrous
cycle, animals in groups 2 and 4 received injections of 320 mg
BST (in a sustained release formulation), while heifers in
groups 1 and 3 received 10 ml saline. Five days later heifers
in groups 3 and 4 were treated with a single dose of 2000 IU
PMSG to induce superovulation. Embryos were recovered
nonsurgically on Days 6-8 of the following cycle, and all
heifers underwent laparoscopy on Day 9 to assess ovulation
rate. In a second experiment, 24 heifers were assigned
randomly to four treatment groups: 1) PMSG (1000 IU); 2) BST
(320 mg) + PMSG (1000 IU); 3) PMSG (2000 IU); 4) BST (320 mg)
+ PMSG (2000 IU), and then treated as for experiment I. In
both experiments, all heifers were scanned daily using real-
time ultrasound from the day before BST injection until the
day of ovulation to monitor dynamics of ovarian follicular
growth and development, and blood samples were collected daily
throughout the experimental period for measurement of
peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, growth hormone
(GH), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In the first
experiment, ovulation rate was significantly (p < 0.01) higher
in group 4 (23.2 +/- 3.4) than in group 3 (12.5 +/- 4.1),
while it was not different between group 1 (1.0 +/- 0.0) and
group 2 (1.0 +/- 0.0). Three heifers from group 3 and 1 from
group 4 had a poor response (defined as less than or equal to
3 ovulations and/or development of either follicular cysts or
cystic ovaries). The total number of eggs collected was
significantly greater (p < 0.01) in group 4 (7.4 +/- 1.6) when
compared to group 3 (3.8 +/- 1.2), while the number of
transferable eggs did not differ. In the second experiment,
ovulation rates for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 2.5 +/- 0.6,
4.5 +/- 0.7, 10.6 +/- 2.7, and 17.2 +/- 2.8, respectively (p <
0.01). All BST-treated heifers showed a good response to PMSG,
while 4 heifers from groups 1 and 3 had a poor response.
Numbers of eggs collected for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.3
+/-0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 4.1 +/- 1.3, and 7.1 +/- 1.4,
respectively; and numbers of transferable eggs were 1.3 +/-
0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 2.9 +/- 1.0, and 3.6 +/- 1.1, respectively.
In both experiments, after BST treatment heifers had
significantly higher peripheral GH and IGF-I concentrations
and numbers of small follicles. Peripheral concentrations of
estradiol-17 beta after PMSG injection, progesterone
concentrations from Day 2 of the estrous cycle after
superovulation until the end of the experiment, and pop


100 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
Effect of recombinantly-derived bovine somatotropin on
reproductive performance of dairy cattle.
Cole, W.J.; Madsen, K.S.; Hintz, R.L.; Collier, R.J.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 573-595; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Reproductive
performance; Milk production; Pregnancy rate; Conception rate;
Fetal death

Abstract: Data from 814 cows involved in five separate full
lactation studies were used to assess the effect of
recombinantly-derived methionyl bovine somatotropin
(sometribove) on reproductive performance. Data were separated
by parity (first and second or greater), route of
administration (intramuscular: i.m. or subcutaneous: s.c.),
length of breeding period (number of days in milk), and level
of production (high vs low) Through 305 days in milk,
pregnancy rates were reduced 18% in primiparous, sometribove-
treated (i.m.) cows but were not significantly affected in
multiparous cows. No differences were noted in either parity
group when sometribove was administered subcutaneously. The
level of production was more often found to be a significant
factor affecting reproductive parameters than was sometribove
administration. In general, length of the breeding period and
level of milk production had a greater influence on
reproductive performance than treatment with sometribove.


101 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of season, genetic line, and sire on growth
concentrations of somatotropin in serum of Holstein cows in
early lactation. Beerepoot, G.M.M.; Freeman, A.E.; Detilleux,
J.C.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3202-3208; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Selection
responses; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Predicted difference;
Sires; Blood serum; Heritability; Line differences; Linear
models

Abstract: To determine the effect of selection for milk yield
on somatotropin concentrations, blood samples were collected
from 128 Holstein cows whose sires had either high or average
predicted differences for milk The phenotypic difference in
milk yield between the high and average yielding groups was
1726 kg on a 305-d mature equivalent basis. At 37 +/- 7 d
postpartum, four blood samples were taken from each cow at 1-h
intervals beginning 0800 h. The statistical model contained
genetic line, sires within line, and season as whole-plot
effects and time of sampling as a subplot effect. The
concentration of growth hormone was significantly higher in
the high yielding group (1.89) than in the average yielding
group (1.49). Cows sampled in summer had die highest
concentrations of growth hormone, whereas cows sampled in
spring had the lowest concentrations. Sires did not
significantly influence the somatotropin concentration of
their progeny. In a second analysis with seven extreme
outliers (peak values) deleted, the variation of somatotropin
concentrations in the cows was significantly accounted for by
their sires. Repeatability of somatotropin concentration was
.49 within cows.


102 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 B773
Effect of somatotropin administration and duodenal infusion of
methionine and lysine on lactational performance and nutrient
flow to the small intestine. Aldrich, J.M.; Muller, L.D.;
Varga, G.A.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Jan.
The British journal of nutrition v. 69 (1): p. 49-58; 1993
Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk production; Methionine; Lysine;
Somatotropin; Infusion; Duodenum; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Milk fat; Milk protein; Blood plasma; Essential
amino acids; Urea nitrates; Nutrient transport; Cows

Abstract: Lack of sufficient methionine and lysine delivered
post-ruminally may limit milk production response to bovine
somatotropin (bST). To test this hypothesis, four Holstein
cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4
X 4 Latin square design with 14 d periods. Treatments were:
(1) control, (2) continuous duodenal infusion of 8 g
methionine and 24 g lysine/d. (3) injection of 25 mg bST/d and
(4) infusion of methionine and lysine plus injection of bST.
Infusion of amino acids led to trends for small increases in
milk (3%), fat (5.5%), and protein (3.7%) yield. Larger and
significant increases (8.7, 14 and 6.9% for milk, fat and
protein yield respectively) were achieved with bST
administration which also increased milk fat content. Plasma
levels of urea-N and essential amino acids were reduced with
bST. Duodenal nutrient flow was generally unaffected by
treatment. The production response to bST was not enhanced in
cows producing an average of 34 kg milk when provided
additional methionine and lysine post-ruminally in this short-
term study.


103 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Effect of somatotropin and protein supplement on thyroid
function of dairy cattle.
McClean, C.; Laarveld, B.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1053-1061;
1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Protein
supplements; Thyroid function; Rapeseed oilmeal; Thyroid
antagonists; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Milk
production; Milk composition; Iodide; Thiocyanates


104 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of sometribove on rumen fermentation, rate of passage,
digestibility, and milk production responses in dairy cows.
Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Kent, B.A.; Walters, J.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3518-3523; 1991
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation;
Digesta; Transit time; Milk yield; Ph; Duodenum; Rumen
microorganisms; Digestibility

Abstract: Six ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein
cows 60 d postpartum were assigned randomly to each of two
treatments in a single reversal design. Treatments consisted
of placebo or 25 mg of sometribove (bST) injected daily.
Treatments were initiated at 60 d +/- 7 postpartum and
maintained for 6 wk with a 3-wk adjustment between treatment
periods. All cows received a TMR consisting of 16% CP and 1.67
Mcal of NEL/kg of DM. Influence of bST on rumen fermentation
characteristics, digesta rate of passage, apparent nutrient
digestibility, and milk production was evaluated. Milk yield
of treated animals was 4.0 kg/d higher than controls. The 3.5%
FCM and milk production efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI) were
significantly higher in treated animals than in controls (29.0
vs. 25.4 kg/d and 1.38 vs. 1.21 kg/kg, respectively).
Percentage of rumen cellulolytic bacteria (of total viable
bacteria) was not significantly different for bST-treated
animals (6.4 vs. 3.4%). Total number of rumen protozoa tended
to be higher (7.25 vs. 6.55 X 10(3)/ml) in bST-treated
animals. Ruminal percentages of CP, NH3 N, alpha-amino N, VFA,
and pH were unaffected by treatment. Sometribove treatment did
not significantly affect liquid dilution or solids turnover
rates. Percentages of CP, alpha-amino N, and NH3 N content in
duodenal samples were unaffected by treatment. Total tract
apparent digestibility of nutrients and mean daily DMI were
unaffected treatment.


105 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect of somidobove sustained release administration on the
lactation performance of dairy cows.
McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Snyder, D.L.; Block, E.;
Harrison, J.H.; Rakes, A.H.; Emery, R.S.; Muller, L.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1263-1276; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation
stage; Dosage effects; Milk composition; Body condition;
Calving interval; Feed conversion; Controlled release

Abstract: Lactation performance was determined on 190
multiparous Holsteins from five herds supplemented with 0,
320, 640, or 960 mg of somidobove every 28 d. The experiment
consisted of 21 d of pretreatment and treatment periods of
various lengths, depending upon stage of lactation of animals
at first administration. Somidobove beginning in early (28 to
45 d in milk), mid (111 to 166 d in milk), or late (166 to 334
d in milk) stages of lactation consisted of 9, 6, or 3
administrations. Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were increased by
each dose of somidobove in all stages. Milk composition and
dry matter and energy intakes were similar among treatments
within stage. Milk to DMI ratio and milk energy to net energy
intake ratio were improved by somidobove. Gain was positive
for all treatments, but less in cows. Lower body weight and
condition score at the completion of somidobove treatment
resulted. For early cows, days to first estrus and days to
first breeding were similar; however, total number of
inseminations for cows receiving somidobove was twofold
greater than control, resulting in a longer calving interval.
Results demonstrated efficacy of somidobove administered every
28 d to lactating dairy cattle for increased milk yield.


106 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effect on production traits of bovine somatotropin for up to
three consecutive lactations.
Gibson, J.P.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Politis, I.; Zhao,
X. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 837-846; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Feed
conversion; Body weight; Lactation stage

Abstract: Thirteen (control) cows were injected daily with
saline and 22 with bST (12 at 10.3 mg/d and 10 at 20.6 mg/d)
through wk 5 to 42 of lactation. Nine of the treated cows had
received bST in the previous lactation, and 7 cows received
bST in the previous two lactations. All control cows and 6
treated cows had not previously received bST. Treatment with
bST caused substantial increases in milk production, feed
intake, and efficiency of feed conversion in the current
lactation, which is consistent with previous trials. Increases
in feed intake were established fully within 9 wk of starting
bST administration, somewhat earlier than usually reported.
Treatment with bST in one or two previous lactations caused a
statistically significant 14% reduction in production and 8%
reduction in efficiency of feed conversion during the first 9
wk of bST treatment in the current lactation; reductions
observed later in lactation were not statistically
significant. Differences for other traits were not
statistically significant. In combination with earlier trials,
these results suggest that, although bST has beneficial
effects on production and efficiency traits, these benefits
may be considerably lower in the second and subsequent
lactations of bST use. However, carry-over effects on cows not
receiving bST in the current lactation were not explored in
this trial.


107 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue and an
estradiol-trenbolone acetate implant on somatotropin, insulin-
like growth factor I, and metabolite profiles in growing
Hereford steers. Hongerholt, D.D.; Crooker, B.A.; Wheaton,
J.E.; Carlson, K.M.; Jorgenson, D.M. Champaign, Ill. :
American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of
animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1439-1448; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like
growth factor; Blood plasma; Somatoliberin; Estradiol;
Trenbolone; Body weight; Urea; Blood sugar; Liveweight gain

Abstract: Hereford steers (290 +/- 6 kg of BW were implanted
(n = 4) with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 23 mg of
estradiol-17beta (E2beta) or nonimplanted (controls, n = 4).
In Trial 1, effects of a single i.v. injection of 0, 20, 40,
or 80 mg of a growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29 NH2)
analogue (GRFa) on release of endogenous somatotropin (ST)
were evaluated in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Plasma
samples (n = 21) were obtained from -20 to 240 min after GRFa
injection. Area under the ST response curve (AUC) increased (P
= .009) in a dose-dependent manner ).2, 2.6, 3.6, 4.3 mg min-1
mL-1, respectively). Mean ST concentration was not affected (P
= .238) by implant but AUC was greater (P = .009) in implanted
than in control steers. There was no interaction (P = .460)
between dose of GRFa and presence of implant. In Trial 2, 80
mg of GRFa was administered at 12-h intervals to the same
eight steers. Response of ST (AUC) to the first and last
(13th) i.v. injection of GRFa was similar and not affected by
implant. Before GRFa administration, plasma insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were greater (P = .039)
in implanted than in control steers (272 vs 164 ng/mL).
Administration of GRFa increased plasma IGF-I (P = .0001),
decreased plasma urea N (PUN) (P = .447) in both control and
implanted steers. Data indicate that effects of GRFa and
TBA/E2beta on plasma IGF-I and PUN concentrations were
additive in this study.


108 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Effects of a leucine analog on growth hormone processing and
secretion by cultured cells.
McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Kelder, B.; Cioffi, J.A.;
Kopchick, J.J. Baltimore, Md. : American Society for
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1991 Aug15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (23): p.
15016-15020; 1991 Aug15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Leucine; Amino acid derivatives;
Hydrophobicity; Amino acid sequences; Translation; In vitro;
Cattle

Abstract: Bovine and rat growth hormones (bGH and rGH,
respectively) possess signal peptides that direct the hormone
to the secretory pathway and are proteolytically cleaved prior
to secretion. Previous in vitro translation studies indicated
that incorporation of the polar leucine analog beta-
hydroxyleucine into de novo synthesized polypeptides inhibits
signal peptide function. To test the effects of this analog on
GH secretion by cultured animal cells, transfections of mouse
L-cells with a bGH expression plasmid or metabolic labeling of
endogenous rGH in anterior pituitary cells was performed in
the absence or presence of beta-hydroxyleucine. Transient
expression of bGH in mouse L-cells or endogenous expression of
rGH in anterior pituitary cells resulted in an accumulation of
GH in the culture medium. Treatment with beta-hydroxyleucine
resulted in a block in secretion as evidenced by an
accumulation of GHs within these cells. Amino-terminal
sequencing of the intracellular form of the analog-substituted
GHs demonstrated accurate signal peptide cleavage. In
contrast, in vitro translations of bGH RNA performed in the
presence of beta-hydroxyleucine and microsomal membranes
resulted in the inhibition of signal peptide cleavage. The
results suggest that beta-hydroxyleucine can uncouple signal
peptide processing and protein secretion in cultured cells.


109 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (n-
methionyl bovine somatotropin) on Jersey cows.
Pell, A.N.; Tsang, D.S.; Howlett, B.A.; Huyler, M.T.;
Meserole, V.K.; Samuels, W.A.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3416-3431; 1992
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
Injection; Frequency; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation
curve; Bovine mastitis; Milk quality; Animal health; Body
condition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy balance; Body
weight; Feed conversion; Lesions; Female fertility

Abstract: Milk production, feed efficiency, health, and
reproduction were evaluated in 46 Jersey cows that received
either 500 mg of sometribove (n-methionyl bST) in a prolonged-
release formulation or an equivalent volume of excipient
biweekly beginning at 60 +/- 3 DIM. Cows were fed a TMR for ad
libitum intake and were milked twice daily. Treatment with
sometribove increased 3.5% FCM production 5.3 kg/d (31.4%)
over controls. Milk composition was not changed, except that
milk P content averaged 51 ppm higher in bST-treated cows. Net
energy intake was 4.8 Mcal/d (22.9%) higher in the bST-treated
cows than in the controls. General health of all cows was good
throughout the study, but the cows treated with bST had more
cases of mastitis than did the control cows. The bST treatment
produced localized reactions at the site of injection in some
cows, but these reactions did not affect milk production.
Sometribove treatment had no effect on reproductive
performance; 85% of the treated and 100% of the control cows
calved successfully. Treatment with bST for a full lactation
did not affect Performance during the initial 60 d of the
subsequent lactation.


110 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Effects of a somatotropin challenge on serum IGF-I
concentrations and short-term milk production response in
dairy cows.
Kerr, D.E.; Laarveld, B.; Chaplin, R.K.; Manns, J.G.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 683-693; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Blood serum; Milk production; Fatty acids; Diurnal
variation


111 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on
concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor
(IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of
lactating Holstein cows.
McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Buonomo, F.C.;
DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds,
C.K.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2050-2056; 1991
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Feed intake; Insulin-
like growth factor; Body temperature; Blood plasma;
Somatotropin; Thyroid hormones; Restricted feeding;
Environmental temperature

Abstract: Our objective was to evaluate effects of acute
thermal stress, independent of reduced feed intake caused by
elevated temperatures, and of reduced feed intake in thermal
comfort on plasma concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like
growth factors I and II, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. Six
Holstein cows (averaging 475 +/- 18 kg BW, 2.3 +/-.3 parities,
and 96 +/- 12 d in lactation) surgically fitted with catheters
in the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein, and intercostalis
posterior artery were exposed to treatments of thermal comfort
environments with ad libitum or restricted (75% of ad libitum)
DM intake and a thermal stress environment with ad libitum
intake in two balanced 3 X 3 Latin squares. Thermal stress
increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry
matter intake of the thermal-stressed cows offered feed ad
libitum (11.1 +/- .7 kg/d) was similar to the experimentally
imposed reduction in DM intake of the thermal comfort
restricted group (11.5 +/- .7 kg/d). Dry matter intake of cows
in thermal comfort was 15.1 +/- .7 kg/d. Plasma somatotropin
concentrations tended (P < .08) to decrease daring thermal
stress but were unchanged by amount of feed intake in thermal
comfort environments. Concentrations of IGF-I were not
affected by treatments. Concentrations of IGF-II tended (P <
.14) to increase with thermal stress compared with thermal
comfort treatments. Thyroxine concentrations tended (P < .15)
to increase in the thermal stress treatment compared with the
thermal comfort restricted intake treatment. Triiodothyronine
tended (P < .11) to decrease with restriction in feed intake
in the thermal comfort environment. Overall, effects of
nutrition and thermal stress did not markedly alter
concentrations of metabolic hormones in lactating dairy cows.


112 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin
on the response of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat
stress.
Cole, J.A.; Hansen, P.J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203
(1): p. 113-117; 1993 Jul01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Solar
radiation; Lactating females; Dry period; Milk yield


113 NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3)
Effects of bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in cattle.
Spicer, L.J.; Langhout, D.J.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Jun.
Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station,
Oklahoma State University (134): p. 31-34; 1991 Jun. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Ovaries; Functional responses;
Somatotropin


114 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of
lactating Holstein and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather.
West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Sandifer, T.G.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 840-851; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Weather; Humidity; Heat
production; Heat stress; Milk; Temperature; Blood chemistry;
Fatty acids

Abstract: Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were
used to determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20
mg of recombinant bST on physiologic responses during hot,
humid weather. Body temperature was determined by measuring
milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was sampled
for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites,
and fatty acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH
and blood gas analysis. Milk was characterized for fatty acid
composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but partial pressure of
blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2
declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides
increased 89% in cows receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen
tended to decline in cows receiving bST. Serum cortisol,
triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but insulin-
like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk
short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty
acids, and increased blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content
occurred in cows administered bST and probably reflected
tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather had
higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and
metabolic measures in association with higher milk
temperature, suggest an interaction of bST use with hot, humid
weather and reflect the need to minimize the effects of heat
stress.


115 NAL Call. No.: QP141.A1A63
Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation.
Bauman, D.E.; Vernon, R.G.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews Inc., c1981-; 1993.
Annual review of nutrition v. 13: p. 437-461; 1993. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield;
Mode of action


116 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
The effects of genetic and phenotypic production potential on
response to recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Gibson, J.P.; Meulen, M. van der; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 875-884; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Breeding value;
Somatotropin; Phenotypic correlation; Dosage effects; Genetic
differences; Regression analysis

Abstract: Evidence was sought for an interaction between both
phenotypic and genetic production potential and response of
milk production to administration of bST in three trials of
38, 43, and 35 cows. In each trial, bST was administered in
doses of 0, 10.3, 20.6, and, in trial 1 only, 41.2 mg/d for 38
wk from wk 4 of lactation. Data were analyzed for each
experiment separately and combined across experiments.
Analyses included separate regressions for treated and
untreated animals for milk production during the production
period on pretreatment production and estimated breeding value
for milk production. Breeding value was estimated as the
sire's estimated transmitting ability plus one-half of the
maternal grandsire's estimated transmitting ability. With the
exception of regression on estimated breeding value in trial 1
and in combined data, differences between treated and
untreated animals in the regression of milk production on
pretreatment milk production or on estimates of breeding value
were not statistically significant. However, regressions on
pretreatment production were substantially lower for treated
than for untreated animals in each of the three trials.
Regressions on breeding value estimated from sire and maternal
grandsire estimated transmitting abilities were substantially,
but not significantly, lower for untreated than for treated
animals in all three trials. The results suggest that cows
with high production potential for nongenetic reasons may show
diminished response to bST, whereas cows with genetically high
production potential show enhanced response. However,
borderline statistical significance argues for considerable
further examination before drawing firm conclusions.


117 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on
energy metabolism in growing beef steers: net hormone
metabolism by portal-drained viscera and liver.
Lapierre, H.; Reynolds, C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.;
Brazeau, P.; Tyrrell, H.F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 742-751; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatoliberin; Insulin-like
growth factor; Feed intake; Somatotropin; Insulin; Glucagon;
Intestines; Blood plasma; Hormone secretion; Energy metabolism

Abstract: Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)
and intake on arterial concentrations and net visceral
metabolism of hormones were measured in six growing Hereford X
Angus steers using a split-plot design with 4-wk injection
periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75%
concentrate diet at two intakes and were injected s.c. twice
daily with saline or GRF (10 microgram/kg of BW). Arterial
concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were measured on d 1 and
d 8 to 10 of injections. Eleven measurements, obtained at 30-
min intervals, of arterial concentration and net flux of
hormones across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were
obtained on d 8 to 10 of injections (six hourly measurements
were used for insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I] and
somatostatin The area under the GH curve and average and peak
GH concentrations were increased (P < .01) by GRF and were
greater (P < .10) at low than at high intake. Liver removal of
GH was not affected by GRF or intake. Arterial IGF-I
concentration was increased (P < .05) by GRF and not affected
by intake. Treatments did not affect IGF-I flux across the
liver. Arterial insulin concentration was greater (P < .05) at
high than at low intake, in part because of greater (P < .01)
PDV release. Increased (P < .10) arterial insulin
concentration in GRF-treated steers was not attributable to
significant changes in PDV or liver net flux. Arterial
glucagon concentration was greater (P < .01) at high than at
low intake, in part because of greater (P < .05) PDV glucagon
release and decreased (P < .10) liver extraction ratio.
Effects of intake on arterial concentration of insulin and
glucagon were in part due to changes in visceral metabolism,
but GRF did not affect PDV or liver hormone metabolism.


118 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on
energy metabolism in growing beef steers: whole-body energy
and nitrogen metabolism. Lapierre, H.; Tyrell, H.F.; Reynolds,
C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 764-772; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Energy metabolism; Nitrogen
retention; Somatoliberin; Feed intake; Energy cost of
maintenance; Physiology

Abstract: Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) on
energy and N metabolism in six growing Hereford X Angus steers
were measured using a split-plot design with 4-wk injection
periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75%
concentrate pelleted diet at two intakes (low: 50 g/BW.75 and
high: 90 g/BW.75 as fed) and injected s.c. with saline or 10
microgram/kg of BW of human GRF(1-29)NH2 twice daily for 3 wk.
Measurements of energy and N balance were obtained during wk 3
of treatments. Diet DM digestibility (%) was decreased by
greater intake (P < .05) and increased by GRF (P < .06).
Treatment with GRF increased (P < .01) N retention by
decreasing (P < .05) fecal and urinary excretion: N retention
averaged 10.0 and 20.8 g/d at low intake and 25.9 and 46.7 g/d
at high intake for control and GRF-treated steers,
respectively. Increased ME (P < .05) in GRF-treated steers
also resulted from decreased fecal (P < .05) and urinary (P <
.07) energy excretion but was countered by increased P < .06)
heat energy (HE). Tissue energy (TE), partial efficiency of ME
use for TE retention, and estimated maintenance energy were
not affected (P > .10) by GRF treatment. In summary, GRF
treatment altered the partition of TE by increasing protein
retention (108 and 80% for low and high intake, respectively)
at the expense of fat retention.


119 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on
energy metabolism in growing portal-drained viscera and liver.
Reynolds, C.K.; Lapierre, H.; Tyrrell, H.F.; Elsasser, T.H.;
Staples, R.C.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 752-763; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Intestines; Blood flow;
Somatoliberin; Liver; Feed intake; Nitrogen retention; Energy
metabolism; Blood plasma; Nutrients

Abstract: Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)
and intake on net nutrient metabolism by portal-drained
viscera (PDV) and liver were measured in six growing Hereford
X Angus steers fed a 75% concentrate diet at two intakes in a
split-plot design with 4-wk saline or GRF injection periods
within 8-wk intake periods. Daily rations were fed as 12 equal
meals delivered every 2 h. Steers were injected s.c. for 21 d
with either saline or 10 microgram/kg of (1-29)NH2 human GRF
at 12-h intervals. Six hourly measurements of net nutrient
flux (venous-arterial concentration different [VA] X blood
flow) across PDV and liver were obtained 8 to 10 d after
injections began. Energy and N balances were measured using
respiration calorimetry during the last week of injections.
Greater intake increased blood flow (P < .01) and net visceral
release or removal of most nutrients (P < .10). Exceptions
included a decrease (P < .10) in net PDV glucose release with
greater intake in saline-treated steers and a decrease (P <
.01) in net liver removal of lactate with greater intake.
Treatment of steers with GRF decreased net liver removal of
alpha-ammonia N (AAN; P < .05) and ammonia N (NH3N; P < .10)
and release of urea N (UN; P < .05), increased liver release
of glutamate (P < .05), and decreased net PDV release of NH3 N
(P < .10). Decreased liver extraction ratio for AAN in GRF-
treated steers (P < .01) implies a direct effect of GRF
treatment on liver metabolism separate from changes in liver
AAN supply. Proportions of body N retention not accounted for
by net total splanchnic AAN release increased with GRF
treatment. This suggests a change in peripheral utilization of
dietary AAN supply or an increase in total splanchnic N
retention.


120 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
The effects of hormones, other pharmacological agents and
nutrition on plasma triglycerides and carcass composition in
lambs and steers. Payne, E.; Cope, B.C.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Aug.
Animal production v. 53 (pt.1): p. 51-60; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Wethers; Somatotropin; Blood plasma;
Triacylglycerols; Fat metabolism; Fasting; Food intake;
Clofibrate; Enzymes; Estradiol; Beef cattle; Trenbolone;
Carcass composition


121 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and
gonadotropins on bovine granulosa cell proliferation,
progesterone production, estradiol production, and(or)
insulin-like growth factor I production in vitro. Spicer,
L.J.; Alpizar, E.; Echternkamp, S.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1232-1241; 1993
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Ovaries; Follicles; Tissue
culture; Estradiol; Progesterone; Hormone secretion; Insulin-
like growth factor; Messenger RNA; Cell division; Dosage
effects; Fsh; Insulin; Liver cells; Steroidogenesis

Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were to
determine the effect of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I
(IGF-I), testosterone, and FSH on proliferation, progesterone
production, and (or) estradiol production of bovine granulosa
cells. In addition, existence of IGF-I mRNA in granulosa cells
and in vitro IGF-I production by granulosa cells were
assessed. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm)
follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 3
or 4 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin
(.1 to 10 micrograms/mL) and IGF-I (100 to 400 ng/mL)
increased (P < .05) cell numbers compared with controls.
Insulin alone or IGF-I alone increased (P < .05) progesterone
production per cell by severalfold on d 4. In cells from both
sizes of follicles, insulin (1 micrograms/mL), in the presence
of FSH, increased estradiol production per cell. In contrast,
IGF-I (100 ng/mL) inhibited estradiol production by cells from
small follicles and stimulated estradiol production by cells
from large follicles. Insulin-like growth factor II (100
ng/mL) and insulin at higher doses (> 5 micrograms/mL) had no
effect on estradiol production by cells from small and large
follicles. Granulosa cells contained four IGF-I mRNA
transcripts and produced IGF-I in vitro. These results support
the hypothesis that insulin and IGF-I may have direct local
effects on bovine ovarian function, and that these effects are
influenced by dose and size of follicle.


122 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effects of metoclopramide on steers fed Kochia scoparia hay.
Rankins, D.L. Jr; Smith, G.S.; Hallford, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3699-3705; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Kochia scoparia; Hay; Poisoning;
Antagonists; Digestibility; Nitrogen balance; Feed intake;
Blood serum; Prolactin

Abstract: Kochia hay that had elicited mild toxicosis in
sheep and cattle when fed for 21 d was fed to young, growing
steers to evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide for
preventing kochia toxicosis. Twelve steers (271 +/- 39 kg)
were given ad libitum access to Kochia hay for 38 d. Six
steers were dosed orally with 15 mg of metoclopramide/kg of BW
three times each week in gelatin capsules, and six steers
received empty gelatin capsules. Steers were housed in
individual outside pens for the first 28 d, then inside in
metabolism stalls for the last 10 d. Kochia intake averaged
1.2 +/- .04 and 1.1 +/- .05% of BW throughout 38 d for kochia-
fed control and kochia plus metoclopramide-dosed steers,
respectively. During the last 10 d, metoclopramide had no
effect (P > .15) on digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, or CP.
However, metoclopramide reduced N retention (P < .01; 20 vs 8
g/d). Kochia hay decreased serum prolactin and insulin
concentrations (P < .01) from 12.4 to 1.5 ng/ml and from .53
to .23 ng/ml, respectively. Metoclopramide had no effect (P >
.50) on prolactin or insulin in steers fed kochia hay. Serum
growth hormone was not affected by kochia but was suppressed
by metoclopramide in steers fed kochia hay (P < .07). Serum
bilirubin (total and unconjugated) was elevated (P < .05),
indicating early, mild hepatotoxicosis characteristic of
kochia toxicosis. Kochia also increased serum concentrations
of iron, total protein, albumin, globulin, and creatinine and
decreased urea N (P < .05). Metoclopramide had no effects on
serum constituents except to elevate albumin and decrease
globulin. Early kochia toxicosis involved hyperbilirubinemia
and hypoprolactinemia, but metoclopramide, a dopaminergic
antagonist, showed no benefit for alleviating kochia
toxicosis.


123 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
Effects of pretreatment with adrenocorticotropin on endocrine
and behavioral responses of bulls to sexual activity.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 607-618; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin;
Testosterone; Corticotropin; Sexual behavior; Hormone
secretion

Abstract: Peripheral concentrations of cortisol, growth
hormone and testosterone were determined in two experiments
which examined the endocrine and behavioral responses of
sexually mature Angus bulls to an estrous female (Experiment
1) and to female exposure 5 hours following an
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) injection (Experiment 2). Sexual
activity of bulls in Experiment 1 significantly increased
levels of cortisol when compared with concentrations before
exposure to a female. Administration of ACTH in Experiment 2
consistently elevated levels of cortisol by 30-fold (P<0.01)
when compared with pre-ACTH concentrations. This heightened
level of cortisol persisted throughout the period of exposure
to an estrous cow, although a gradual decline in cortisol
concentrations occurred over time (P < 0.05). In Experiment 1,
growth hormone profiles tended to increase in response to
sexual activity (P < 0.10), whereas in Experiment 2, growth
hormone increased in response to ACTH administration (P <
0.01) and to female exposure (P < 0.01). Concentrations of
testosterone were unaffected (P > 0.10) by mating activity in
Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, acute suppression (P < 0.01) in
testosterone concentrations 5 hours after ACTH administration
coincided with the exposure period to the estrous female.
Frequencies of mounting behaviors (penis extension, mounting,
intromission and ejaculation) exhibited by ACTH-treated bulls
were significantly lower compared with the frequencies two
days earlier. Exogenous ACTH administration suppressed
reproductive behaviors of bulls and altered secretion of
cortisol, growth hormone and testosterone. Furthermore, these
data provide evidence that specific mating behaviors of the
bull can be influenced by circulating steroids.


124 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on hypophyseal and
ovarian functions of lactating dairy cows.
Gallo, G.F.; Block, E.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 343-353; 1991
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin;
Gnrh; Lh; Progesterone; Estrous cycle; Pregnancy; Postpartum
interval


125 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on
ovarian function in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows.
De La Sota, R.L.; Lucy, M.C.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1002-1013; 1993
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Dry period;
Blood plasma; Progesterone; Metabolites; Estradiol; Follicles;
Size; Graafian follicles

Abstract: Metabolic and ovarian responses of lactating and
nonlactating cows to recombinant bST (sometribove) were
measured. Eighteen lactating cows (60 to 100 d postpartum) and
6 nonlactating cows (> 400 d postpartum) were injected daily
with bST or saline during one of two periods. Concentrations
of hormones and metabolites were measured in plasma, and
ultrasonography was used to quantify ovarian follicular
growth. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-I,
progesterone, and estradiol in plasma were greater in
nonlactating cows than in lactating cows. Lactating cows had
fewer class 2 (6- to 9-mm) and class 3 (10- to 15-mm)
follicles and more class 4 (> 15-mm) follicles than
nonlactating cows. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers
of follicles in lactating cows so that the numbers of class 2
and of class 3 follicles were equivalent to those for
nonlactating cows. Sizes of the largest follicles were similar
for bST- and saline-treated cows. The second largest ovarian
follicles, however, were larger in bST-treated cows. Ovarian
follicular dynamics were altered by bST and lactation. Bovine
somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles (6 to 15 mm)
in lactating cows and size of second largest ovarian follicles
in both lactating and nonlactating cows. Lactating cows
developed dominant follicles that were larger and less
estrogenic than those of nonlactating cows.


126 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of
high production and heat stress.
Lotan, E.; Sturman, H.; Weller, J.I.; Ezra, E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
May. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1394-1402; 1993
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Israel; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Injection; Heat
stress; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Feed intake; Dry
matter; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Female fertility;
Lactation stage; Milk protein percentage; Milk fat yield; Milk
protein yield

Abstract: The effect of bST injection on milk production of
Israeli Holsteins was tested under conditions of mean
production > 9000 kg/yr and climatic stress; mean maximum and
minimum summer temperatures are 38 and 25 degrees C,
respectively, in the Jordan Valley, located 200 m below sea
level. In 1989, 111 cows were injected, and 115 cows were
recorded as controls. In 1990, 108 cows were injected, and 93
cows were included as controls. Fifty-nine of the cows
injected in 1990 were also injected in 1989. Production
records were corrected for parity, calving month, days to
first injection, and days in milk. Injection with bST
increased total lactation milk production by 12%, fat
production by 15%, and protein production by 13%. Injection
also resulted in slight increases in fat and protein
percentages. Daily milk production during the injection period
was increased by 4.4 kg. Injection during the previous
lactation slightly decreased production of cows injected
during the following lactation. Advancing the commencement of
injection from the 4th to the 2nd mo in milk did not affect
total lactation production. Weight gains and dry matter intake
were higher for injected cows, but body condition score was
higher for the control group. Injection had no discernible
effect on fertility variables.


127 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin
(sometribove) in high producing cows milked three times daily.
Jordan, D.C.; Aguilar, A.A.; Olson, J.D.; Bailey, C.;
Hartnell, G.F.; Madsen, K.S.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 220-226; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk
production; Milk composition; Body condition; Body weight;
Animal health; Mastitis

Abstract: Effects of daily sometribove administration on milk
yield and composition, body condition score, BW, and SCC were
evaluated in Holstein cows milked three times daily. Lactating
cows (n = 104) were assigned randomly to control or
sometribove-treated (25 mg/d) groups. The experimental period
was 16 wk, consisting of 2-wk pretreatment, 12-wk treatment,
and 2-wk posttreatment periods. All cows were injected once
daily starting at 53 to 180 d postpartum, housed in free
stalls, and fed one of five total mixed rations according to
milk production. Body weights were measured weekly, and body
condition was scored biweekly. Milk yield was recorded daily,
and weekly milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein,
lactose, total solids, and SCC. Milk yield and milk protein
were increased 18.8% (38.6 vs. 32.5 kg/d) and 3.3% (3.1 vs.
3.0%), respectively, whereas percentage of milk fat, lactose,
SNF, SCC, and BW were unaffected by treatment. Overall average
body condition scores were lower for the sometribove-treated
group versus control (2.2 vs. 2.4). No apparent differences in
the number of cows treated for mastitis, foot rot, displaced
abomasum, or lameness were observed between treatment groups.
Sometribove treatment significantly enhanced milk yield (6.1
kg/d) with no apparent negative effects on health in high
producing cows milked three time per day.


128 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of somatotropin and duodenal infusion of amino acids
on nutrient passage to duodenum and performance of dairy cows.
Lynch, G.L.; Klusmeyer, T.H.; Cameron, M.R.; Clark, J.H.;
Nelson, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p.
3117-3127; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lysine; Methionine;
Milk yield; Milk composition; Rumen fermentation; Rumen
bacteria; Protein synthesis; Duodenum; Digestibility

Abstract: Four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4
Latin square to investigate the effects of bST and postruminal
infusion of lysine and methionine on ruminal fermentation,
flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal
performance. The treatments were 1) control; 2) control plus
24 g of lysine and 8 g of methionine/d; 3) control plus 25 mg
of bST/d; and 4) control plus 25 mg of bST/d plus 24 g of
lysine and 8 g of methionine/d. Intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch,
NDF, and ADF were similar among treatments. Ruminal
characteristics, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and
total tract apparent digestibilities of nutrients were not
affected by injection of bST or postruminal infusion of lysine
and methionine in this short-term experiment. Milk production,
4% FCM, milk fat percentage and yield, and production of milk
CP were increased by administering bST. Postruminal infusion
of lysine and methionine did not affect milk production or
composition.


129 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver
metabolism in lactating dairy cattle.
Knapp, J.R.; Freetly, H.C.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.;
Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1992 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (4): p.
1025-1035; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Lactation; Somatotropin; Liver;
Metabolites; Blood; Glucose; Gluconeogenesis; Oxidation

Abstract: Objectives of this study were to quantitate
metabolite fluxes in ruminant liver and to delineate effects
of recombinant bST on patterns of nutrient metabolism by
liver. Nineteen multiparous cows ranging in previous
lactational performance from 6400 to 13,500 kg per 305-d
lactation were treated with either placebo or bST (40 mg/d)
from wk 11 to 18 of lactation. Liver tissue was collected at
slaughter. Tissue slices were incubated with various 14C-
labeled substrates, and rates of conversion of label to CO2
and metabolites were measured. In vivo recombinant bST
treatment increased in vitro conversion of [1-14C]propionate
and [2-14]acetate to glucose more than twofold. At 2.5 mM
propionate, bST-treated cows converted propionate to glucose
at 90% efficiency. Recombinant bST increased [14C]bicarbonate
incorporation into glucose fivefold. Overall, bST treatment
resulted in greater C flow from propionate and acetate through
the TCA cycle. Acetate had only small effects on propionate
metabolism and no effects on lactate plus pyruvate metabolism.
Unexpectedly, propionate decrease acetate conversion to ketone
bodies. Suggested mechanisms for this observation include
depletion of coenzyme A and allosteric regulation of carnitine
palmitoyltransferase I by methylmalonyl-coenzyme A formed from
propionate. In summary, bST treatment resulted in increased
rates of gluconeogenesis and oxidation in liver in support of
lactation.


130 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological
responses during summer farm and hot laboratory conditions.
Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Manalu, W.; Spencer-Johnson, K.J.;
Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J.; Baile, C.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1250-1262; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Environmental
temperature; Feed conversion; Heat stress; Milk yield; Summer;
Body temperature; Blood composition; Feed intake; Milk fat
percentage; Milk protein percentage; Heat production

Abstract: The effects of bST on performance and physiological
responses of lactating cows was studied under farm summer and
laboratory heat conditions. Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d
postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle solution
for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory
thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk
yield by 6.1 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm
summer, laboratory thermoneutral, and heat conditions,
respectively. Somatotropin also increased milk fat by 15 and
19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory
thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin
increased the efficiency of feed conversion into milk without
any significant changes in body weight and temperatures.
Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine
and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and insulin
concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake;
however, hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that
stimulatory effects of bST on milk production are still
observed on heat-stressed cows without any significant
indications of additional heat stress.


131 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of sometribove on performance, carcass composition,
and chemical blood characteristics of dairy calves.
Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.;
Reagan, J.O.; Blackmon, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3933-3939; 1991
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth rate;
Nitrogen metabolism; Blood chemistry; Carcass composition;
Nitrogen balance; Organs; Weight; Insulin-like growth factor

Abstract: Ten intact male Holstein calves averaging 75 kg of
BW and 59 d of age were used to study the effects of daily
injections of 0 (control) or 10 mg of sometribove (recombinant
methionyl bST) for 6 wk on performance, health, carcass
composition, N metabolism, chemical blood characteristics, and
hormone profiles, Average daily gain, feed intake, feed:gain
ratio, and height at withers, hip, and hock were not
influenced by bST. Carcasses from bST-treated calves contained
5% more protein and 36% less lipid than controls. Circulating
concentrations of Ca, P, glucose, urea N, alkaline
phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, insulin-like growth
factor-I, and insulin were not affected by bST. Packed cell
volume was decreased about 7% (29.9 vs. 32.4%) in the bST
calves. Hormone injection did not adversely affect health of
the calves as measured by body temperature and by pulse and
respiration rates. The most profound effects of sometribove
were a reduction in carcass lipid and an increase in body
proteins. These effects may be of some practical importance
when leanness of carcass is desirable.


132 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of sometribove on zinc metabolism and tissue mineral
concentration in dairy calves.
Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.;
Blackmon, D.M.; Azain, M.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4314-4319; 1991
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Zinc; Somatotropin; Mineral metabolism;
Manganese; Tissues

Abstract: The metabolism of Zn and tissue mineral
concentrations were studied after a single oral 65Zn dose in
10 6-wk-old Holstein calves injected subcutaneously daily with
0 (control) or 10 mg of some-tribove (recombinant methionyl
bST) for 6 wk Zinc-65 absorption was not significantly
affected by bST; its concentration in the semitendinosus
muscle was reduced by 32% in the bST calves, but
concentrations in liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, heart,
small intestine, testicle, and rib were not different from
controls. Manganese content was reduced by 27% in liver, 60%
in kidney, 99% in spleen, 92% in testicles, and 33% in rib.
Iron content of pancreas, spleen, and testicle and Zn content
of rib were increased in the bST calves. The data indicate
that Zn metabolism was not affected adversely by bST.
Manganese content of several tissues was significantly reduced
in the bST calves; however, no clinical signs of an Mn
deficiency were evident.


133 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine
somatotropin over three or four lactations.
Oldenbroek, J.K.; Garssen, G.J.; Jonker, L.J.; Wilkinson,
J.I.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association;
1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 453-467; 1993
Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number;
Duration; Feed intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Blood plasma;
L-thyroxine; Insulin; Metabolites; Milk composition; Somatic
cell count; Female fertility; Animal health; Blood picture;
Blood chemistry; Culling

Abstract: Jersey, Dutch Red and White, and Friesian cows were
subcutaneously injected with 640 mg of recombinant bST at 28-d
intervals from 87 to 115 d after calving through four
successive lactations. A TMR (6.72 MJ of NE(L) and 168 g of
CP/kg of DM) was fed for ad libitum consumption. The bST
effects per day were 3.3 kg for milk yield, 189 g for fat
yield, 109 g for protein yield, 157 g for lactose yield, 4 MJ
of NE(L) for feed intake, and -4 kg for body weight. Responses
in blood parameters measured 7 d after injection were -.007
mmol/L for glucose, -1.3 mg of N/100 ml for urea, 221
micromoles/L for 3-hydroxybutyrate, 59 micromoles/L for NEFA,
65 ng/L for insulin, 2.8 micrograms/L for thyroxine, and 26.7
micrograms/L for somatotropin. Somatic cell count in milk was
75,000 cells/ml higher in treated cows. Concentrations of
NEFA, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus were unaffected. Repeatability of
the maximum response in milk yield after bST treatment was
low: .2 within and .5 between lactations. Cows treated in the
previous lactation had slightly more retained placentas, and
birth weight of their calves was 2 kg less. No differences
were between treated and control cows in disease incidence.
Six treated cows were culled in third and fourth lactations.
No indications for tissue damage, inflammation, or stress
after bST injections were detected.


134 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Efficacy of recombinant bovine somatotrophin in the treatment
of fat cow syndrome.
Maisey, I.; Andrews, A.H.; Laven, R.A.
London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep18.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
Association v. 133 (12): p. 293-296; 1993 Sep18. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Somatotropin; Fatty liver


135 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
Endocrine characteristics of a miniature condition in Brahman
cattle: circulating concentrations of some growth-related
hormones. Hammond, A.C.; Elsasser, T.H.; Olson, T.A.
Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Sep.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine v. 197 (4): p. 450-457; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Brahman; Insulin-like growth factor;
Somatotropin; Insulin; Glucose; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine;
Blood chemistry; Plane of nutrition

Abstract: Four miniature Brahman calves born in 1988 and
1989, along with four contemporary sex-matched Brahman control
calves, were used in experiments to determine circulating
concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth
hormone (GH), insulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, and
plasma glucose response to insulin challenge. The effect of
plane of nutrition on plasma concentrations of IGF-I and
insulin was also determined and a clinical screen of blood
chemistries was conducted to determine effects of calf type.
Plasma IGF-I was six times higher in control calves compared
with miniature calves (209.0 vs 35.0 ng/ml; P = 0.001).
However, miniature calves had mean plasma GH about six times
higher (37.8 vs 6.2 ng/ml; P = 0.004) and had twice as many
secretory episodes (9 vs 4.5; P = 0.005) over an 8-hr sampling
period. Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (2.54 vs
1.80 ng/ml) and thyroxine (88.8 vs 56.2 ng/ml) were higher in
control compared with miniature calves (P = 0.001), but
concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in both calf
types were within normal ranges. Although miniature calves
displayed similar plasma glucose concentrations to controls,
hypoglycemic response to insulin challenge tended to be
greater in miniature calves. Nutritional regulation of
circulating IGF-I appeared to be intact in miniature as well
as control calves, as evidenced by a reduction in plasma IGF-I
concentration following a decrease in plane of nutrition, and
a subsequent increase in plasma IGF-I concentration following
realimentation. Serum urea nitrogen was lower (P = 0.02) in
control compared with miniature calves. These data describe a
miniature condition in Brahman cattle that is manifested by
apparently normal proportioned growth but small stature, and
that is associated most notably with abnormally low
circulating concentrations of IGF-I in the presence of
paradoxically high circulating concentrations of GH. This
condition appears to be similar to Laron dw


136 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81
Endocrine-immune interactions: potential role for somatotropic
axis in modulating responses to endotoxemia in cattle.
Elsasser, T.H.
Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr.
Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 111-114; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Hypothalamus; Immune response;
Endotoxins; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor;
Immunological factors


137 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows treated with
prolonged-release bovine somatotropin or energy deficiency.
Kirchgessner, M.; Windisch, W.; Schwab, W.; Muller, H.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 35-43; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Energy metabolism;
Somatotropin; Milk yield; Body fat; Mobilization; Feed intake;
Energy balance; Metabolizable energy; Nitrogen balance; Milk
composition; Energy requirements


138 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin use in dairy
cattle. Johnson, D.E.; Ward, G.M.; Torrent, J.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr.
Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (2): p. 157-162; 1992
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements;
Genetic engineering; Environmental impact; Milk production;
Cattle manure; Methane production; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Feed
requirements; Energy requirements; Erosion; Dairy farming;
Water use

Abstract: The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin
(bST) use in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) was analyzed with the
following assumptions: base herd (1989) of 10.1 X 10(6) cows,
milk production 6475 kg of 3.5% fat per 305 d; bST herd of
8.96 X 10(6) cows, 3.5 kg/d increase during 215 d treatment
period; 100% adoption rate, 60 d dry period, 40% replacement
rate; all formulated diet from: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
hay, corn (Zea mays L.) silage, cracked corn, soybean [Glycine
mar (L.) Merr.] meal, and supplement to satisfy level of
production. Using these assumptions, the analysis indicates
that the current U.S. milk supply could be produced by 11%
fewer cows fed 9% less feed produced on 6% less land, and soil
loss would be 5% less. Fossil fuel requirements would be 6%
less and irrigation water use would be reduced by 9%. Output
of the greenhouse gas methane would be decreased 9%; manure
production and outputs of N and P declined by 10, 8, and 10%,
respectively.


139 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Evaluation of a slow-release form of recombinantly derived
bovine somatotropin in dairy cattle.
Kim, J.; Campling, R.C.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 49-56; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body weight; Milk
yield; Feed intake; Concentrates; Zero grazing; Grazing; Body
condition


140 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Evaluation of sometribove in a prolonged-release system in
lactating dairy cows--production responses.
Hartnell, G.F.; Franson, S.E.; Bauman, D.E.; Head, H.H.;
Huber, J.T.; Lamb, R.C.; Madsen, K.S.; Cole, W.J.; Hintz, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2645-2663; 1991
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Milk composition;
Feed intake; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Dosage effects;
Milk yield; Lactation curve; Feed conversion

Abstract: Primiparous (n = 105) and multiparous (n = 136)
Holstein cows were used to evaluate efficacy of sometribove
(n-methionyl bovine somatotropin, bST) in a dose titration
study. Cows were fed TMR for ad libitum intake, were milked
twice daily, and were allocated randomly within parity (1 vs.
2+) to treatments of 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg bST/14 d in a
prolonged-release formulation. Subcutaneous injections
commenced 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued throughout
lactation. During a standardized treatment period of 252 d,
treatment with increasing dosages of bST increased 3.5% FCM
yield in a dose-dependent manner for both primiparous (2.5
kg/d, 10.2%; 3.5 kg/d, 14.3%; and 5.9 kg/d, 24.1%) and
multiparous cows (3.1 kg/d, 12.1%; 3.9 kg/d, 15.2%; and 6.8
kg/d, 26.5%). Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, ash, Ca
and P, and SCC were not affected by treatment. Over the 252-d
treatment period, voluntary intake of energy was increased in
bST-treated cows such that BW gain, body condition score, and
net energy balance did not differ among treatment groups.
Productive efficiency (milk per unit NEL intake corrected for
BW change) over the treatment period was significantly
increased in a dose-dependent manner for multiparous cows
(4.1, 6.8, and 11%). Results demonstrated that bST
administered in a prolonged-release formulation was
efficacious in enhancing milk production and feed efficiency.


141 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
Evaluation of the biological potency of new agmatine analogs
of growth hormone-releasing hormone in the bovine.
Roberge, S.; Johnson, H.E.; Zarandi, M.; Schally, A.V.;
Reeves, J.J. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine v. 200 (1): p. 109-114; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Agmatine; Analogs;
Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Dosage effects; Blood serum


142 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Expression of truncated forms of the bovine growth hormone
gene in cultured mouse cells.
McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Wiehl, P.; DiCaprio, L.; Yun, J.;
Wagner, T.E.; Okada, S.; Kopchick, J.J.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1991 Nov05.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (31): p.
20965-20969; 1991 Nov05. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Genes; Exons; Gene
expression; Cell culture; Mice

Abstract: A synthetic oligonucleotide, 5'-d(CTAGT-
CTAGACTAG)-3' which encodes translational termination codons
in three reading frames, was inserted into either exon IV
(pbGH-4A) or V (pbGH-5A) of the bovine growth hormone gene.
The resultant plasmids, under the transcriptional regulation
of the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter, were introduced into
cultured mouse L-cells or rat GH3 cells. Compared to wild type
bGH RNA, bGH-specific RNA transiently expressed from pBGH-5A
or pBGH-4A DNA in mouse L-cells was similar or slightly
smaller in size, respectively. Unexpectedly, bGH-4A RNA lacked
exon IV sequences. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation
analyses revealed that wild type bGH was localized to the
Golgi apparatus, while truncated hormones were confined to the
cytoplasmic compartment of transfected cells. In addition,
truncated hormones were shown to be secretion-defective albeit
the bGH signal peptide was efficiently and precisely
processed. Thus, structural alterations in the bGH gene can
dramatically affect bGH precursor mRNA processing and hormone
localization within cultured mouse fibroblast or rat pituitary
cells.


143 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Factors affecting response of cows to biweekly injections of
sometribove. Sullivan, J.L.; Huber, J.T.; DeNise, S.K.;
Hoffman, R.G.; Kung, L. Jr; Franson, S.E.; Madsen, K.S.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 756-763; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation
number; Lactation stage; Body temperature; Diet; Environmental
factors; Genetic differences

Abstract: Seventy-eight lactating Holstein cows (18
primiparous and 60 multiparous) were used to study certain
factors affecting response in milk yields to biweekly
injections of bST. Cows were intramuscularly injected with
placebo or with 500 mg of bST every 14 d for 36 wk beginning
60 d postpartum. Primiparous cows responded less to bST than
did multiparous cows. Cows were separated into three yield
groups within each treatment based on pretreatment yield: low
(27.0 kg/d), medium (32.0 kg/d), and high (39.0 kg/d).
Response of low yielding cows to bST was numerically greater
than that of medium or high yielding cows, but there was no
significant interaction between treatment and pretreatment
milk yield. Individual cow index for milk yield was used as a
measure of genetic potential of cows, which were divided into
two index groups: high cow index (greater than -23 kg) and low
cow index (less than -23 kg). Cows in the high index group
showed significantly higher milk yields than the low index
group during treatment, but treatment by cow index interaction
was not significant, suggesting that cows of widely ranging
genetic potential respond similarly to bST. Response of cows
to bST in mid to late lactation was slightly greater than in
early lactation (15.9 and 10.6% vs. 17.8%, respectively), but
no significant interaction of treatment by days postpartum was
noted. Finally, even though cows treated with bST exhibited
slightly higher rectal temperatures during the hot summer
months, no significant difference in milk yield response to
bST was noted during periods of moderate versus high ambient
temperatures.


144 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
FDA advisory committee calls BGH risk to humans
'insignificant, manageable'. Rhein, R.
New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
Biotechnology newswatch. p. 3; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety


145 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456
FDA committee hears testimony on labeling dairy products
containing BST. New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1993 Jun01.
Genetic engineering news v. 13 (11): p. 3, 32; 1993 Jun01.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Milk products; Labeling; Labeling
controls; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements; Public agencies;
Food and nutrition controversies; Dairy cows


146 NAL Call. No.: A00035
FDA insists bST is safe, despite critical press.
Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 May22.
Biotechnology news v. 12 (13): p. 1; 1992 May22.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Food safety; Milk production;
Regulations


147 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
FDA, Monsanto in commotion over BST promotion; Rifkin claims
victory. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Feb18.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (4): p. 13; 1991 Feb18.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food
safety; Genetic engineering


148 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
FDA panel okays bovine growth hormone.
Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1993 Apr05.
Chemical and engineering news v. 71 (14): p. 5; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food
safety; Regulations


149 NAL Call. No.: 381 C426
FDA user fees proposal in finding wide support.
Begley, R.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Aug19.
Chemical week v. 151 (7): p. 12; 1992 Aug19.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk production; Somatotropin; Genetic
engineering; Mastitis; Antibiotic residues; Regulations


150 NAL Call. No.: A00035
FDA warns Monsanto to stop promoting bovine growth hormone.
Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1991 Feb28.
Biotechnology news v. 11 (5): p. 2-3; 1991 Feb28.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Usda;
Marketing; Guidelines


151 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Finishing lamb performance responses to bovine and porcine
somatotropins administered by Alzet pumps.
McLaughlin, C.L.; Rogan, G.J.; Buonomoo, F.C.; Cole, W.J.;
Hartnell, G.F.; Hudson, S.; Kasser, T.R.; Miller, M.A.; Baile,
C.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Oct. Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4039-4048; 1991
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Drug delivery systems;
Pumps; Blood chemistry; Urea; Insulin-like growth factor;
Growth rate; Feed conversion

Abstract: Daily injection of ovine and bovine somatotropin
(oST and bST, respectively) has been shown to improve
performance and carcass quality of finishing lambs. To
evaluate responses to continuously released bST and porcine ST
(pST), which have 99 and 91% sequence homology with oST,
respectively, finishing lambs were implanted with 2-wk Alzet
pumps containing bST or pST, which was released at rates of 2
or 4 mg/d. Six-week growth rate and feed efficiency responses
to bST were greater than those to pST (P < .05). Overall feed
efficiency was improved 15% and growth rate was increased 16%
in lambs treated with 4 mg/d of bST compared with control
lambs and neither trait was affected in pST-treated lambs.
Performance responses were reflected by changes in circulating
glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor I
(IGF-I) concentrations. Scatchard analysis of sera with
relative binding of greater than 30% revealed that average
binding capacities and affinities of pST-treated lambs were
7.0 mg/liter and 6.0 X 10(9) liters/mol, respectively, and of
bST-treated lambs were .8 mg/liter and 1.3 X 10(9) liters/mol,
respectively. In addition, lambs with high-capacity pST
antibodies had lower 6-wk IGF-I concentrations than those of
controls, suggesting that these antibodies may have been
attenuating responsiveness to pST. It is concluded that
continuously released bST, but not pST, improves performance
of finishing lambs.


152 NAL Call. No.: A00034
The fourth hurdle.
London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Mar.
Biotechnology bulletin v. 10 (2): p. 1; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Economic impact; European communities; Milk supply; Small
farms


153 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
The galactopoietic effect of bovine growth hormone in goats is
associated with increased concentrations of insulin-like
growth factor-I in milk and mammary tissue.
Prosser, C.G.; Royle, C.; Fleet, I.R.; Mepham, T.B.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 457-463; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Lactating females; Goat milk; Mammary
tissue; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Cows; Milk
secretion; Milk yield; Yield correlations; Responses

Abstract: Lactating goats exhibiting widely divergent
responses to short-term (4 days) treatment with bovine GH
(bGH) were retrospectively divided into two groups based on
the magnitude of this response. There was no difference
between groups in terms of the pretreatment milk yield, but by
day 4 of treatment milk secretion had increased by 4.99 +/-
2.5 (S.E.M.) ml/h (P>0.05 compared with pretreatment) for
group 1 and 22.9 +/- 2.4 ml/h (P<0.001) for group 2. Plasma GH
increased in both groups, but concentrations were
significantly higher both before and during treatment in group
1 compared with group 2. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I) increased significantly during bGH
treatment for both groups and there was no significant
difference between the two until day 4 of treatment when
levels of IGF-I in group 1 began to decline, whereas those
from group 2 were maintained. Concentrations of IGF-I in milk
from goats in group 1 were not significantly altered by GH
administration, whereas those in goats in group 2 were
increased by 40% (P<0.01 compared with pretreatment). Levels
of IGF-I in mammary secretory tissue from four animals from
group 1 were not altered by bGH (2.8 +/- 0.2 and 2.77 +/- 0.08
nmol/kg tissue before and after treatment respectively), but
were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in four animals from
group 2 (2.80 +/- 0.2 and 9.9 +/- 1.1 nmol/kg tissue). Thus,
it appears that the galactopoietic response in goats was
associated with significantly lower levels of GH in plasma
after 3 days of treatment and, more strikingly, greater
amounts of IGF-I in milk and mammary tissue. This latter
observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the effects
of bGH on the mammary gland itself are mediated by IGF-I and
that the availability of IGF-I to mammary tissue is an
important component of the overall galactopoietic response to
bGH.


154 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Galactopoietic effects of recombinant somatotropin and growth
hormone-releasing factor in dairy cows.
Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1550-1557; 1993
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk
yield; Infusion; Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter;
Blood serum; Body condition; Fatty acids

Abstract: Eight Holsteins per group received 12 mg/d of
recombinant growth hormone-releasing factor or 29 mg/d of
recombinant bST or served as untreated controls for 60 d. Milk
yield and composition were measured for 10 d before infusion,
during infusion (d 0 to 59), and for 20 d after infusion
ended. Compared with controls, bST and growth hormone-
releasing factor increased SCM during infusion. The SCM yield
of cows treated with growth hormone-releasing factor was
greater than that of bST-treated cows during the final 20 d of
infusion. Relative to controls, bST and growth hormone-
releasing factor increased serum concentrations of
somatotropin and IGF-I during infusion. Concentrations of
somatotropin and IGF-I in serum of bST- and growth hormone-
releasing factor-treated cows did not differ during infusion.
In summary, growth hormone-releasing factor increased SCM
yield more than bST, despite similar serum concentrations of
somatotropin and IGF-I. Thus, the galactopoietic action of
growth hormone-releasing factor was not explained solely by
elevation of total radioimmunoassayable somatotropin and IGF-I
in serum.


155 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
GAO: stop BGH sales, improve milk monitoring.
Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Aug14.
Nutrition week v. 22 (31): p. 2-3; 1992 Aug14.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk marketing; Monitoring;
Government organizations; Federal government


156 NAL Call. No.: RA773.F3
The great white hope?.
Hamilton, K.
New York : Family Media, Inc. :.; 1991 May.
Health v. 23 (4): p. 50-52. ill., charts; 1991 May.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Food contamination; Somatotropin; Calcium;
Disease prevention; Nutrient requirements; Food composition
tables; Neoplasms; Osteoporosis; Lactose intolerance; Nutrient
content

Abstract: Despite concerns about bovine somatotropin
contamination, milk has several health benefits. Milk contains
calcium for bone development and maintenance and the
prevention of osteoporosis. Calcium may also play a role in
the prevention of colon cancer, reducing blood cholesterol and
treatment of hypertension. Milk also contains B vitamins and
vitamins A and D. A table provides the calcium content of a
variety of foods. Lactose intolerance and lower fat milk
products are also discussed.


157 NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6
Growth and health characteristics of calves born to cows
treated with bovine somatotropin during lactation.
Larson, R.A.; Otterby, D.E.; Linn, J.G.; Paulson, J.C.;
Annexstad, R.J.; Hansen, W.P.; Eggert, R.G.
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing
Company; 1992 May. Agri-Practice v. 13 (5): p. 7-8, 11-13;
1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Minnesota; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth; Cows;
Lactation; Body measurements; Placenta


158 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Growth and subsequent lactation in primigravid Holstein
heifers after prepartum bovine somatotropin treatment.
Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; McBride, B.W.; Rehman, J.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 463-471; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bred heifers; Somatotropin; Prepartum
period; Dosage effects; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed
intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion; Insulin-like growth
factor; Lactation; Milk yield; Gestation period; Calves; Birth
weight; Blood plasma

Abstract: Thirty-seven primigravid Holstein heifers (600.7 +/-
9.4 kg) were used to determine the effect of recombinant bST,
administered during the last trimester of gestation, on growth
and subsequent 270-d milk yield. Treatments consisted of daily
subcutaneous injections of saline or of 20 or 40 mg of
recombinant bST. Four weeks before expected date of
parturition, 8 heifers (3 receiving saline, 3 receiving 20 mg
of bST, and 2 receiving 40 mg of bST) were fitted with jugular
catheters, and blood plasma bST and insulin-like growth
factor-I concentrations were determined in samples collected
during a 9-h period. Feed efficiency (DMI/gain) was improved
in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but DMI was not affected
by treatment. Average daily gain was increased in heifers
treated with 20 mg of bST, but not in those treated with 40 mg
of bST. Fat-uncorrected milk yield following prepartum bST
treatment was 19% higher in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST,
but the 40-mg dose of bST did not increase milk yield.
Percentage of milk fat was lower in heifers treated with 20 mg
of bST prepartum, but daily milk fat yields did not differ
among groups. Solids-not-fat yield was highest in the group
treated previously with 20 mg of bST. The higher milk yield of
these heifers became significant (P < .05) only after 90 d of
lactation. Plasma bST and insulin-like growth factor-I
concentrations were both elevated in bST-treated animals.
There was indirect evidence that the increased milk in heifers
previously treated with 20 mg of bST was due to enhanced
mammogenesis. However, further research studying changes at
the mammary tissue level is needed to confirm this hypothesis.


159 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
Growth hormone alters metabolic effects and proteolysis of
insulin the adipose tissue during lactation.
Marinchenko, G.V.; McNamara, J.P.; Becker-Khaleel, B.;
Parmley, K. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine v. 200 (1): p. 57-66; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Pregnancy; Adipose
tissue; Lipogenesis; Insulin; Metabolism; Proteolysis;
Proteinases; Enzyme inhibitors; Enzyme activity; In vitro


160 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Growth hormone (GH) induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and
activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in cells
transfected with rat GH receptor cDNA.
Moller, C.; Hansson, A.; Enberg, B.; Lobie, P.E.; Norstedt, G.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1992 Nov15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (32): p.
23403-23408; 1992 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Hormone receptors; Dna; Protein
kinase; Tyrosine; Phosphorylation; Cells; Hamsters; Rats

Abstract: The mechanism of growth hormone (GH) action was
studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with
GH receptor cDNA. Cytosolic extracts from GH- or phorbol ester
(12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate)-treated cells,
transfected with full-length GH receptor cDNA, had an enhanced
ability to phosphorylate myelin basic protein. Myelin basic
protein, a substrate for mitogen-activated protein (MAP)
kinase, was maximally phosphorylated using extracts from cells
treated with 50 nm bovine GH for 10 min. In addition, GH
treatment resulted in an increased cell proliferation by
30-60%. GH and 12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate
cause tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins with Mr of
40,000 and 42,000 that are also recognized by MAP kinase
antibodies. These proteins were identified as MAP kinases by
analyzing phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates on Western blots
using MAP kinase antibodies. In addition, GH induces
mitogenicity, as well as MAP kinase activation, in CHO cells
expressing a receptor in which 184 amino acids had been
deleted in the carboxyl-terminal part of the intracellular
domain. No GH effects were seen in untransfected cells, in CHO
cells expressing a truncated GH receptor containing only 5 of
349 amino acids in the intracellular domain, or in cells
expressing the soluble GH-binding protein. In conclusion, our
data show that GH treatment of CHO cells, reconstituted with
GH receptors, initiates a phosphorylation cascade which
includes MAP kinase.


161 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Growth hormone parameters at four ages in intact and castrated
male female cattle.
Plouzek, C.A.; Trenkle, A.
Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 63-72; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Heifers; Castration; Ovariectomized
females; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Hormone secretion; Age;
Somatostatin; Hypothalamic releasing hormones


162 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
Growth hormone will reduce small dairy farms, Cornell
researcher says. Holder, W.L.
Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County
Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1993 Aug.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange
County. p. 14; 1993 Aug.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Milk production; Dairy
cows; Growth promoters; Dairy farms; Small farms; Farm
amalgamations


163 NAL Call. No.: A00035
Growth hormone--a treatment for septic shock?.
Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Aug27.
Biotechnology news v. 12 (21): p. 8; 1992 Aug27.

Language: English

Descriptors: Growth factors; Research support; Usda;
Somatotropin


164 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Hematological profiles in dairy cows treated with recombinant
bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.;
Elasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1488-1495; 1992
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Blood picture; Lymphocytes; Hematocrit; Hematology;
Neutrophils

Abstract: Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) was
administered at 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg per cow per day to 32
Holsteins for 38 wk. Fifteen currently treated cows had been
treated in the previous lactation. Eighteen hematological
variables and blood concentration of insulin-like growth
factor I (IGF-I) were measured at five sample periods. The
objectives of the study were to test the effects of bST
treatments on hematological profiles and to relate blood IGF-I
concentration to these variables. Results indicated little
influence (P > .10) of previous bST treatments on
hematological profiles measured in the current lactation.
Current bST treatments, however, altered hematocrits (P =
.10), mean corpuscular volume (P = .03), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (P = .009), and fraction of blood lymphocytes (P =
.09). A week x bST treatment interaction also contributed to
variation in hematocrit (P = .09), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(P = .05), fraction of neutrophils (P = .02), and fraction of
lymphocytes (P = .04). Blood IGF-I concentration influenced
fractions and counts of neutrophils (P = .06, .09),
lymphocytes (P = .04, .02), and monocytes (P = .08, .05).
Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted because
this preliminary evidence suggests that bST and(or) IGF-I
contribute to regulation of hematopoiesis in mature dairy
cows.


165 NAL Call. No.: 381 B523
A heuristic approach to predicting the tertiary structure of
bovine somatotropin.
Carlacci, L.; Chou, K.C.; Maggiora, G.M.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May07.
Biochemistry v. 30 (18): p. 4389-4398; 1991 May07. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Amino acid sequences;
Thermodynamics

Abstract: A combination of a heuristic approach and energy
minimization was used to predict the three-dimensional
structure of bovine somatotropin (bSt), also known as bovine
growth hormone, a protein of 191 amino acids. The starting
points for energy minimizations were generated from the
following two types of inputs: (a) the amino acid sequence and
(b) the heuristic inputs, which were derived according to
physical, chemical, and biological principles by piecing
together all useful information available. The predicted 3-D
structure of the bSt molecule has all the features observed in
four-helix bundle proteins. The four alpha-helices in bSt are
intimately packed to form an assembly with an approximately
square cross section. All the adjacent alpha-helices are
antiparallel, with a somewhat tilted angle between each of the
adjacent pairs so that the assembly of the four helices looks
like a left-handed twisted bundle. There are two disulfide
bonds in the bSt structure: one "hooking" the middle of a long
loop with helix 4 so as to pull the long loop onto the surface
of the helix bundle and the other "hooking" the C-terminal
segment with the same helix so as to force the C-terminal
segment to bend toward the helix bundle. As a consequence, a
considerable part of the surface of the four-helix bundle is
closely packed or intimately embraced by the loop segments.
The predicted bSt structure has a hydrophobic core and a
hydrophilic exterior surface. The energetic analysis of the
predicted bSt structure indicates that the interaction between
helices and loops plays a dominant role in stabilizing the
four-helix bundle structure from the viewpoint of both
electrostatic and nonbonded interactions. A technique called
FOLD was meanwhile developed, by which one can fold a
polypeptide chain into any shape as desired. This tool proved
to be very useful during the heuristic model-building process.


166 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Hormonal responses to bovine somatotropin and dietary protein
in early lactation dairy cows.
De Boer, G.; Robinson, P.H.; Kennelly, J.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2623-2632; 1991
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary protein; Milk
yield; Insulin-like growth factor; Forage; Chemical
composition; Milk composition; Blood plasma; Hormones

Abstract: The effects of bST injection and dietary protein
level on blood hormone and metabolite concentrations were
examined in four mature Holstein cows in a double crossover
design. Cows were assigned at d 5 to 9 postpartum to receive
daily injections of either a control (saline) solution or 20.6
mg of bST. Four 3-wk periods were used during which one cow
from each group was fed a medium protein diet (17.1% CP), and
the other received a high protein diet (23.6% cp). Injections
of bST or control solutions began on d 0 of the second period.
Intakes of DM were not influenced by dietary protein or bST
injection. Milk yield tended to increase with increased CP
level but was not affected by bST injection. Based on the rate
and extent of decline in milk production after cessation of
bST injection, the cows assigned to bST had lower milk
production potential than control cows. Thus, the effect of
bST injection apparently was to enhance milk yield to levels
similar to those of controls. There were no significant CP
level or bST injection effects on glucose, FFA, somatostatin,
or somatotropin concentrations. Glucagon concentrations were
higher in bST-treated cows. Concentrations of insulin-like
growth factor-I were increased with increased CP level and
also with bST injection. Significant effects of days on bST
were observed for insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I,
glucose, and FFA. Cows given bST injections and producing
equal amounts of milk as control cows did not show major
physiological differences in hormones and metabolites with the
exception of insulin-like growth factor-I.


167 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Identification and partial purification of serum growth
hormone binding protein in domestic animal species.
Davis, S.L.; Graf, M.; Morrison, C.A.; Hall, T.R.; Swift, P.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 773-780; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Domestic animals; Somatotropin; Binding proteins;
Blood serum; Assays; Activity; Species differences

Abstract: The chemical nature and variations in serum
concentrations of growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) from
humans, rabbits, and rodents have been reported. To date
little is known about the GHBP of domestic animals. Therefore,
we initiated these studies to determine whether a serum GHBP
was present in domestic animals and to purify the binding
protein (BP) from serum of selected species. Using a dextran-
coated charcoal separation assay, specific growth hormone (GH)
binding was demonstrated in ovine, bovine, chicken, human,
goose, porcine, and equine serum (listed in sequence from
lowest to highest binding). Variation in BP activity was
relatively high, both within and between species. Yearling
ewes had higher serum GHBP than either prepubertal (4 mo) or
older (5 yr) ewes. The GHBP was partially purified from
chicken, ovine, and porcine serum using GH affinity
chromatography. These BP had high affinity (Ka = 2 X 10(8) to
2 X 10(9) L/mol, depending on species) and low capacity (2 X
10(-10) to 5 X 10(-11) mol/unit of protein) for human GH but
showed lower binding affinity for homologous GH (Ka = 2 X
10(7) L/mol. The porcine GHBP had the highest and ovine GHBP
the lowest affinity for human GH. Other heterologous
somatotropic hormones, ovine placental lactogen, and ovine GH
displayed higher binding affinity to chicken and pig BP than
the respective homologous hormones. Further chromatographic
purification of the porcine GHBP resulted in an additional
1,000-fold purification. The estimated molecular weight of
porcine GHBP is 50,000 to 60,000 Da. These results demonstrate
that the serum from all domestic species tested contains a
specific GH-binding moiety and that under the conditions
described here human GH is a more efficient ligand than the
homologous hormone.


168 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
Immunocytochemical evidence for production of luteinizing
hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in separate cells in
the bovine. Bastings, E.; Beckers, A.; Reznik, M.; Beckers,
J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991
Nov. Biology of reproduction v. 45 (5): p. 788-796; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Bulls; Pituitary; Cells; Lh; Fsh; Hormone
secretion; Cytology; Morphology; Microscopy

Abstract: In all mammalian females, follicular growth and
maturation are essentially dependent on the pituitary
gonadotropins, FSH and LH. These glycoprotein hormones have
many similarities, but their actions, based on high affinity
binding to specific membrane receptors, are quite different.
The purpose of this study was to perform a sensitive
localization of FSH and LH in secretory granules of
gonadotrophs using highly specific antisera. This
morphological study included light microscopy (PAP) and
electron microscopy (immunogold single and double labeling)
procedures. Histologically, approximately 11.5% of cells were
positive for LH, whereas only 5.4% of cells were positive for
FSH. With the electron microscope, single labeling allowed
identification of morphologically distinct LH-containing cells
and FSH-containing cells. Double immunostaining confirmed that
no cells contained both hormones. The finding that FSH and LH
are produced in separate pituitary cells is in agreement with
recent studies that have suggested a specific role and
regulatory process for gonadotropins in the bovine species.


169 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
Immunohistochemical and nucleic acid analysis of somatotropin
receptor populations in the bovine ovary.
Lucy, M.C.; Collier, R.J.; Kitchell, M.L.; Dibner, J.J.;
Hauser, S.D.; Krivi, G.G.
Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 Jun.
Biology of reproduction v. 48 (6): p. 1219-1227; 1993 Jun.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Dairy cows; Ovaries; Somatotropin;
Receptors; Messenger RNA; Corpus luteum

Abstract: Ovaries were analyzed for somatotropin receptor
protein and mRNA through use of immunohistochemistry, solution
hybridization/nuclease protection, Northern blotting, and
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As
indicated by immunoperoxidase staining, CL expressed
immunoreactive somatotropin receptor (positive stain). Ovarian
stroma, connective tissue, endothelium, and erythrocytes did
not express somatotropin receptor (negative stain). Within the
CL, somatotropin receptor protein was expressed primarily in
large luteal cells whereas small luteal cells were negative.
Most follicles (1-5 mm, after fixation) were negative for
somatotropin receptor. On the basis of solution
hybridization/nuclease protection. the mRNA for somatotropin
receptor was found in greatest abundance in CL and large
luteal cells and was nearly undetectable in small luteal cells
or follicles (class 1, 3- 5 mm; class 2, 6-9 mm; and class 3,
greater than or equal to 10 mm). Northern blotting of mRNA for
somatotropin receptor showed expression of somatotropin
receptor mRNA transcripts in whole ovary (4.7 and 4.4 kb), CL
(4.7 and 4.4 kb), and liver (4.4 kb); and RT-PCR amplified a
single amino acid coding region for somatotropin receptor in
CL and liver. In summary, somatotropin receptor (both
immunoreactive protein and mRNA) is found primarily in the
large luteal cell, and lesser amounts of the expressed
receptor or its message are found in the follicle. Alternative
sizes of mRNA for somatotropin receptor suggest novel mRNA
processing in the bovine ovary.


170 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Impact of bovine somatotropin on dairying in eastern Europe.
Skarda, J.; Mader, H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 72-82; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk
yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Body weight; Controlled
release; Blood composition; Female fertility; Mastitis;
Individual quarters; Infections; Adipose tissue; Lipogenesis


171 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Impact on bovine somatotropin administration beginning at day
70 of lactation on serum metabolites, milk constituents, and
production in cows previously exposed to exogenous
somatotropin.
Lean, I.J.; Baldwin, R.L.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Galland,
J.C.; Farver, T.B.; Rostami, J.; Weaver, L.D.; Holmeberg, C.A.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
1992 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (5):
p. 731-741; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum;
Metabolites; Milk composition; Milk production; Energy
balance; Milk fat percentage; Ketosis; Ketonemia; Body
condition

Abstract: Metabolic and production responses are reported for
72 cows treated with bovine somatotropin (BST) for 30 days
starting at day 70 of lactation. Of these 72 cows, 48 had been
exposed in the preceding lactation to long-term treatment with
BST at 3 dosages and 24 (controls) had not been given BST.
Approximately half of the cows in each group were parity-2
cows, the rest were older. Comparisons between groups were
made separately for parity-2, and older cows. Analyses, using
pretreatment values of each variable as a covariate, indicated
that older cows, but not parity-2 cows, significantly (P <
0.05) increased milk production during treatment. Parity-2
cows, however, had a significantly higher milk fat percentage
than controls following treatment. Cows treated with 51.6 or
86 mg BST/d in both parity groups has significantly higher
serum-free fatty acids than controls. Estimated net energy
balances were significantly lower for older treated cows, but
did not significantly differ from controls from for parity-2
treated cows. Older cows in the 86 mg of BST/d group tended to
have higher concentrations of blood glucose than did older
control-group cows. Treatment with BST did not significantly
increase serum ketone concentrations in any group of animals,
and none of the cows developed clinical ketosis during this
period. Estimated net energy balance (ENEB) during treatment
was a significant (P < 0.05) covariate for free fatty acid
concentrations in older cows and for milk fat percentage in
parity-2 cows. Covariate adjusted analyses, using ENEB during
treatment as a covariate, indicated that lipolytic stimuli
already acting may be enhanced by treatment with BST, but a
negative energy balance was not a necessary precondition for
free fatty acid concentrations to increase following
somatotropin treatment. Similarly, milk fat percentages for
parity-2 treated cows were significantly (P < 0.05) higher
during treatment than controls when ENEB during treatment was
used as a covari


172 NAL Call. No.: HD1775.O5C87
Impacts of bST adoption under alternative national dairy
policies. Peel, D.S.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Dec.
Current farm economics - Agricultural Experiment Station,
Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University v. 64 (4):
p. 30-43; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Oklahoma; Somatotropin; Dairy industry;
Innovation adoption; Economic impact; Marketing policy;
Federal programs; Econometric models; Simulation models; Milk
production; Milk supply; Milk prices


173 NAL Call. No.: HD9001.N46 no.29
Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock sector.
Peterson, E. B.
University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center
Storrs, Conn. : Food Marketing Policy Center, Dept. of
Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of
Connecticut,; 1992.
29 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (NE-165 private strategies, public
policies and food system performance. Working paper series ;
WP-29). June 1992. Includes bibliographical references (p.
22-24).

Language: English; English

Descriptors: Dairying; Pork industry and trade; Bovine
somatotropin; Porcine somatotropin


174 NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A56
Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock
sectors. Peterson, E.B.; Preckel, P.V.; Hertel, T.W.; McGuirk,
A.M. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley; 1992 Jul.
Agribusiness v. 8 (4): p. 287-307; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry;
Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Growth promoters; Economic
impact; Sectoral analysis; Domestic markets; Demand; Feeds;
Food processing; Retail marketing; International trade; Food
production; Agricultural prices; Marketing channels


175 NAL Call. No.: 1 Ag84Ab no.626
Implications of new technology for the livestock sector animal
growth hormones.
McClelland, John; Kuchler, Fred; Reilly, John
Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service,; 1991. 18 p. ; 28 cm. (Agriculture information
bulletin ; no. 626). Caption title. September 1991. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 18).

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovine somatotropin; Porcine
somatotropin


176 NAL Call. No.: SF221.D342
Industry perspective on the BST issue.
Hecht, D.W.
Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and
Environmental Sanitarians, Inc; 1991 Sep.
Dairy, food and environmental sanitation v. 11 (9): p.
499-500, 502; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy industry; Milk products; Dairy cows;
Somatotropin; Dairy farming


177 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Influence of bovine somatotropin and nutrition on production
and composition of milk from dairy cows.
Austin, C.L.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Casper, D.P.; Cleale, R.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3920-3932; 1991
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nutrient density; Crude
protein; Dietary protein; Dietary fat; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Dry matter; Feed intake; Fatty acids; Body
weight; Amino acids; Blood serum

Abstract: Forty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in
an experiment with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments
to study interactions of bST and nutrient density during wk 5
through 20 postpartum. Main effects were bST (0 or 10.3 mg/d)
and diet (control or high protein and energy). The control
diet was formulated to contain 16.3% CP and 1.65 Mcal of
NE(L)/kg of DM; the high protein and energy diet was
formulated to contain 18% CP and 1.74 Mcal of NE(L)/kg of DM
with additional energy as fat from extruded soybeans and
calcium salts of fatty acids. Diet ratios were 50:25:25 for
concentrate:alfalfa hay:corn silage (DM basis). Bovine
somatotropin increased milk production (40.9 vs. 37.9 kg/d)
and production of 4% FCM (35.7 vs. 32.3 kg/d). The high
protein and energy diet increased milk production (40.3 vs.
38.5 kg/d); 4% FCM production was higher for high protein and
energy plus bST (36.0 kg) than without bST (33.6 kg).
Percentage of milk fat was not affected by treatment.
Percentage of milk protein was reduced with the high protein
and energy diet, presumably because of the added fat, but this
reduction was less with high protein and energy plus bST. Dry
matter intake was not significantly elevated by bST (23.1 vs.
22.8 kg/d) but was lower for high protein and energy (22.0 vs.
23.8 kg/d). Increased dietary protein and energy with bST
augmented the total milk production response.


178 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Influence of bovine somatotropin on the composition and
manufacturing properties of milk.
Laurent, F.; Vignon, B.; Coomans, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Bonnel,
A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2226-2234; 1992
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition;
Cheese milk; Milk yield; Feed intake; Concentrates; Body
weight; Liveweight gain; Fatty acids; Milk proteins; Micelles;
Cheesemaking

Abstract: Three studies (84, 140, and 200 d) were performed
to examine the effect of injecting dairy cows with various
doses (0, 320, 640, or 960 mg/28 d; 0 or 640 mg/28 d; 0, 320
mg/14 d, or 320 or 640 mg/28 d) of bST on milk production,
composition, and manufacturing properties. Mean bST response
among studies on milk production varied from 0 (trial 1) to
7.3% (trial 2) and from 8.5 to 14.2% (trial 3) in relation to
feeding conditions. Neither milk fat nor protein percentages
in milk at time of maximum response were affected by the use
of bST. Distribution of casein and protein in the whey was not
affected by the treatments at any time. The nature of fatty
acids varied more with time after injection than with bST
doses. Neither coagulation time, standard curd firmness, nor
soft or pressed cheese yields were affected by the treatments.


179 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Influence of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the
responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogen.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.;
Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 916-928; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nontarget effects;
Immune response; Lymphocytes; Mitosis; Insulin-like growth
factor; Lymphocyte transformation; Concanavalin a

Abstract: Our objectives were to determine the effects of
exogenous bovine somatotropin on peripheral blood lymphocyte
responsiveness to mitogen and on concentrations of serum
insulin-like growth factor-I and to determine whether a
statistical relationship exists between these two variables.
The cows on trial were treated with 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg/d
somatotropin, starting between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and
continuing for 266 consecutive d. Lymphocyte proliferation
(counts per minute) and concentration of insulin-like growth
factor-I (nanograms per milliliter) were recorded from blood
sampled at wk 3, 10, 26, 35, and 46 of lactation. The results
showed that lymphocytes from the blood of treated cows
responded to mitogen with higher proliferative responsiveness
than cells from control cows, but that this effect required
long-term treatment and adequate mitogen concentrations to be
detected. The blood of treated cows also had elevated
concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I relative to
that of control cows, but these were not statistically
associated with the proliferative responsiveness of the
peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogen. Our results suggest
that somatotropin has a role in the immune system of cows, but
its mode of action and target tissues must be determine.
Bovine somatotropin, injected at doses that increase milk
yield, can augment cow immunity as judged by the proliferative
responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture.


180 NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis stp parc
Influence of genetics and sex on plasma growth hormone in
Holstein cattle to one year of age.
Parchuri, Nandakishore
1991; 1991.
xii, 167 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Includes bibliographical
references.

Language: English


181 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
Influence of nutrition and bovine growth hormone (GH) on
hepatic GH binding, insulin-like growth factor-I and growth of
lambs.
Bass, J.J.; Oldham, J.M.; Hodgkinson, S.C.; Fowke, P.J.;
Sauerwein, H.; Molan, P.; Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Feb.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (2): p. 181-186; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Animal nutrition; Insulin-
like growth factor; Liver; Binding; Growth; Carcass
composition; Liveweight gain; Blood chemistry; Blood sugar

Abstract: The effect on young lambs of 0.25 mg recombinant
bovine GH (bGH)/kg per day on plasma concentrations of
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), glucose, specific
hepatic GH binding and body composition changes was examined
at two levels of nutrition (lucerne pellets; 3 and 1.7% of
body weight/day). Lambs on low levels of nutrition had low
plasma IGF-I (P<0.001). Plasma concentrations of IGF-I were
increased by bGH treatment at both levels of nutrition, with
the high nutrition group showing the greatest IGF-I response
after 3 and 40 days of bGH treatment. Plasma glucose, after 40
days, was higher overall (P<0.05) in lambs on high nutrition.
bGH treatment increased plasma glucose, with the response
being greater in the well-fed lambs. Specific binding of GH to
liver membranes was highest in lambs on high nutrition and on
bGH treatment; no significant interaction between nutrition
and bGH treatment was detected, indicating that specific
binding of GH was increased proportionally by bGH at both
nutritional levels. The major change in body composition was
the reduced level of fatness in lambs treated with bGH. There
was no significant effect of bGH on body weight although bGH
treatment tended to increase weight gain of well-fed lambs and
decreased weight loss of poorly nourished lambs. The results
show that, although there was a significant P<0.05)
bGH/nutrition interaction for IGF-I there was no such
interaction for body weight/components or specific GH binding
to the liver. The results indicate that an increase in plasma
IGF-I does not necessarily result in increases in growth or
changes in carcass composition.


182 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
Influence of protein nutrition on the response of growing
lambs to exogenous bovine growth hormone.
MacRae, J.C.; Bruce, L.A.; Hovell, F.D.D.; Hart, I.C.;
Inkster, J.; Walker, A.; Atkinson, T.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Jul.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 130 (1): p. 53-61; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Cattle; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Insulin; Glucose; Protein; Infusion; Nutrient
availability; Nitrogen balance; Nitrogen retention; Protein
metabolism; Anabolism

Abstract: Interactions between protein supply and the
anabolic response to exogenous bovine (b) GH have been
examined in two experiments using 28-35 kg lambs sustained
entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (700
kJ/kg W(0.75) per day) into the rumen and the casein (600 mg
(low protein; LP) or 1200 mg (high protein; HP)/kg W(0.75) per
day) into the abomasum. Sheep received continuous i.v.
infusions of bGH for 6 days in experiment 1 and for 18 days in
experiment 2. Nitrogen balances were determined daily
throughout both experiments and blood samples, from indwelling
catheters, were assayed for GH, insulin-like growth factor-I
(IGF-I), insulin and glucose. Infusion of bGH increased plasma
GH concentration by five- to sixfold in all animals. There was
an increase in N retention in both HP and LP animals over the
first 2-3 days of GH administration. HP animals sustained
higher N retentions (31%; P<0.05) throughout the GH
administration but LP animals did not. In contrast, plasma
IGF-I concentrations increased progressively over the first 72
to 96 h of GH administration in all sheep and thereafter
remained significantly (P<0.05) elevated until termination of
the GH infusion. In lambs which received both HP and LP
infusions in experiment 1 the increase in IGF-I concentration
by day 6 of GH administration was significantly (P<0.05)
greater when they received the higher protein intake. Plasma
insulin concentrations increased rapidly (P<0.05) with the
onset of GH administration to levels which were 2.5 (LP)- and
4.8 (HP)-fold greater than those observed in the pre- and
post-GH periods. Glucose concentration also increased during
GH administration (P<0.05), by 35% in LP animals and by 58% in
HP animals. High protein availability appeared necessary to
sustain a protein anabolic response where lambs received
exogenous GH infusions, even though plasma IGF-I
concentrations were elevated on both high and low protein
treatments.


183 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Influence of recombinant bovine somatotropin (Sometribove) on
mononuclear cells during the nonlactating period.
Torre, P.M.; Lewis, M.J.; Ingle, T.L.; Oliver, S.P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 983-991; 1993 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Mammary
glands; Lymphocytes; Immunostimulation; Interleukin 2;
Mitogens; Lymphocyte transformation

Abstract: Recombinant bST was evaluated as a potential
immunoenhancer of bovine peripheral blood and mammary gland
mononuclear cells during the nonlactating period. Cows (n = 4
per group) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1)
untreated, 2) treated with recombinant bST during lactation
only, 3) treated with recombinant bST during the nonlactating
period only, and 4) treated with recombinant bST during
lactation and the nonlactating period. Recombinant bST
treatment during the nonlactating period had no effect on
proliferation of bovine blood or mammary gland mononuclear
cells in response to stimulation by mitogens or allogeneic
cells. Recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating
period enhanced interleukin-2 secretion by mononuclear cells
isolated from cows treated also with recombinant bST during
lactation. However, recombinant bST treatment during the
nonlactating period had little effect on interleukin-2
secretion by mononuclear cells from cows not treated with
recombinant bST during lactation. Results of this study
suggest that recombinant bST alters effector functions rather
than proliferation of bovine mononuclear cells.


184 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Influence of somatotropin treatment of lactating cows on
maintenance energy expenditures.
McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; MacLeod, G.K.; Early, R.J.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 413-416; 1992
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Energy
expenditure; Skeletal muscle; Ion transport; Protein
synthesis; Ions; Sodium; Potassium


185 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Influence of source of rumen-degraded nitrogen on ruminal and
whole tract digestion, plasma hormone and metabolite
concentrations as well as milk yield and composition in dairy
cows.
Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 417-428; 1991
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Nonprotein nitrogen; Digestion; Rumen
digestion; Barley; Urea; Milk yield; Milk composition;
Insulin; Glucagon; Somatotropin; Somatostatin; Glucose


186 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in ruminants
and their nutritional regulation.
McGuire, M.A.; Vicini, J.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Veenhuizen, J.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2901-2910; 1992
Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Insulin-like growth factor; Lactation; Dry
period; Milk yield; Binding proteins; Somatomedin; Nutrition;
Literature reviews

Abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are important
mediators of growth, lactation, reproduction, and health.
Considerable information on their role in ruminant animals has
been learned in the past several years, but the precise
mechanisms of their action are not known. The exact biological
response of target cells is undoubtedly determined by the
developmental state of the cell and synergism with other
growth factors. Overall, somatomedins and their binding
proteins seem to be major links between cellular developmental
processes and nutrient supply. The mechanism by which
nutrients control biological actions of somatomedins is not
known but clearly involves the synthesis of IGF, as well as
their binding proteins and receptors. In ruminants, severe
feed restriction decreases circulating concentrations of IGF-
I, whereas subtle alterations typical of those that occur in
production systems have minimal effect. However, the responses
of IGF to somatotropin are affected by modest alterations in
nutritional status, including differences in nutritional
status that are typically encountered in animal production
systems.


187 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Interactions of heat stress and bovine somatotropin affecting
physiology and immunology of lactating cows.
Elvinger, F.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 449-462; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Milk
yield; Body temperature; Mammary glands; Lymphocytes; Immune
response; Environmental temperature; Hydrocortisone; Cell
counting

Abstract: During summer, 34 cows received daily injections of
placebo or 25 mg of bST and were placed in a thermoregulated
or a heat stress environment. Heat stress increased rectal
temperatures, respiration rates, and plasma cortisol
concentrations and decreased milk yield. Four of 9 bST-treated
cows and none of 8 control cows became atactic on the 1st d of
heat stress. When exposed to beat stress, cows treated with
bST experienced higher rectal temperatures throughout the
trials than cows treated with placebo. Nonetheless, bST
increased milk yields in both environments. The major effect
of heat stress on immune function was decreased migration of
leukocytes to the mammary gland after chemotactic challenge.
This effect of heat stress was not altered by bST. In summary,
hyperthermia induced by beat stress and associated changes
were greater for cows treated with bST. Detected effects of
heat stress on the immune system were few and were not
alleviated by bST. Use of bST during summer in subtropical
climate zones requires careful management to avoid
overexposure of bST-treated cows to heat stress.


188 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6
Introducing foods produced using biotechnology: the case of
bovine somatotropin.
McGuirk, A.M.; Preston, W.P.; Jones, G.M.
Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul.
Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern
Agricultural Economics Association v. 24 (1): p. 209-223; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Virginia; Somatotropin; Milk consumption; Demand;
Consumer attitudes; Household surveys; Biotechnology;
Demography; Case studies

Abstract: A mailed questionnaire was used to assess consumer
concerns and potential consumption response attributable to
the introduction of bovine somatotropin (bST). Responses from
605 households in Virginia are described and analyzed. Logit
models were estimated to identify which issues shape
consumers' decisions to alter milk purchases contingent on the
introduction of bST and to determine whether socioeconomic
characteristics explain consumers' attitudes toward these
issues. Estimates based on survey responses point toward
sizable reductions in fluid milk purchases if bST is
introduced. Large retail price reductions are predicted to be
insufficient to offset these estimated decreases. Consumer
education and marketing strategies are discussed.


189 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 SY8
Is Monsanto burning money in its biotech barn?.
Siler, J.F.; Crey, J.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Sep02.
Business week (3229): p. 74-75; 1991 Sep02.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Milk
production; Pigmeat; Research support; Product development


190 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
Just say no to milk hormones.
Stauber, J.C.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 9-11, 13; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk products; Biotechnology


191 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Kinetics of amino acid extraction by lactating mammary glands
in control and sometribove-treated Holstein cows.
Hanigan, M.D.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Reis, B.L.;
Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p.
161-173; 1992 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Mammary glands; Amino
acids; Arteries; Veins; Regression analysis; Equations

Abstract: Studies of mammary arteriovenous difference were
conducted on multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 21) on d
35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation to examine kinetic
relationships between arterial concentration and mammary gland
extraction of AA. Additionally, these cows were paired by
previous lactational performance and assigned to bST-treated
or control groups to examine the effect of bST treatment on AA
concentration and extraction by lactating mammary glands.
Treated cows were injected daily with 40 mg of recombinant bST
from d 71 through 126 of lactation. Arterial concentrations of
Asp, Ser, Asn, Gly, beta-aminoisobutyrate, and Met were
increased. Concentrations of Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Orn, and Lys
were decreased in bST-treated cows compared with controls.
Increased extractions of Asp and Met by mammary glands in
treated versus control cows were correlated positively with
treatment-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these
AA. However, increased mammary extractions of Arg,
cystathionine, Leu, and Lys by bST-treated compared with
control cows were not correlated with bST-induced changes in
arterial concentrations of these AA. Extractions of Asn, His,
Thr, Arg, Tyr, Met, cystathionine, cystine, Ile, Phe, Orn,
Glu, Gly, Tau, Cit, Leu, and Val were correlated linearly with
arterial concentrations (r2 > .15) of each AA. Extractions of
Asp, Glu, Ser, Asn, Gly, Gln, Tau, His, Cit, Thr, Pro, Tyr,
Val, cystine, Ile, Leu, Trp, Orn, and Lys also were correlated
with arteriovenous differences of Met.


192 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Lactation, health, and reproduction of dairy cows receiving
daily injection of sustained-release somatotropin.
Zhao, X.; Burton, J.H.; McBride, B.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 3122-3130; 1992
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Subcutaneous injection;
Controlled release; Milk composition; Milk yield; Lactation
number; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Body weight;
Animal health; Animal welfare; Reproductive performance; Drug
formulations

Abstract: Seventy-four Holstein cows (26 primiparous) were
utilized to compare the efficacy and safety of sustained-
release versus daily injectable formulations of recombinant
bST. Twenty-four control cows were injected biweekly with oil
microsphere; 25 cows were injected biweekly with 350 mg of bST
microsphere; and 25 cows were injected daily with 10.3 mg of
bST. Injections were initiated between wk 4 and 5 of lactation
and continued for 280 d. Administration of bST caused a
moderate increase in milk and FCM production and improved the
efficiency of feed and energy conversions. Most health-related
and reproduction-related variables did not differ among
treatment groups. However, incidence of teat and udder
disorders and feet and leg problems tended to be higher during
the 40-wk injection period for the bST-treated cows than for
the control cows. Incidence of GnRH therapy and number of days
to first service were higher for daily bST-treated cows than
for controls. No differences existed between sustained-release
and daily bST-treated cows for any parameters monitored.


193 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Lactation response and body composition of cows receiving
somatotropin and three ratios of forage to concentrate.
McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Spike, T.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3095-3102; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body composition;
Lactation stage; Energy content; Energy intake; Forage;
Protein concentrates; Body fat; Milk yield; Body protein

Abstract: Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were used to
determine the effect of ration energy density and bST on
lactation performance and whole body chemical composition.
Seventy-eight cows, averaging 43.6 d postpartum, were assigned
for 168 d to TMR with forage: concentrate ratios of 40:60,
50:50, and 60:40 (DM basis). Half of the cows on each ration
received subcutaneously either 0 or 640 mg bST/28 d. Whole
body chemical composition was determined by comparative
slaughter in 12 cows (average = 35.9 d postpartum) prior to
initiation of treatment and in 35 cows after either 84 or 168
d of treatment. Net energy intake was greater for 40:60 ad
50:50 than for 60:40. Milk fat percentage was reduced in cows
fed 40:60. Ration did not affect milk, 3.5% FCM, and DMI.
There were no differences among rations for total body fat,
protein, water, and calories. The bST increased milk and 3.5%
FCM but had no effect on DM and net energy intakes. Yield of
3.5% FCM by cows receiving bST and fed 40:60 was 1.9 kg/d more
and for 50:50 it was 2.7 kg/d more than for those fed 60:40.
Administration of bST reduced total body fat and calories but
did not affect protein and water. Partitioning of calories to
milk at the expense of fat deposition is the primary mechanism
for the galactopoietic action of bST.


194 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Lactational response of Jersey cows to bovine somatotropin
administered daily or in a sustained-release formulation.
Jenny, B.F.; Grimes, L.W.; Pardue, F.E.; Rock, D.W.;
Patterson, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p.
3402-3407; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion;
Controlled release; Injection; Body weight; Body condition;
Bovine mastitis

Abstract: Twenty-four Jersey cows were administered either 0
or 15.5 mg of bST/d or 310 mg of bST/14 d to determine the
effect on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, and body
weight. Administration of bST was from wk 14 through 42
postpartum. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed for
ad libitum intake a TMR adjusted to one of two energy protein
densities according to milk yield. Milk yield of cows
administered bST daily or by sustained-release vehicle
increased 27.6 and 24.7%, respectively, over that of control
cows; FCM increased by 30.3 and 26.7%. Percentages of fat and
protein in milk were unaffected by bST treatment. Dry matter
intake of cows administered bST was greater than that of
control cows, whether expressed as kilograms per day or as a
percentage of body weight. Apparent efficiency of yield
increased in cows administered bST. No significant change in
body weight occurred; however, cows administered bST had lower
body condition scores at 42 wk postpartum. This trial
demonstrated comparable effects of bST on lactational
performance when administered daily or in a 14-d sustained-
release vehicle.


195 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary
fat and receiving bovine somatotropin.
Stegeman, G.A.; Casper, D.P.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Baer, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1936-1945; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary fat; Somatotropin; Sunflower
seeds; Safflower seed; Unsaturated fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk
composition; Diet; Fatty acids; Milk proteins; Milk yield;
Rumen fermentation

Abstract: Feeding unsaturated dietary fat to lactating dairy
cows receiving bST may effectively alter the fatty acid
composition of milk fat This was tested using 16 Holstein cows
assigned to one of four treatments during midlactation.
Treatments were control, control diet with 15.5 mg of bST/d
per cow, dietary fat from sunflower seeds and bST, or dietary
fat from safflower seeds and bST. Diets were formulated to
contain 19% CP and contained 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay,
and 50% concentrate mix on a DM basis. Milk yield was not
significantly higher when bST was administered and increased
with added fat diets (29.5, 32.7, 40.0, and 34.1 kg/d for the
control, control with bST, sunflower seed with bST, and
safflower seed with bST treatments, respectively). Percentage
of milk fat was similar for aH treatments. Concentrations of
long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids in milk were increased
slightly by bST and substantially with added fat. Milk protein
percentages were not influenced by bST but were reduced by
approximately .2 unit with added fat. Added unsaturated
dietary fat coupled with bST increased milk yield and produced
a greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in milk.


196 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Leaving bST decisions to farmers, Wisconsin governor ends
moratorium. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec16.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (24): p. 4; 1991 Dec16.

Language: English

Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Regulations


197 NAL Call. No.: QH585.A1I58
Lipid synthesis by co-cultures of mammary, liver, and adipose
tissue explants from sometribove (recombinant methionyl bovine
somatotropin)-treated dairy cows.
Keys, J.E.; Capuco, A.V.; Wood, D.L.
Columbia, Md. : The Association; 1991 Mar.
In vitro cellular & development biology : journal of the
Tissue Culture Association v. 27A (3,pt.1): p. 249-252; 1991
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin;
Insulin-like growth factor; Lipogenesis; Explants; Tissue
culture; Mammary glands; Liver; Adipose tissue; Milk
production


198 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45
Livestock growth hormones--they're safe.
Etherton, T.D.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association;
1992. Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues
v. 7 (1): p. 11-13; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Dairy cows; Meat animals; Pigs;
Residues; Food safety


199 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Long-term effects of sometribove in lactating cows during a
fourth consecutive lactation of treatment: insulin and
somatotropin responses to glucose infusion.
Adriaens, F.A.; Miller, M.A.; Hard, D.L.; Weller, R.F.; Hale,
M.D.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 472-480; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Blood
sugar; Glucose tolerance test; Infusion; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Dry matter; Feed intake; Insulin; Blood; Body
temperature; Heart rate; Respiration rate

Abstract: The effect of sometribove (USAN, methionyl bST) on
the endocrine pancreas and blood bST concentrations was
investigated in 6 control and 6 treated Friesian cows,
averaging 111 and 118 d postpartum in their fourth lactation
of treatment. Each lactation the treated cows received
sometribove injections (500 mg) every 2 wk (injection cycle)
starting 60 +/- 3 d postpartum, increasing milk yield 3.3,
5.9. 1.9, and 4.2 kg/d in lactations 1, 2, 3, and 4,
respectively. On d 8 of a fourth lactation injection cycle,
blood was sampled for 390 min, starting 30 min before an
intravenous glucose infusion (100 mg/kg) over a 20-min period.
Preinfusion concentrations of glucose, insulin, md bST were
elevated in sometribove-treated cows versus controls: 82.1
versus 74.4 mg/dl 28.1 versus 19.7 microIU/ml and 4.6 versus
.9 ng/ml respectively. Glucose infusion resulted in a rapid
increase in blood glucose and insulin concentrations, followed
by a sharp decline to preinfusion values across both
treatments, resulting in similar net area under the curves for
glucose and insulin. Blood bST concentrations remained
unchanged. This study supports the concept that sometribove
increases milk yield in dairy cows by chronically influencing
homeorhetic mechanisms.


200 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin.
Crooker, B.A.; Otterby, D.E.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1991 Jul.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice
v. 7 (2): p. 417-437; 1991 Jul. In the series analytic: Dairy
nutrition management / edited by C. J. Sniffen and T. H.
Herdt. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Cattle
husbandry; Mode of action; Animal nutrition; Body weight; Body
condition; Animal health; Reproduction


201 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6
Market impacts of bovine somatropin: a supply and demand
analysis. Kaiser, H.M.
Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul.
Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern
Agricultural Economics Association v. 24 (1): p. 271-282; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk supply; Economic impact;
Demand; Milk marketing; Econometric models; Milk prices;
Validity

Abstract: The potential economic impacts of the introduction
of bovine somatotropin (bST) on U.S. milk supply and demand
are analyzed using a national model of Class I and Class II
milk markets. The results indicate that the introduction of
bST will lead to lower milk prices, higher milk production,
and larger government purchases of dairy products. Unlike
previous economic analyses of bST, this analysis considers
both supply and demand effects of bST. The implication is that
studies that ignore potential demand-side effects may produce
misleading results.


202 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Metabolic responses to exogenous bovine somatotropin in
Friesian cows of low or high genetic merit.
Michel, A.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Mackenzie, D.D.S.; Tait, R.M.;
Wickham, B.W. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991
Apr.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (2): p. 293-306; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Glucose; Insulin; Epinephrine;
Somatotropin; Genetics; Insulin-like growth factor; Metabolism


203 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
Milk safety and the use of BST in dairy industry.
Cady, R.A.; Hillers, V.
Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1991 May.
Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative
Extension Service v.): 4 p.; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Gene splicing; Milk
yield; Food safety


204 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Milk yield, health, and reproduction of dairy cows given
somatotropin (Somavubove) beginning early postpartum.
Stanisiewski, E.P.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale, J.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2149-2164; 1992
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage
effects; Conception rate; Body condition; Lactation stage;
Diet; Estrus

Abstract: Cows (n = 210) were assigned to the following
treatments: uninjected controls through 130 d postpartum; zero
to high, uninjected through 60 d then injected with 14 mg of
bST/d from 61 through 130 d postpartum; low, 5 mg of bST/d
from 14 through 130 d postpartum; low to high, 5 mg of bST/d
from 14 through 60 d then 14 mg of bST/d from 61 through 130 d
postpartum; and high, 14 mg of bST/d from 14 through 130 d
postpartum, Cows given 5 mg of bST/d (low and low to high
treatments) yielded 1.2 kg of FCM/d more and high group cows
yielded 1.3 kg of FCM/d more than control cows between 14 and
60 d postpartum. Cows given bST yielded 2.7 to 4.1 kg of FCM/d
more than control cows during 61 to 130 d postpartum. Overall,
control cows yielded 35.1 kg of FCM/d, and bST-dosed cows
yielded 2.2 to 3.2 kg/d more FCM. Low group cows had improved
pregnancy rate (80.0%) and conception rate (82.2%) compared
with high group cows (57.2 and 60.3%). Neither pregnancy
(70.0%) nor conception rates (71.5%) of controls differed from
other groups. However, low group cows had first service
conception rate of 57.8% compared with 34.3% for high and
38.2% for low to high group cows. First postpartum estrus was
observed in high group cows about 13 to 16 d later than in low
and low to high group cows, whereas low group cows came into
first estrus 9 d sooner than controls. Cows of high group had
lower body condition than controls (2.5 vs. 2.9), but other
groups did not differ (2.7 to 2.9) from controls. Health was
not adversely affected. Early postpartum bST administration at
5 mg/d increases FCM and, perhaps, reproductive performance of
dairy cattle compared with herdmates.


205 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Milk yield of dairy cows receiving somatotropin (somavubove)
daily with periodic 14-day interruption.
Stanisiewski, E.P.; Meeuwse, D.M.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale,
J.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association;
1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4195-4201;
1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield;
Intramuscular injection; Timing

Abstract: Thirty multiparous (cows) and 15 primiparous
(heifers) lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 112-d study
to examine the effects of pattern of administration of
recombinantly derived bST on 3.5% FCM yield. Ten cows and 5
heifers each received either no injection (controls), 14 mg of
bST daily, or four repetitions of 14 mg of bST/d for 14 d
followed by 14 d of no injection (intermittent bST). Because
there was an interaction between treatment groups and parity,
analyses were performed separately for cows and heifers. All
cows and heifers produced more FCM when given bST than
controls. Comparing FCM only during the last 7 d of each
period of injection for the intermittent bST group with
contemporary daily injected cattle indicated that cows
produced equivalent amounts of milk at those times, whereas
heifers given daily bST produced 3.4 kg/d more than
intermittently injected animals. Furthermore, over each of the
four repetitive periods, cows and heifers given daily or
intermittent bST responded similarly, although heifers given
continuous bST produced more FCM than the intermittent group
during each of periods 2 through 4. We conclude that daily
administration of bST lends itself to dosing termination
during established lactation with concomitant decline of FCM;
resumption of bST allows milk yields of cows to achieve levels
comparable with those prior to short-term interruption.


206 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
Milk yield responses to sequential treatments with recombinant
bovine somatotrophin and frequent milking in lactating goats.
Knight, C.H.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 May.
Journal of dairy research v. 59 (2): p. 115-122; 1992 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milking
interval; Mode of action; Mammary glands; Insulin-like growth
factor


207 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Milk yields and hormone concentrations of Holstein cows in
repsonse to sometribove (somatotropin) treatment during the
dry period. Bachman, K.C.; Wilfond, D.H.; Head, H.H.; Wilcox,
C.J.; Singh, M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p.
1883-1890; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Milk yield;
Lactation curve; Blood serum; Insulin; L-thyroxine;
Triiodothyronine; Prolactin; Insulin-like growth factor

Abstract: Holstein cows (n = 135) under commercial management
were used to determine whether sometribove (recombinant
methionyl bST, 25 mg/d) administered during the dry period
affected milk yield during the ensuing lactation. Cows
scheduled to begin lactations (greater than or equal to 2)
during January to March were assigned randomly to treatments
of sodium bicarbonate excipient (n = 67) or bST (25 mg/d, n =
68). Subcutaneous injections were given for 14 d,
corresponding to d -21 to -7 relative to expected calving
date. Days dry prior to first injection (64.0, 60.2) and
number of injections received (13.9, 13.8) were similar for
control and treatment groups, but days from last injection to
calving (8.8, 7.1) differed. No differences in incidence of
dystocia or udder edema were detected. Previous lactation
yields were 8251 and 7952 kg, and yields for lactations
following treatment were 8328 and 7852 kg, based on complete
lactation data. Mean test date 3.5% FCM yields for control and
treated groups during experimental lactation differed before
(30.3 vs. 28.1 kg) but not after (29.5 vs. 28.4 kg) covariance
adjustment for previous total lactation milk yield. Test of
heterogeneity of regression provided no evidence that
respective curves for FCM yield during lactation were not
parallel or of different magnitude. Elevation of serum bST
during 2 wk of the dry period resulted in no apparent increase
in extent of mammogenesis or lactogenesis that was translated
into an increase in milk yield.


208 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783
Modification of animal growth with growth hormone and insulin-
like growth factors.
Ballard, F.J.; Francis, G.L.; Walton, P.E.; Knowles, S.E.;
Owens, P.C.; Read, L.C.; Tomas, F.M.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1993.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (3): p.
567-577; 1993. In special issue: Quantitative animal
nutrition and metabolism. Literature review. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Pigs; Poultry; Feed conversion
efficiency; Growth; Insulin-like growth factor; Nitrogen
balance; Somatotropin; Man; Rats; Literature reviews


209 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488
Monsanto told to halt promotion of its gene-engineered milk
drug. New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 Feb13.
The New York times. p. A14; 1991 Feb13.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic
engineering


210 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
Monsanto told to stop promoting bovine hormone.
Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Feb18.
Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (7): p. 5; 1991 Feb18.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food
safety


211 NAL Call. No.: A00034
NIH panel gives BST a clean bill of health.
London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Jan.
Biotechnology bulletin v. 9 (12): p. 2-3; 1991 Jan.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Milk
production; Food safety


212 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Northern and in situ hybridization analyses of the effects of
somatotropin on bovine mammary gene expression.
Glimm, D.R.; Baracos, V.E.; Kennelly, J.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2687-2705; 1992
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Rna; Gene expression; Receptors; Mammary tissue;
Northern blotting; Autoradiography; Biochemical techniques

Abstract: We investigated the potential roles of insulin-like
growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor, both
multifunctional regulators of mammary physiology, in
somatotropin-stimulated lactation of dairy cattle. One
insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA (7.4 kb) was detected in
lactating mammary tissue; however, it became undetectable
after somatotropin administration. Four type I insulin-like
growth factor receptor mRNA (11.3, 6.2, 4.9, and 3.3 kb) were
detected in mammary tissue and primarily expressed in alveolar
epithelial cells. All of these receptor mRNA markedly
decreased in mammary tissue from somatotropin-treated animals,
although the cellular distribution pattern of receptor gene
expression did not change. One epidermal growth factor
receptor mRNA (10.5 kb) was present in mammary tissue and
predominantly expressed in alveolar epithelial cells.
Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA decreased after
somatotropin administration. The results from this study are
consistent with the idea that the stimulatory effect of
somatotropin during lactation is in part due to its ability to
regulate the expression of specific genes or the stability of
their mRNA in mammary tissue. The data also suggest roles for
insulin-like growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor, as
well as their homologous receptors, in controlling cellular
changes in the mammary gland during somatotropin-stimulated
lactation.


213 NAL Call. No.: A00062
Now, drink your milk.
Greensboro, N.C. : [Greensboro News & Record, Inc.].; 1991
May09. Greensboro news & record. p. A14; 1991 May09.

Language: English

Descriptors: North Carolina; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Food safety; Genetic engineering; Economic impact; Dairy
farming


214 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Nutrient balance and stage of lactation affect responses of
insulin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-
like growth factor-binding protein 2 to somatotropin
administration in dairy cows.
Vicini, J.L.; Buonomo, F.C.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Miller, M.A.;
Clemmons, D.R.; Collier, R.J.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Oct. The
Journal of nutrition v. 121 (10): p. 1656-1664; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary protein; Energy content;
Somatotropin; Lactation stage; Insulin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Binding proteins

Abstract: Six Holstein cows were used in a complete block
design to examine effects of period of lactation and
somatotropin (bST) administration on concentrations of
insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II), IGF-
binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). During late lactation, the dry
period and the subsequent early lactation, cows received
injections of NaHCO3 buffer for 5 d and bST for 7 d. Cows were
in positive energy and protein balances during late lactation
and the dry period and in slight negative balances during
early lactation. Basal insulin concentrations were highest in
late lactation (170 pmol/L), whereas bST concentrations were
higher in early lactation (0.6 microgram/L). Insulin was
increased by BST in the dry period (255 pmol/L) and late
lactation (149 pmol/L) but not in early lactation (14 pmol/L),
probably because of greater availability of glucose during
positive nutrient balance. Basal IGF-I was lowest in early
lactation (63.6 MA) but was increased by bST during all
periods. The IGF-I response to bST administration was lower
during early lactation (74.1 microgram/L) compared with late
lactation (123.6 microgram/L) arid dry period (146.0
microgram/L). The IGF-I concentrations were not affected by
period of lactation of bST administration but IGF-II tended to
be higher during bST administration when cows were dry.
Concentration of IGFBP-2 was higher during early lactation
when cows were in negative nutrient balance (479.5
microgram/L) than during the dry period (289.2 microgram/L)
arid was decreased with bST. These data support a role of
insulin and IGF in regulation of milk production. Availability
of nutrients may be involved in regulating these hormones,
particularly during bST treatment.


215 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
Nutritional anestrus in beef cows: effects of body condition
and ovariectomy on serum luteinizing hormone and insulin-like
growth factor I. Richards, M.W.; Wettemann, R.P.; Spicer,
L.J.; Morgan, G.L. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of
Reproduction; 1991 Jun. Biology of reproduction v. 44 (6): p.
961-966; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Animal nutrition; Anestrus;
Ovariectomy; Lh; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood serum

Abstract: The objectives of this experiment were to determine
if a postcastration increase in concentrations of LH occurs in
nutritionally anestrous beef cows and to examine the
relationships between body energy reserves and secretion of LH
and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Nonpregnant,
nonlactating, Hereford cows were fed to maintain (M) body
weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and normal estrous
cycles (n = 5) or were fed a restricted (R) diet for 26 wk to
lose BW and BCS and to become anestrus (n = 10). At 5-7 wk
after the initiation of anestrus, R cows were randomly
allotted to be ovariectomized (OVX) via flank incision (n = 5)
or to remain intact (INT, n = 5). OVX was performed when R
cows became anestrous. All M cows were OVX. Serum was
collected frequently the day before and during the first 10
days after OVX, and concentrations of progesterone, estradiol,
LH and IGF-I were quantified. On Day 10 after OVX, 1 mg of
estradiol was injected into 3 cows from each group and serum
was collected for 30 h. After OVX, there was a treatment-by-
day effect for mean serum LH and IGF-I concentrations.
Concentrations of LH increased (p < 0.01) and concentrations
of IGF-I decreased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows when compared with
R-OVX and R-INT cows. Concentrations of LH and IGF-I were
similar for R-OVX and R-INT cows. The number of LH pulses was
similar for M and R cows. Estradiol treatment increased LH
secretion in all M cows but not in all R cows. Concentrations
of IGF-I in serum increased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows after
treatment with estradiol, but IGF-I was not altered by
estradiol treatment of R cows. We conclude that secretion of
LH and IGF-I is greater, before and during the first 10 days
after OVX, in cows fed to maintain BW than in nutritionally
restricted cows that become anestrous. One mechanism by which
reduced body energy reserves decrease secretion of LH may be
independent of ovarian control and may involve decreased IGF-I
secretions. Estradiol can acutely enh


216 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Nutritional implications of bovine somatotropin for the
lactating dairy cow. McGuffey, R.K.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 63-71; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield;
Nutrient requirements; Energy intake; Feed conversion; Energy
metabolism; Literature reviews


217 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Observations on intramammary infection and somatic cell counts
in cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Lissemore, K.D.; Leslie, K.E.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.;
Willan, A.R.; Bateman, K.G.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de
recherche veterinaire v. 55 (2): p. 196-198; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Bovine mastitis;
Udders; Dosage effects; Bacterial count; Lactation stage; Cell
counting


218 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Ontogeny of hepatic bovine growth hormone receptors in cattle.
Badinga, L.; Collier, R.J.; Thatcher, W.W.; Wilcox, C.J.;
Head, H.H.; Bazer, F.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1925-1934; 1991
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Growth factors; Hormone
receptors; Binding site; Blood serum; Liver; Microsomes;
Membranes; Insulin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Age
differences

Abstract: A series of studies examined the binding
characteristics and ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone binding
sites in dairy bulls on d 2, 30, 180, and 365 of age. Binding
of iodinated recombinant bovine growth hormone ([125I]rbGH) to
liver membrane receptors was membrane protein-dependent.
Receptors were considered growth hormone-specific, because
physiological concentrations of bovine prolactin (bPRL) failed
to displace [125I]rbGH from bovine hepatocyte membranes. Only
50% of [125I]rbGH was bound reversibly to hepatic microsomes.
Addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) to the receptor-assay buffer
increased the binding of [1251]rbGH to hepatic membranes in a
time-dependent manner. Moderate concentrations of Ca++ and
Mg++ in the receptor-assay buffer had no detectable effects on
binding of [125I]rbGH to hepatic microsomes. In growing dairy
bulls, specific binding of [125I]rbGH per milligram of
membrane protein increased from 1.9 +/- 1.8% at d 2 to 14.1
+/-1.8% at d 180 and then declined to 5.2 +/- 1.6% at d 365.
Likewise, concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I
in serum was low during the lst mo of age (d 2, 13.3 +/- 8.8
ng/ml; d 30, 9.7 +/- 8.8 ng/ml), but it became maximal at d
180 (151.0 +/- 8.8 ng/ml). Circulating concentrations of IGF-
II increased linearly during the lst yr of growth. Serum
concentrations of GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine declined
from 39.9 +/- 6.5, 2.7 +/-.2, and 75.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml at d 2 to
16.5 +/- 6.5, 1.3 +/- .2, and 53.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml at d 30,
respectively, and remained low through 1 yr of age. Insulin
concentration in serum did not change significantly with
development. Results indicated that increasing concentrations
of specific bGH receptors in the bovine liver may play a key
role in regulating postnatal growth in cattle.


219 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6
Optimal dairy policy with bovine somatotropin.
Tauer, L.W.; Kaiser, H.M.
East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University; 1991 Jan.
Review of agricultural economics v. 13 (1): p. 1-17; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy industry;
Agricultural policy; Production controls; Milk production;
Milk prices; Price support; Government; Removal; Surpluses;
Economic impact; Profitability; Innovation adoption; Social
welfare; Optimization; Dynamic models

Abstract: A control model of the U.S. dairy sector was
constructed to determine optimal policy when bovine
somatotropin is released. Social welfare, defined as consumer
plus producer surplus minus adjustment and net government
costs, was maximized. Control variables were the milk support
price and government purchases of cows. Compared to previous
simulation research where government policy and adoption are
modeled exogenously, the results show that decreases in milk
prices and farm profits are not as severe.


220 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Optimizing heifer growth rates in high-producing dairy herds.
Day, J.D.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Apr.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
veterinarian v. 13 (4): p. 693-696, 698-700; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Growth rate; Body measurements;
Somatotropin; Age at first calving; Economic impact; Body
weight; Case studies; Dairy herds; Milk production


221 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G452
OTA adds its assurance: bovine somatotropin harmless.
Washington, D.C. : Gershon W. Fishbein; 1991 Apr24.
Genetic engineering letter v. 11 (9): p. 2; 1991 Apr24.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Biotechnology


222 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
OTA report clearing bST heats up controversy.
Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 May24.
Nutrition week v. 21 (21): p. 6; 1991 May24.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Residues; Health hazards;
Food safety; Adverse effects; Animal disorders; Milk
production; Farmers' associations; Consumer protection


223 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Ovarian follicular populations in lactating dairy cows treated
with recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) or saline
and fed diets differing in fat content and energy.
Lucy, M.C.; De La Sota, R.L.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1014-1027; 1993
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary fat; Diet; Long
chain fatty acids; Metabolizable energy; Protected fat; Milk
yield; Feed intake; Blood plasma; Metabolites; Estradiol;
Follicles; Size; Ovulation rate

Abstract: Interactions of dietary energy and fat with
recombinant bST (sometribove) injections were tested for their
effects on ovarian function. Lactating dairy cows were fed one
of three diets differing in energy concentration (NE(L)) and
percentage of DM of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids:
diet 1, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 0%; diet 2, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 2.2%;
and diet 3, 1.78 Mcal/kg and 2.2%. Cows were injected daily
with bST or saline during one of two 19-d interestrous periods
(crossover design) in which ovarian follicles were measured by
ultrasonography. The bST-treated cows produced more FCM and
were in lower energy balance than saline-treated cows. Before
d 12 (first follicular wave, estrus = d 0), bST-treated cows
had more ovarian follicles in classes 1 (3 to 5 mm; cows on
diet 3) or 2 (6 to 9 mm; cows on diets 1 and 2) than saline-
treated cows. After d 12 (preovulatory follicular wave),
numbers of follicles in different size classes were similar
for bST-treated and saline-treated cows, but cows fed diet 2
had larger preovulatory follicles. Lower dietary energy and
bST treatment were both associated with larger subordinate
follicles. Ovarian follicles less than 10 mm were stimulated
by bST, and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids increased
diameters of preovulatory follicles.


224 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Partial purification of somatotropin receptors from pig liver:
they arise from a single somatotropin receptor messenger RNA
transcript.
Louveau, I.; Etherton, T.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Nov. Journal of animal science v. 70 (11): p. 3421-3428; 1992
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Liver; Hormone receptors;
Microsomes; Membranes; Messenger RNA; Northern blotting;
Purification

Abstract: Specific binding sites for porcine somatotropin
(pST) have been identified in pig liver microsomal membranes.
Little information, however, is available about the size and
number of ST receptor (ST-R) forms present. Therefore, the
present study was conducted to characterize ST-R in pig liver
using two approaches. In the first set of experiments, cross-
linking of [125I]bST (bovine ST) to microsomal membranes,
followed by gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions,
revealed the presence of a predominant protein of 107 kDa and
four other proteins of 71, 52, 40, and 26 kDa. In a second set
of experiments, ST-R were partially purified using affinity
chromatography. Binding studies indicated that there was an
approximately 1,800-fold purification compared to liver
homogenate. Two specific proteins of 107 and 40 kDa were
detected after crosslinking of [125I]bST to partially purified
ST-R. Northern blot analysis revealed that these proteins
arise by posttranslational modification of a single 4.2-
kilobase somatotropin receptor messenger RNA transcript.
Although the present study indicates that several forms of ST-
R are present in pig liver, it is not clear what physiological
role these different ST-R play in mediating the hepatic
effects of PST. It is evident, however, that the smaller
proteins are generated from the 107-kDa protein, which is the
predominant isoform present in liver microsomal membranes.


225 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating
dairy cows. Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters,
E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p.
3791-3799; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Nutrient uptake;
Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Fatty acids; Equations;
Prediction; Blood sugar; Lactic acid; Acetates; Cholesterol;
3-hydroxybutyric acid; Triacylglycerols

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with
previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to
13,600 kg were used to examine patterns of nutrient uptake by
the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of
lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of
sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group).
Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a
12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression
equations developed to evaluate linear effects of plasma
arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference
across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate,
NEFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial
concentration accounted for over 50% of variation in uptake by
the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal equation fitted
the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma
arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70).
Triacylglyceride concentration was less effective in
predicting uptake (r2 = .25). Administration of bST did not
alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a fourfold increase in
NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this
study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These
observations indicate that plasma concentration of acetate,
NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and triacylglyceride are major
determinants of uptake by the mammary glands. Factors other
than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic
capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow,
determine uptakes of glucose, lactate, and total and free
cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to .03).


226 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating
dairy cows. Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters,
E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p.
3791-3799; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Nutrient uptake;
Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Fatty acids; Equations;
Prediction; Blood sugar; Lactic acid; Acetates; Cholesterol;
3-hydroxybutyric acid; Triacylglycerols

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with
previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to
13,600 kg were used to examine patterns of nutrient uptake by
the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of
lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of
sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group).
Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a
12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression
equations developed to evaluate linear effects of plasma
arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference
across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate,
NEFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial
concentration accounted for over 50% of variation in uptake by
the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal equation fitted
the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma
arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70).
Triacylglyceride concentration was less effective in
predicting uptake (r2 = .25). Administration of bST did not
alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a fourfold increase in
NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this
study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These
observations indicate that plasma concentration of acetate,
NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and triacylglyceride are major
determinants of uptake by the mammary glands. Factors other
than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic
capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow,
determine uptakes of glucose, lactate, and total and free
cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to .03).


227 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Pharmacokinetics of a recombinant bovine growth hormone and
pituitary bovine growth hormone in lactating dairy cows.
Toutain, P.L.; Schams, D.; Laurentie, M.P.; Thomson, T.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1219-1225; 1993
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Pharmacokinetics;
Intravenous injection; Synthetic pituitary hormones;
Bioavailability

Abstract: The disposition of pituitary-derived bovine growth
hormone (pbST) and of a recombinant bovine growth hormone
(rbST) produced by Lilly (somidobove, USAN) were compared
after an intravenous bolus administration (36.69 micrograms/kg
for pbST and 35 micrograms/kg for rbST) to eight lactating
cows in a crossover study. It was shown that dose-dependent
parameters (volume of distribution, clearance) were
significantly different between the two test articles. The
steady mean state volume of distribution (.10 +/- .018 vs .12 +/-
.015 L/kg) and clearance (.119 +/- .012 vs .143 +/-.011 L .
kg-1 . h-1) were lower for the pbST than for the somidobove.
In contrast, the mean (+/- SD) residence times were not
different for the two test articles (50.0 +/- 8.6 vs 46.9 +/-
5.9 min for pbST and somidobove, respectively). The origin of
the difference is unclear, but it cannot be explained by the
slight difference between the administered dose of the two
test articles (< 5%) because the actual dose rate was used to
calculate all dose-dependent parameters.


228 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Physiological responses to somatotropin in the ruminant.
Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Davis, S.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 20-34; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Goats; Sheep; Somatotropin; Mammary
glands; Lactation; Insulin-like growth factor; Lipid
metabolism; Carbohydrate metabolism; Receptors; Literature
reviews


229 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Plasma growth hormone and insulin concentrations in, and free
fatty acid release from adipose tissue cultured in vitro from
Holstein cows to differing cow index during early and late
lactation.
Kazmer, G.W.; Oyler, R.H.
Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 81-86; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Late lactation; Lactation; Adipose tissue;
Tissue culture; Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Insulin; Fatty
acids


230 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Postparturient metabolic and production responses in cows
previously exposed to long-term treatment with somatotropin.
Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Farver, T.B.; Baldwin,
R.L.; Galland, J.C.; Kratzer, D.; Holmberg, C.A.; Weaver, L.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3429-3445; 1991
Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Ketosis; Metabolism;
Body condition; Milk composition; Blood serum; Metabolites;
Body weight; Milk yield

Abstract: Postparturient metabolic and production responses
were studied for 85 multiparous cows consisting of controls
and animals that had been previously exposed to long-term
treatment with bST. Older cows previously exposed to bST at
high doses (51.6 mg/d) had lower milk yields than controls.
However, there were no significant differences compared with
controls in milk yield for lower dose (17.2 mg/d) older cows
or parity 2 cow groups. The bST-treated groups had higher
postpartum DMI, lower serum FFA, lower serum beta-
hydroxybutyrate levels, and higher serum glucose than
controls. Some bST-exposed groups had lower milk fat but
higher milk protein levels. All bST-treated groups had
significantly lower ratios of C8 to C4 to 10 milk fatty acids.
Control cows of both parity groups were in higher body
condition and weighed more than bST-treated cows prior to
calving. The differences in postpartum metabolism may be
attributed to differences in body composition resulting from
BST treatment in the prior lactation, because use of body
condition score prior to calving as a covariate did not
substantially alter responses. The control cows probably had
greater reserves of mobilizable lipid, These contentions are
supported by changes in milk composition for bST-treated cows,
which were consistent with animals of greater appetite,
mobilizing less lipid. The bST-treated cows were probably more
energetically efficient milk producers because, they produced
milk from feed rather than from mobilization of tissue stores.
These data suggest that bST use in a prior lactation may have
potential benefit in reducing risk of metabolic disorders
associated with lipid mobilization in the postparturient
period.


231 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Prediction and characterization of the water sorption isotherm
for bovine somatotropin.
Hageman, M.J.; Possert, P.L.; Bauer, J.M.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p.
342-347; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Stability; Cattle; Drug
formulations; Mathematical models; Water uptake

Abstract: The sorption of water by recombinant bovine
somatotropin (rbSt) solids was described by a sigmoidal-shaped
isotherm. Isotherm predictions based on rbSt's primary
sequence and the H2O binding capacity of various functional
groups provided reasonable estimates of the isotherm,
depending on the rbSt salt used. The isotherms were described
mathematically by the BET and GAB equations, resulting in
"monolayer" values of 5-8 g of H2O/100 g of protein (60-100
mol of H2O/mol of protein), depending on the salt of rbSt. The
isotherms were independent of particle surface area, and
H2O/N2 surface area ratios were greater than 1, both
consistent with the penetration of water into the solid. The
hysteresis in the sorpion-desorption isotherms was consistent
with kinetically metastable states typically observed in
amorphous polymeric systems. The importance of moisture on
rbSt stability was demonstrated and discussed with respect to
potential plasticization of the solid by water.


232 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Preformulation studies oriented toward sustained delivery of
recombinant somatotropins.
Hageman, M.J.; Bauer, J.M.; Possert, P.L.; Darrington, R.T.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p.
348-355; 1992 Feb. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Animal health; Drug formulations;
Recombinant DNA; Literature reviews

Abstract: Preformulation studies supporting development of
sustained-release formulations for bovine (rbSt) and porcine
(rpSt) somatotropins emphasized the importance of protein
stability within the delivery systems following implantation.
Intermolecular dimerization reactions via covalent non-
disulfide crosslinks were more predominant in the solid state
than in solution. Fates of dimerization in the solid increased
upon exposure to increasing relative vapor pressure (rvp) and
lyophilization from solutions of increasing pH. However, the
fractional amount of rbSt lost via dimerization vs other
pathways was independent of rvp and pH. The loss of rbSt
induced by exposure of the solid to dry heat or 60Co
irradiation makes the use of terminal sterilization unlikely.
The dissolution of rpSt was faster than that of rbSt,
consistent with rpSt's greater solubility. However, the
relationship between solubility and dissolution rate for
somatotropins was unclear, and application of conventional
dissolution models/techniques was limited.


233 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
Pure food campaign opens hotline on BGH.
Goonen, A.B.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar08.
Biotech daily v. 2 (136): p. 1, 2; 1993 Mar08.

Language: English

Descriptors: Food safety; Genetic engineering; Somatotropin;
Milk production


234 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Putting the bST human-health controversy to rest.
Miller, H.I.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.
Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 147; 1992 Feb.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant DNA;
Genetic engineering; Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food
and nutrition controversies


235 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 AM34
Recombinant bovine and porcine somatotropin: Safety and
benefits of these biotechnologies.
Etherton, T.D.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Mills, E.W.
Chicago, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Feb.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association v. 93 (2): p.
177-180; 1993 Feb. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Safety; Literature reviews;
Biotechnology; Milk production; Carcass composition; Animal
fat; Meat quality; Cows; Pigs

Abstract: This article reviews the literature about the
safety and benefits of two recombinantly derived proteins,
bovine somatotropin (bST) and porcine somatotropin (pST), that
likely will be used in animal agriculture in the future. When
administered to dairy cows, bST increases milk production per
cow approximately 15% to 20% and improves productive
efficiency approximately 10%. Administration of pST to growing
pigs reduces carcass fat content by as much as 70% to 80% and
improves productive efficiency 15% to 35%. Because meat is a
major source of total fat and saturated fatty acids in the
diets of human beings, pST will allow consumers to include
leaner, more nutrient-dense pork in their diets and still meet
current dietary guidelines. Although these biotechnologies
have not yet received regulatory approval from the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) for commercial use, information
published by the FDA, the National Institutes of Health, the
US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, and the American
Academy of Pediatrics, as well as an extensive body of
scientific evidence, indicate that these products are safe for
the consumer. Nonetheless, it is important that consumers
understand the benefits and safety of these biotechnologies.
Dietitians can play an important role in providing information
to consumers about the safety and benefits of bST and pST.


236 NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3D68 1991
Recombinant bovine growth hormone a consumer's perspective.
Douthitt, Robin A.
Madison, Wis. : Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public
Affairs, University of Wisconsin--Madison,; 1991.
24 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (La Follette issues). Includes
bibliographical references (p. 21-23).

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Consumers' preferences


237 NAL Call. No.: SF243.U54 1992
Recombinant bovine growth hormone FDA approval should be
withheld until the mastitis issue is resolved : report to
Congressional requesters.. FDA approval should be withheld
until the mastitis issue is resolved United States. General
Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. : The Office ; Gaithersburg, MD (P.O. Box
6015, Gaithersburg 20877) : The Office [distributor,; 1992; GA
1.13:PEMD-92-26. 64 p. ; 28 cm. Cover title. August 1992.
GAO/PEMD-92-26. "B-248450"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Mastitis; Milk
contamination; Milk production


238 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Recombinant bovine somatotropin improves growth performance in
finishing beef steers.
Moseley, W.M.; Paulissen, J.B.; Goodwin, M.C.; Alaniz, G.R.;
Claflin, W.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p.
412-425; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage
effects; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Carcass
composition; Carcass yield; Blood serum; Insulin-like growth
factor; Abomasum; Lesions

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the
efficacy of various doses of rbST on ADG and feed efficiency
(FE) and to describe carcass composition changes in finishing
beef steers. In Exp. 1, 96 crossbred beef steers (393 kg)
received daily i.m. injections of buffer or 33, 100, or 300
microgram/kg of BW of rbst (0ST, 33ST, 1OOST, 300ST). In Exp.
2, 200 crossbred beef steers (417 kg) received daily i.m.
injections of buffer or 8.25, 16.5, 33, or 66 microgram/kg of
BW of rbST (0ST, 8.25ST, 16.5ST, 33ST, 66ST). Treatments were
administered until steer BW per pen averaged 540 kg in Exp. 1
and 560 kg in Exp. 2. An 86% concentrate:14% roughage diet was
fed once daily (CP: 16.5% in Exp. 1, 20.2% in Exp. 2). In Exp.
1, growth performance of steers receiving rbst was dose-
dependent; ADG changed linearly (P = .01), DMI decreased
linearly (P = .03), and FE changed quadratically (P < .03).
The 33ST steers responded with improved ADG and FE, 100ST with
improved FE, and 300ST with lower ADG and poorer FE, compared
with 0ST. In Exp. 2, the ADG response was quadratic (P = .01),
DMI decreased linearly (P = .003), and FE improved
quadratically (P = .004) with increasing dose of rbst. Steers
receiving 16.5ST and 33ST responded with improved ADG and FE,
whereas steers receiving 8.25ST and 66ST responded with
improved FE but not ADG relative to 0ST steers. In Exp. 1 and
2, rbST administration altered carcass composition by
increasing carcass protein and decreasing carcass fat. Our
results indicate that a daily dose between 16.5 and 33
microgram/kg of BW was required to optimize both ADG and FE in
finishing beef steers; however, the dose response for changes
in carcass chemical composition had not attained a plateau
even at 300 microgram/kg of BW.


239 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Recombinant bovine somatotropin with lactating cows fed diets
differing in energy density.
Tessmann, N.J.; Dhiman, T.R.; Kleinmans, J.; Radloff, H.D.;
Satter, L.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p.
2633-2644; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Forage; Feed grains;
Body weight; Body condition; Milk composition; Plane of
nutrition; Alfalfa silage; Lactation number; Energy content;
Mastitis; Milk yield

Abstract: Sixty-four Holstein cows (32 primiparous) were
assigned randomly at parturition to one of two diets differing
in forage:grain ratio and were further assigned to either
control or treatment with recombinant bST. A full lactation
study was conducted. Total mixed rations consisted of alfalfa
silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, and vitamin and
mineral supplements. Percentages of forage in die diet (dry
basis) for the high and medium energy diets were wk 1 to 12,
38.2 and 58.2; wk 13 to 26, 48.2 and 68.2; and wk 27 to 44,
68.2 and 88.2. Injection of a saline placebo or 20.6 mg/d per
cow of bST started at wk 13 and stopped at wk 43 of lactation.
Administration of bST increased 305-d milk yield by 19.9 and
18.3% for multiparous cows fed high and medium grain diets and
by 13.0 and 5.9% for primiparous cows fed the same diets. Body
weight gain during lactation tended to be lower for cows
treated with bST, and body condition scores were significantly
lower for those treated with bST and fed the medium energy
diets. Daily injection of bST did not change concentrations of
glucose or urea in blood or beta hydroxybutyrate in plasma.
Multiparous cows had a transitory increase in plasma FFA
concentration immediately after bST treatment started. Milk
composition, health, and reproductive parameters observed were
not adversely affected by bST administration. Cows fed low
energy diets during bST administration in the first lactation
did not produce as much milk as controls when compared during
the first 10 wk of their second lactation.


240 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on
nutrient uptake by cow mammary glands.
Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.;
Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p.
3800-3806; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary
glands; Lactation stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids;
Arteries; Veins; Metabolites

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with
previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to
13,600 kg were used to investigate effects of bST
administration and stage of lactation on nutrient plasma
arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across
the mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d
126 of lactation, cows were injected with 40 mg of sometribove
(bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (placebo group). Arterial
and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h
period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma
concentration of glucose was 7% higher in midlactation
compared with early lactation cows. Plasma concentration of
acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo versus bST-
treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of D-
beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively,
in early versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of
NEFA were elevated in both early lactation and bST-treated
cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations were 24 and 19% lower in
early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with
midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of
triacylglyceride was reduced in early lactation and with bST
treatment compared with midlactation. The mediation of
nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to
be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated
cows, suggesting a similarity between these physiological
states and the homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms
regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy cow.
In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo,
uptakes of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and
triacylglyceride uptake increased.


241 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on
nutrient uptake by cow mammary glands.
Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.;
Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p.
3800-3806; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary
glands; Lactation stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids;
Arteries; Veins; Metabolites

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with
previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to
13,600 kg were used to investigate effects of bST
administration and stage of lactation on nutrient plasma
arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across
the mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d
126 of lactation, cows were injected with 40 mg of sometribove
(bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (placebo group). Arterial
and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h
period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma
concentration of glucose was 7% higher in midlactation
compared with early lactation cows. Plasma concentration of
acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo versus bST-
treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of D-
beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively,
in early versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of
NEFA were elevated in both early lactation and bST-treated
cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations were 24 and 19% lower in
early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with
midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of
triacylglyceride was reduced in early lactation and with bST
treatment compared with midlactation. The mediation of
nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to
be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated
cows, suggesting a similarity between these physiological
states and the homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms
regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy cow.
In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo,
uptakes of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and
triacylglyceride uptake increased.


242 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
Relationship of liver and skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA to plasma
GH profile, production of IGF-1 by liver, plasma IGF-1
concentrations, and growth rates of cattle.
Hannon, K.; Gronowski, A.; Trenkle, A.
Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Feb.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine v. 196 (2): p. 155-163; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-
like growth factor; Thyroid hormones; Messenger RNA; Liver;
Skeletal muscle; Blood plasma; Growth rate; Hormone secretion;
Correlation analysis

Abstract: Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1
(IGF-1),and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations in
blood plasma of 18 crossbred cattle (six bulls, six steers,
and six heifers) were measured over an 8-hr period. One week
later at slaughter, IGF-1 production by liver slices and IGF-1
mRNA concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver were
measured. Bulls had higher (P < 0.05) mean plasma GH and GH
peak amplitudes (P < 0.01) than heifers, and values for steers
were intermediate between bulls and heifers. Baseline GH
concentrations and number of GH peaks were not significantly
different for the three groups. Bulls had 1.6-fold (P < 0.01)
and 3.0-fold (P < 0.01) greater liver IGF-1 mRNA
concentrations than steers or heifers, respectively, whereas
the steers had 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) greater IGF-1 mRNA in liver
than heifers. Production of IGF-1 by liver slices was greater
(P < 0.05) in bulls than steers or heifers. Bulls had 1.3-fold
greater plasma IGF-1 than steers (P < 0.01), whereas steers
had 1.8-fold greater plasma IGF-1 than heifers (P < 0.01).
There were no significant differences in concentrations of
skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA between the three groups of
animals. Liver IGF-1 mRNA, liver IGF-1 production, and plasma
IGF-1 were all significantly correlated with gain and mean GH
peak amplitude, but not with GH baseline, GH peak frequency,
or concentrations of T3 and T4. Concentrations of IGF-1 mRNA
in skeletal muscle were not correlated to gain or any
parameter of the GH profile. Plasma concentrations of T3 were
significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated to plasma GH
baseline concentrations. Muscle IGF-1 mRNA concentration was
negatively related to plasma T4 and T3. The results of this
study suggest that the cascade of events starting with
secretion of GH from the pituitary, expression of liver IGF-1
mRNA, and secretion of IGF-1 by the liver are important
phenomena for growth of cattle.


243 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Relationship of thyroid status to growth hormone and insulin-
lke growth factor-I (IGF-I) in plasma and IGF-I mRNA in liver
and skeletal muscle of cattle.
Hannon, K.; Trenkle, A.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 595-600; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Liver; Skeletal muscle; Thyroid gland;
Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Messenger RNA;
Blood plasma


244 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Relationships among milk yield, metabolism, and reproductive
performance of primiparous Holstein cows treated with
somatotropin.
Morbeck, D.E.; Britt, J.H.; McDaniel, B.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2153-2164; 1991
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Blood;
Metabolites; Insulin-like growth factor; Dosage effects;
Insulin; Glucose; Estrus; Hormones; Breeding efficiency;
Lactation curve; Body weight; Body condition

Abstract: Thirty-two primiparous Holsteins were assigned to
receive 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d recombinant bST. Treatment
began between 28 and 35 d postpartum and continued until 60 d
prior to next expected calving or 400 d postpartum. Metabolic
hormones and metabolites were measured in blood weekly during
the first 10 wk of treatment, and progesterone was measured in
milk twice weekly to assess ovarian activity until conception.
Milk production (305 d, actual) was 8350 +/- 562, 8348 +/-
515, 9571 +/- 515, and 9070 +/- 515 for cows given 0, 5.15,
10.3, or 16.5 mg/d and did not differ statistically. Insulin,
glucose, NEFA and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by
dose of bST. However, insulin-like growth factor-I increased
linearly with dose of bST. Days from parturition to first
detected estrus, days open, and services per conception did
not differ among groups; however, days from parturition to
first service increased with dose of bST. Rate of detection of
estrus decreased with dose of bST, resulting in a longer
interval to first insemination. The lower rate of detection of
estrus in bst-treated cows may have been associated with
reduced expression of estrus. Additional statistical analyses
were conducted to determine the relationship between
metabolism, milk production, and reproduction over all doses
of bST. There was a negative correlation between 305-d milk
yield and glucose (r = -.44) and insulin (r = -.46)
concentrations during 30 to 100 d postpartum. In stepwise
regression analyses, insulin accounted for 21% of the variance
in 305-d milk yield. Glucose and NEFA accounted for 18% of the
variance in days open, and there was a negative correlation (r
= -.32) between glucose and days open. Days open and milk
production were not correlated.


245 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release
bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 1.
Production response. Eppard, P.J.; Hudson, S.; Cole, W.J.;
Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hunter, T.W.; Metzger, L.E.;
Torkelson, A.R.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3807-3821; 1991
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Bovine mastitis; Dosage effects; Body weight;
Feed intake; Controlled release; Injection; Calcium;
Phosphorus; Mineral nutrition

Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of sometribove
(zinc methionyl bST) in a sustained-release formulation
administered to lactating cows at concentrations up to 3.0 g
every 14 d over two lactations, Eighty-two lactating Holstein
cows in their first, second, or third lactation were assigned
to the study. Cows received .6, 1.8, or 3.0 g of bST in one,
three, or five intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g)
every 2 wk. Controls received five injections of the vehicle
(equivalent volume to the 3.0-g treatment) every 2 wk.
Injections were administered from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until
dry-off or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on
treatment for a second consecutive lactation. During the 1st
yr of treatment, bST increased mean 3.5% FCM by 7.2, 9.4, and
8.4 kg/d over control production (21.1 kg/d). During the 2nd
yr, milk response to .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST averaged 10.6,
3.6, and 4.9 kg/d over controls (24.8 kg/d). The incidence of
clinical mastitis increased in the 3.0-g group relative to
controls during the 2nd yr. Thus, salable FCM averaged 8.1,
9.1, and 6.2 kg/d above controls (yr 1) and 12.1, 4.7, and
-2.8 kg/d (yr 2) for the .6-, 1.8-, and 3.0-g groups. Salable
FCM was unaffected by mastitis at a proposed commercial dose
(.6 g). Milk fat, protein, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, zinc,
magnesium, and ash concentrations were unaffected by bST
treatment. Calculated energy, calcium, phosphorus, and protein
balances also were unaffected except for early decreases of up
to 5 Mcal/d, and 40, 20, and 600 g/d, respectively, until feed
intake increased. Milk serum bST concentrations greater than
the assay limit of sensitivity (1 ng/ml) were routinely
measurable only at doses of 1.8 and 3.0 g. Results confirmed
that bST concentrations in milk serum are exceedingly small.
Overall, supraphysiological doses of sometribove increased
milk production with little effect on composition. No toxic
effects of bST were observed.


246 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release
bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 2.
Health and reproduction. Cole, W.J.; Eppard, P.J.; Boysen,
B.G.; Madsen, K.S.; Sorbet, R.H.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz, R.L.;
White, T.C.; Ribelin, W.E.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.;
Lanza, G.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 111-123; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
Lactation number; Animal health; Female fertility; Culling;
Lameness; Metabolic disorders; Digestive system diseases;
Dosage effects; Bovine mastitis; Estrus; Induction; Calves

Abstract: Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first,
second, or third lactation received either one, three, or five
concurrent i.m. injections of a unit dose (.6 g) of zinc
methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle.
Injections were given at 14-d intervals from 60 +/- 3 d
postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-
eight animals were continued on treatment for a 2nd yr.
Sometribove did not affect the incidence of ketosis, milk
fever, tetany, or pneumonia. Digestive disorders, primarily
cows going off feed, were increased by bST during yr 1 only.
The incidence of lameness was increased by bST in some time
frames because of an increase in the 3.0-g bST group. Lameness
was not associated with treatment-specific histopathologic
changes or with abnormalities in cartilage or bone.
Reproductive health generally was unaffected by treatment, but
delayed conception and increased incidence of abortion were
noted. Incidence of cystic ovaries was unaffected by bST.
Pregnancy rates were decreased during the 100-d breeding
interval of yr 1 but not during the 215-d interval of yr 2.
The incidence of clinical mastitis was increased by bST,
primarily at the 3.0-g dose. During the 2-yr study, 0, 3, 3,
and 2 cows died or became moribund on 0, .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of
bST, respectively. Health issues identified for further
evaluation included lameness and clinical mastitis for the
3.0-g group and early removal from the herd and decreased
reproductive performance for all bST groups. Bovine
somatotropin caused no treatment-specific toxic effects in
dairy cows even at 3.0 g every 14 d.


247 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Response of growth hormone to various doses of growth hormone
releasing factor and thyrotropin releasing hormone
administered separately and in combination to dairy calves.
Lovendahl, P.; Woolliams, J.A.; Sinnett-Smith, P.A.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1045-1052;
1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin;
Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Dosage;
Synergism; Hormone secretion


248 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Responses by lactating cows in commercial dairy herds to
recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Thomas, J.W.; Erdman, R.A.; Galton, D.M.; Lamb, R.C.; Arambel,
M.J.; Olson, J.D.; Madsen, K.S.; Samuels, W.A.; Peel, C.J.;
Green, G.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p.
945-964; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Lactation stage; Body condition; Cells;
Commercial farming; Dairy herds; Mastitis

Abstract: Cows (890) in 15 US herds were assigned randomly in
equal numbers to control or BST injections (500 mg in a
prolonged-release form every 14 d for 12 wk) within three
stages of lactation (57 to 100, 101 to 140, and 141 to 189 d
postpartum) and two parity groups (primiparous and
multiparous). Yield and milk composition were monitored 1 d/wk
for 16 wk including 2 wk pretreatment and 2 wk posttreatment.
Increases in milk and FCM due to BST injections were less at
57 to 100 d than at 101 to 189 d postpartum (milk 3.6 vs. 5.5;
FCM 3.9 vs. 6.1 kg/d per cow), and increases in milk and FCM
were more for multiparous than for primiparous cows (milk 5.5
vs. 4.2; FCM 6.0 vs. 4.7 kg/d cow). Temporarily, concentration
of milk fat increased and protein decreased; later,
concentrations for control and injected cows were similar.
Postinjection milk fat concentration decreased, but milk
protein concentration increased temporarily. The net increase
in milk (and FCM) varied significantly among herds from 2.9 to
7.6 kg/d per cow (mean, 4.9 kg). Responses in FCM were similar
over a wide range of pretreatment yields. A great variety of
feed ingredients were fed as total mixed rations, and nutrient
concentrations varied greatly. The SCC were similar before,
during, and after treatment, but increase in FCM of injected
cows exhibited a negative correlation with pretreatment SCC.
Changes in body condition score of sometribove-injected cows
varied among herds (.25 to -.45) and averaged -.02 compared
with .07 for controls. There was no pattern in incidence of
mastitis during sometribove injections.


249 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
A review of quality and processing suitability of milk from
cows treated with bovine somatotropin.
Berg, G. van den
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 2-11; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Milk
processing; Fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk proteins; Cells;
Energy balance; Cheese milk; Milk quality; Literature reviews


250 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Rifkin gets 'no BGH' pledges from two IBA member firms.
Rhein, R.
New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
Biotechnology newswatch. p. 1, 3; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Public opinion


251 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Role of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth
factors in mammary development and lactation.
Plaut, K.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1526-1538; 1993
Jun. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epidermal growth factor;
Transforming growth factor; Organ culture; Literature reviews;
Histology; Prolactin; Mammary development; Lactation

Abstract: Epidermal growth factor, transforming growth
factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 are potent
effectors of mammary growth that work in concert with
endocrine hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone,
corticosteroids, and prolactin. Estrogen and progesterone
stimulate production of epidermal growth factor or
transforming growth factor-alpha to stimulate mammary growth.
Epidermal growth factor and prolactin synergize in whole organ
culture to cause lobulo-alveolar development and to alter the
profile of synthesized milk proteins. Transforming growth
factor-beta 1 inhibits mammary development of prepubertal
mice. However, once the gland is committed to differentiation,
transforming growth factor-beta 1 no longer affects mammary
morphogenesis. The role of transforming growth factor-beta 1,
in milk protein synthesis is unknown. Transforming growth
factor-alpha and -beta 1 MRNA have both been identified in the
mammary gland of cows. The gland has epidermal growth factor
receptors, and epidermal growth factor or transforming growth
factor-alpha can stimulate proliferation of mammary epithelial
cells in vitro. The role of transforming growth factor-beta1
in bovine mammary tissue has not been studied. An
understanding of the role of epidermal growth factor, the
transforming growth factors, and their interactions with
endocrine hormones will lead to a more complete understanding
of how mammary development and lactation are regulated.


252 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Role of tissue remodeling in mammary epithelial cell
proliferation and morphogenesis.
Turner, J.D.; Huynh, H.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2801-2807; 1991
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epithelium; Plasmin; Plasminogen;
Plasminogen activator; Hormonal control; Somatotropin; Mode of
action; Lactation

Abstract: Lactation is a physiological process characterized
by the secretion of large quantities of protein, carbohydrate,
and lipid. To achieve the production, the mammary gland must
grow and then differentiate; both processes require extensive
tissue remodeling. Remodeling begins with a carefully
controlled proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and cell-
cell adhesion proteins. Plasmin is a serine protease that has
been implicated in the tissue remodeling associated with the
declining phase of lactation and mammary involution. As
lactation progresses, the quantity of plasmin activity
increases within the mammary tissue and milk. This has led to
the hypothesis that gradual involution results from
progressive tissue remodeling. Hormonal attenuation of gradual
involution by bST would slow tissue remodeling and would be
permissive for lactation. In vitro results indicate that
insulin-like growth factor-I impairs the secretion of
plasminogen activator by bovine mammary epithelial cells. As
such, a mechanism of action for bST exists.


253 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Ruminant placental lactogens: structure and biology.
Byatt, J.C.; Warren, W.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Staten, N.R.; Krivi,
G.G.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2911-2923; 1992
Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Ewes; Goats; Placenta; Prolactin;
Choriomammotropin; Amino acids; Species differences;
Liveweight gain; Literature reviews

Abstract: Ruminant placental lactogens (PL) are members of
the somatotropin, prolactin gene family that are synthesized
by trophectodermal binucleate cells. The structure and biology
of PL has been studied in the cow, sheep, and goat. Ruminant
PL have greater structural identity to prolactin than
somatotropin, although they bind to both lactogenic and
somatogenic receptors. The molecular weights of ovine and
caprine PL are approximately 23,000, whereas bovine PL is
larger (31,000 to 34,000) due to glycosylation. Placental
lactogen is secreted into both the fetal and maternal
circulations. The concentration of PL in the fetus decreases
with advancing gestation, whereas PL concentration peaks in
the maternal circulation during the last third of pregnancy
then reaches a plateau. Furthermore, the maternal
concentration of PL is 100- to 1,000-fold higher in sheep and
goats than in cows. The precise factors that modulate
secretion of PL are unknown, although placental mass and
nutrition seem to play a role. Ruminant PL have both
lactogenic and somatogenic biological activities and may also
have unique activities mediated through a specific receptor.
There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that PL plays a
role in stimulating mammogenesis. Placental lactogen secreted
into the fetal compartment may also help regulate fetal
growth. Direct experimental data indicate that PL can regulate
maternal intermediary metabolism. Thus, it may act as a
partitioning agent to regulate nutrient supply for fetal
growth. The precise biological function of PL in ruminants,
therefore, still needs to be defined.


254 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Secretion of active bovine somatotropin in Escherichia coli.
Klein, B.K.; Hill, S.R.; Devine, C.S.; Rowold, E.; Smith,
C.E.; Galosy, S.; Olins, P.O.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1991 Sep.
Bio/technology v. 9 (9): p. 869-872; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion;
Escherichia coli


255 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Secretory patterns of growth hormone and insulin-like growth
factor-I during peripubertal period in intact and castrate
male cattle.
Lee, C.Y.; Hunt, D.W.; Gray, S.L.; Henricks, D.M.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 481-489; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
factor; Castration; Hormone secretion; Blood serum


256 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
Separate and additive stimulation of bovine milk yield by the
local and systemic galactopoietic stimuli of frequent milking
and growth hormone. Knight, C.H.; Hillerton, J.E.; Kerr, M.A.;
Teverson, R.M.; Turvey, A.; Wilde, C.J.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Aug.
Journal of dairy research v. 59 (3): p. 243-252; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk
yield; Mammary glands; Mammary development; Enzyme activity;
Milk synthesis; Epithelium; Cells; Size


257 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
Serum half-life and in-vivo actions of recombinant bovine
placental lactogen in the dairy cow.
Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Sorbet, R.H.;
Buonomo, F.C.; Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Feb.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 132 (2): p. 185-193; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Prolactin;
Somatotropin; Metabolism; Half life; Insulin; Insulin-like
growth factor; Binding proteins; Triiodothyronine;
Metabolites; Blood serum; Blood analysis

Abstract: The clearance rate of recombinant bovine placental
lactogen (rbPL) from the blood serum of four lactating dairy
cows was measured using a specific radio-immunoassay. Two
animals were non-pregnant, while the other two were at
approximately 120 days of gestation. The rbPL was administered
as an i.v. bolus injection (4 mg total) via an indwelling,
jugular catheter. Blood samples were taken periodically for
180 min and assayed for rbPL. Analysis of the clearance curves
for the bolus injection suggested a single-compartment model
and a serum half-life of 7.25 min. in a second experiment with
the same animals, following cessation of lactation, rbPL or
bovine GH (bGH) were administered by s.c. injection (50 mg
day) for 5 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken twice
per day during the treatment period and a 3-day pretreatment
period. Samples were analysed for glucose. blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, insulin,
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II, tri-
iodothyronine (T3), progesterone and IGF-binding protein-2
(IGFBP-2) to determine whether rbPL mediates similar metabolic
effects to those of bGH. Administration of bGH stimulated an
increase in NEFA, glucose, T3 and insulin, whereas none of
these variables was affected by rbPL. The plasma
concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were both increased by
treatment with rbPL but, to a lesser extent than occurred with
bGH. Interestingly, BUN and IGFBP-2 concentrations were
reduced equally by bGH and rbPL. These results suggest that
rbPL does not necessarily act as a GH agonist but, rather, may
have distinct effects on intermediary' metabolism that could
be mediated through another specific receptor.


258 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Serum immunoglobulin profiles of dairy cows chronically
treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.;
Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1589-1598; 1991
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum; Igg;
Antibody formation; Duration; Treatment; Dosage effects;
Lactation stage

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the
effects of exogenous somatotropin on blood profiles of the
major bovine Ig isotypes. Holsteins were treated with either
0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg recombinant bST/d. Subcutaneous injections
were started between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continued for
266 d. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture
throughout lactation for serum IgG, G1, G2, A, and M
concentration determination . Cows treated with 10.3 mg of
bST/d exhibited modest increases in mean blood concentrations
of IgG (12.4%) and IgG2 (18.4%) relative to the other groups
of cows. In addition, treated cows had 10.1% higher average
concentration of IgA than controls. Somatotropin did not
influence average lactational concentrations of IgG, or IgM,
although the group receiving 10.3 mg/d had higher late
lactation concentrations of IgG1 than did the other two
groups. However, treatment mean isotype concentrations were
always within normal ranges, except for IgG2 from the 10.3
mg/d group, which were higher. The practical significance of
elevated serum Ig concentrations observed in the present study
is not known. However, the present data do show that bST
administered at doses that increased milk yield had no
apparent detrimental effect on humoral immunity as measured by
blood concentrations of Ig.


259 NAL Call. No.: HD1750.W4
Simulating BST introduction in California for dairy policy
analysis. Zepeda, L.; Butler, L.J.; Carter, H.O.
Lincoln, Neb. : Western Agricultural Economics Association;
1991 Dec. Western journal of agricultural economics v. 16 (2):
p. 228-237; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: California; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk
prices; Marketing orders; Economic impact; Agricultural
policy; Economic analysis; Simulation models; Econometric
models; Dairy industry


260 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Skeletal muscle protein metabolism and serum growth hormone,
insulin, and cortisol concentrations in growing steers
implanted with estradiol-17 beta, trenbolone acetate, or
estradiol-17 beta plus trenbolone acetate. Hayden, J.M.;
Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
Jul. Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2109-2119; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Crossbreds; Methylhistidine;
Trenbolone; Estradiol; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin;
Hydrocortisone; Skeletal muscle; Protein turnover

Abstract: Skeletal muscle protein degradation, measured by
urinary N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion, and circulating
concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), and
cortisol (CT) were monitored in steers before and after
implantation with estradiol-17 beta (E2; 24 mg) and trenbolone
acetate (TBA; 300 mg). Yearling crossbred steers (n = 43) were
randomly assigned to four treatment groups in a 2 X 2
factorial arrangement: nonimplanted controls (C); TBA; E2; and
TBA plus E2 (TBA + E2). A subgroup (Block 1) of 16 steers was
bled on d -12, 31, and 72 after implanting. Deposition of
skeletal muscle protein was markedly increased (P < .001) by
E2 and TBA + E2 treatment. This response occurred mainly
within the first 40 d after implantation and declined (P <
.001) in concert with decreasing (P < .01) concentration of
serum E2. Anabolic steroid treatment did not affect the rate
of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. There was no apparent
relationship between reduced serum CT concentration (linear
effect; P < .01) in TBA-treated steers and skeletal muscle
protein degradation rate. Blood concentration and pulse
activity of INS were not affected by anabolic steroid
administration. Both TBA- and TBA + E2-implanted steers
displayed a linear decrease (P < .05) in serum GH
concentration over time, which was similar to C. Lowered mean
GH concentration resulted from a reduction (TBA main effect; P
< .05) in pulse amplitude of GH. Unlike TBA, TBA + E2, and C,
only E2 maintained serum GH concentrations over time. Although
increased muscle protein deposition was evident in TBA + E2-
treated steers, an obvious causal relationship between this
response and circulating GH, INS, and CT was not revealed.
These results do not support the concept that combined
androgenic agent and estrogen administration effectively
reduce bovine muscle protein degradation by static modulation
of circulating endogenous anabolic and antianabolic hormones.


261 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two
levels of energy concentrate. 1. Performance and body
condition.
Remond, B.; Cisse, M.; Ollier, A.; Chilliard, Y.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1370-1381; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
Concentrates; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein
percentage; Body condition; Maize silage; Grazing; Feed
intake; Digestibility

Abstract: Fifty-two Holstein dairy cows (27 primiparous) were
used in a 2 X 2 factorial design during wk 9 to 39 of
lactation to assess the effects of slow release recombinant
bST (500 mg injected at 14-d intervals) and the effects of the
level of energy concentrate in the diet on dairy performance.
After a winter period, cows were turned out to pasture at wk
24 of lactation. During winter, cows given low concentrate
(2.5 vs. 5.4 kg DM/d) ate significantly more corn silage (13.9
vs. 11.9 kg DM/d), so that treatment had no significant effect
on any measured parameter. The milk yield of bST-supplemented
cows increased by 2.1 kg/d (11.0%) throughout the total
experimental period. The response did not differ according to
parity. Milk fat content and SCC were not altered, but milk
protein was lower (.8 g/kg) from cows receiving bST during
winter, and lactose increased (.5 g/kg). Lactation curves of
bST-supplemented cows showed a cyclic response in milk
production. Gross efficiency of milk yield was improved (.18
units) by bST administration without change in diet
digestibility. No difference due to bST was found in the
health or reproduction of cows. Live weight change did not
differ among the groups. Multiparous cows gained body
condition (bST-supplemented animals gained less than controls:
.1 vs. .7 point on a five-point scale; NS). Control
primiparous cows gained body condition (.1 point) but bST-
supplemented cows significantly lost body condition (1.4
point).


262 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two
levels of energy concentrate. 2. Plasma hormones and
metabolites.
Cisse, M.; Chilliard, Y.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.J.; Remond, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1382-1394; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Controlled
release; Concentrates; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-like
growth factor; Fatty acids; Triiodothyronine; Injection;
Metabolites; Milk yield; Homeostasis

Abstract: Fifty Holstein dairy cows (26 primiparous) were
used to evaluate effects of level of concentrate and of slow
release recombinant bST on plasma hormones and metabolites.
Blood was sampled at wk 14 and 20 of lactation, which was 5
and 11 wk after the first bST injection. In addition, at d 3
and 10 after the third bST injection, diurnal profiles of
somatotropin and metabolites were studied in 7 bST cows and 5
control cows by blood sampling every 20 min over 6 h.
Supplementation by bST enhanced plasma somatotropin and
insulin-like growth factor-I but did not significantly affect
plasma concentrations of triiodothyronin and insulin. The bST
supplementation increased plasma NEFA at wk 14 and reduced
uremia at wk 20. Primiparous cows showed higher plasma NEFA
and triiodothyronin than multiparous cows at both sampling
periods, higher insulin-like growth factor I, and lower beta-
hydroxybutyrate at wk 14, and higher glucose and lower insulin
at wk 20. In the diurnal kinetic study, bST supplementation
did not alter bST spike frequency and duration but increased
spike magnitude, the area under the curve above the baseline,
and the baseline mean. Sixty-one to 56% of the increase over
controls m plasma bST total area was due to increase in the
area under the curve above baseline. Preprandial NEFA were
increased by bST at d 10.


263 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Somatotropin and endocrine regulation of metabolism during
lactation. McDowell, G.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 44-62; 1991.
Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from
Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Insulin;
Somatomedin; Blood plasma; Blood sugar; Mammary glands; Blood
flow; Feed intake; Energy metabolism; Metabolites; Amino
acids; Literature reviews


264 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Somatotropin and prolactin profile characterisitics in proven
AI dairy sires. Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1601-1606; 1991
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Somatotropin; Prolactin;
Blood plasma; Predicted difference; Selection criteria;
Genetic improvement; Milk production; Progeny testing; Genetic
correlation

Abstract: Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals
for 8 h from 16 Holstein sires, each of which had U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Northeast AI Sire
Comparison (NEAISC) progeny test evaluation data available.
Plasma somatotropin (ST) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations
were measured, and resulting endocrine profiles were analyzed
by PULSAR, a microcomputer-based hormone peak-detection
program. The number of ST peaks during the sampling period was
negatively related to USDA Predicted Transmitting Ability
(PTA) for fat yield, milk and fat product value (PTA$), and
for milk fat, and protein product value (PRO$), and ST peak
length was negatively related to PTA for protein percentage
(PTA %P). Interpeak interval for ST was positively related to
NEAISC percentage of Protein Deviation (%P). Prolactin peak
length was correlated positively with both USDA PTA %P and
NEAISC %P, and peak frequency was correlated positively with
NEAISC %P. Interpeak interval for PRL was related positively
to NEAISC Milk and Fat Deviations. Area under PRL profile was
negatively related (P < .05) to USDA PTA$ and PRO$, and NEAISC
Fat Deviation and Dollars. The results indicated that
endocrine traits in mature dairy sires are correlated with
genetic merit for economically important production traits and
suggested that such profile characteristics may be useful in
selecting young sires for progeny testing programs.


265 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Somatotropin concentrations in plasma and scrotal
circumference in bull calves with different dairy merit.
Parchuri, N.; Chester-Jones, H.; Loseth, K.J.; Wheaton, J.E.;
Hansen L.B.; Ziegler, D.M.; Crabo, B.G.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 445-452; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Breeding value;
Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Scrotum; Body measurements;
Selection criteria; Line differences; Somatoliberin; Hormone
secretion; Sires; Age differences

Abstract: Twenty-four Holstein bull calves represented two
divergent genetic groups with a 2940-kg difference in milk
production in estimated breeding value. These bulls were used
to determine the blood plasma concentration of bST under
normal feeding management, after a 24-h feed and water
deprivation, after stimulation with a bST secretagogue, and to
evaluate whether selection for dairy merit affected pubertal
testicular development and sperm production. Calves selected
for higher estimated breeding value had greater average, but
similar stimulated, plasma bST concentrations. Age of calves,
but not short-term feed and water deprivation, influenced
average plasma bST concentrations both before and after
stimulation with growth hormone-releasing factor. Body weight
tended to be higher at 350 to 400 d of age in bulls selected
for higher estimated breeding value. Scrotal circumference was
similar in the two groups at all times, as were seminal
characteristics at 1 yr of age. The study implied that plasma
bST measurements may be used as an aid in selection of young
dairy sires for AI.


266 NAL Call. No.: 101 AL1A
Somatotropin treatment for three consecutive lactations of
dairy cows. De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.; Shelford, J.A.
Edmonton : Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of
Alberta; 1991. Agriculture and forestry bulletin (70th,
special issue): p. 31-32; 1991. Feeders' Day Report, May 30,
1991.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Treatment


267 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Speculating on long-term changes in UK dairy farming and the
implications for research: a quantitative approach.
Doyle, C.J.; Mainland, D.D.; Thomas, C.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Agricultural systems v. 37 (3): p. 243-258; 1991. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Dairy farming; Milk production; Mathematical
models; Prediction; Technical progress; Resource utilization;
Agricultural structure; Farm income; Innovation adoption;
Somatotropin; Grass sward


268 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
State action on bGH.
Krimsky, S.; Stark, M.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 12; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk
products; State government; Legislation


269 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
Stimulation of milk yield and feed intake by bovine placental
lactogen in the dairy cow.
Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Munyakazi, L.; Sorbet, R.H.;
Veenhuizen, J.J.; Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
May. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (5): p. 1216-1223; 1992
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
composition; Feed intake; Lactation stage; Prolactin; Dry
matter; Energy balance; Blood sugar; Fatty acids; Urea;
Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Lactation

Abstract: A 6 X 6 Latin square design was used to test the
effects of recombinant bovine placental lactogen on milk
yield, milk composition, feed intake, and blood hormone and
metabolite levels in nonpregnant lactating cows. The six
treatments (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/d of placental lactogen,
water as negative control, and 20 mg/d of bST as positive
control) were administered by subcutaneous injection twice
daily for 9 d. Blood samples were taken during the last 5 d of
the treatment period. The three highest doses of placental
lactogen increased milk yield, and there was a linear dose
effect, although placental lactogen was less potent than bST.
Milk concentrations of lactose, protein, and fat were not
altered by any of the treatments. Dry matter intake was
increased by two of the doses of placental lactogen, but not
by bST. Blood urea N concentration was decreased in a dose-
dependent manner by placental lactogen and was also decreased
by bST. Similarly, serum insulin-like growth factor-I was
increased in a dose-dependent manner by placental lactogen and
was also increased by bST. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and
glucose were increased by bST, but placental lactogen had
little or no effect on either of these parameters. Thus,
placental lactogen appears to act, in part, as a weak
somatotropin agonist; however, it also appears to have
specific activities, e.g., stimulating feed intake.


270 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
Study claims: pasturing cows more profitble than injecting
BST. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Jul15.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (14): p. 10; 1991 Jul15.

Language: English

Descriptors: California; Milk production; Rotational grazing;
Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Farm inputs


271 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
Study predicts more profit with alternative to BGH.
Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul19.
Nutrition week v. 21 (28): p. 6; 1991 Jul19.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Drug residues; Food safety; Feeds;
Milk yield; Profits; Rotational grazing; Milk production; Cows

Abstract: An experimental method for feeding dairy cattle may
be safer, cheaper and may produce higher milk yields than
injections of synthetic bovine growth hormone (BGH), according
to an analysis of several recent studies comparing the two
approaches.


272 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
A synthetic opioid peptide increases plasma growth hormone and
prolactin in Holstein calves.
Johnson, D.W.; Barnes, M.A.; Akers, R.M.; Pearson, R.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1004-1009; 1993
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cows; Opioid peptides;
Somatotropin; Prolactin; Blood brain barrier; Blood plasma;
Haloxon; Antagonists

Abstract: The effect of the synthetic opioid agonist
D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Met(O)5-ol enkephalin (DAMME) on plasma
growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations in
Holstein heifer calves was investigated in this study. The
possible site of action of DAMME was determined by pretreating
calves with an opioid antagonist that crosses the blood-brain
barrier poorly if at all (N-methyl levallorphan-methane
sulphonate [MLM]) or one that crosses readily (naloxone
[NAL]). All calves were assigned to one of three treatment
groups: 1) pretreatment with saline, 2) pretreatment with NAL,
or 3) pretreatment with MLM. All groups were injected with
DAMME 30 min after pretreatments. Plasma PRL increased after
injection of DAMME in calves pretreated with saline. Prolactin
concentrations were not different before and after injection
of DAMME in calves pretreated with either NAL or MLM. Plasma
GH increased after injection of DAMME in saline- and MLM-
pretreated calves but was unchanged in NAL-pretreated calves.
These data show that peripherally administered DAMME increases
plasma GH and PRL in Holstein heifer calves and suggest that
DAMME mediates GH release through receptors located somewhere
inside the blood-brain barrier, but it can induce PRL
secretion at a site located outside the barrier.


273 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Testicular development in bulls treated with recombinant
bovine somatotropin. MacDonald, R.D.; Deaver, D.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1540-1545; 1993
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Somatotropin; Testes; Blood plasma;
Insulin-like growth factor; Lh; Body weight; Testosterone

Abstract: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis
that administering recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)
would affect testicular development in Holstein bulls. From 4
until 32 wk of age, bulls received a daily injection of either
placebo (C) or rbST (.2 mg/kg BW.75, i.m.; n = 10/group). At
14-d intervals, blood was obtained and assayed for
testosterone (T); BW, shoulder height (SH), and testis length
(TL) were recorded. At 7, 12, and 24 wk of age, bulls were
bled at 10-min intervals for 6 h to determine the secretory
patterns of LH, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I. All bulls were
killed at 40 wk of age. One testis was used for determination
of daily sperm production (DSP), and the number of spermatids
per gram of parenchyma (SP/G); the remaining testis was
perfused and fixed for histological analysis of numbers of
Sertoli cell nuclei (SCN/ ST) and spermatids per seminiferous
tubule cross-section (SP/ST). Epididymal spermatozoa were
collected to test effects of rbST on the integrity of
spermatozoal chromatin structure. Administration of rbST
increased (P < .0001) concentrations of GH
(nanograms/milliliter) in plasma at all ages (C vs rbST; wk 7,
8.9 +/- 1.0 vs 51.9 +/- 6.8; wk 12, 12.8 +/- 1.4 vs 59.2 +/-
6.4; and wk 24, 5.2 +/- 1.5 vs 42.6 +/- 12.2). There was an
age X treatment interaction (P < .0183) for concentrations of
IGF-I (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma (C vs rbST; wk 7, 149.7
+/- 6.1 vs 148.6 +/-8.6; wk 12, 184.1 +/- 12.8 vs 216.6 +/-
15.9; and wk 24, 392.8 +/- 24.8 vs 484.7 +/- 19.9). No
differences due to rbST treatment were observed for T, BW, SH,
or TL or for the secretory pattern of LH at 7, 12, or 24 wk.
Treatment with rbST did not affect DSP, SP/G, SCN/ ST, or
SP/ST or integrity of spermatozoal chromatin. We conclude that
administering .2 mg/kg BW.75 of rbST throughout the period of
Sertoli cell differentiation and replication results in no
detectable differences in selected variables of sexual
development.


274 NAL Call. No.: 321.8 C762
Udder insanity.
Yonkers, N.Y. : The Union; 1992 May.
Consumer reports - Consumers Union of United States v. 57 (5):
p. 330-332; 1992 May.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Milk yield; Milk supply; Synthetic
hormones; Dairy industry; Milk prices; Insulin-like growth
factor; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Drug residues; Food safety

Abstract: This article examines the use of synthetic bovine
growth hormone to stimulate the production of milk in a highly
regulated US milk market that produces more than enough milk.
The safety of foods produced with this hormone and antibiotics
is also addressed.


275 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77
Update on bovine growth hormone.
Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1991 Jun.
Applied genetics news v. 11 (11): p. 1-2; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production;
Regulations; Food safety


276 NAL Call. No.: A00109
Updates on products/field tests.
Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the
National Wildlife Federation; 1992 Apr.
The gene exchange v. 3 (1): p. 10; 1992 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Field tests; European communities; Usda;
Somatotropin; Transgenics; Recombinant vaccines


277 NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
Use of bovine somatotropin in the tropics: the effect of
sometribove on milk production of Bos indicus, dairy crossbed
and Bos taurus cows in Zimbabwe. Phipps, R.H.; Madakadze, C.;
Mutsvangwa, T.; Hard, D.L.; Kerchove, G de Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press; 1991 Oct.
The Journal of agricultural science v. 117 (pt.2): p. 257-263;
1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Zimbabwe; Cattle; Holstein-friesian; Zebu;
Crossbreds; Dairy cows; Drug effects; Somatotropin; Milk
production; Milk yield; Milk composition


278 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Utilization of sulfur and other mineral elements by growing
dairy heifers treated with bovine somatotropin.
House, W.A.; Crooker, B.A.; Bauman, D.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3817-3825; 1991
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Sulfur;
Mineral metabolism; Dosage effects; Retention; Feed intake;
Blood plasma

Abstract: Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K,
Cu, Mn, Zn, and S were determined in Holstein heifers treated
with recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST). Six heifers
(initial BW averaged 104 kg) were assigned to various doses of
bST in a 6 X 6 Latin square design with six consecutive 21-d
periods. Treatments were daily i.m. injections of 0, 6.7,
33.3, 66.7, 100, or 200 microgram of bST/kg of BW on d 8 to 21
of each period. All heifers were fed a hay-concentrate diet,
and nutrient digestibilities and balances were determined on d
14 to 20 of each period. Mineral concentrations in feed,
water, excreta, and blood plasma were determined with an
inductively coupled argon plasma-emission spectrometer.
Exogenous bST did not affect apparent absorption or retention
of Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, Mn, or Zn. Plasma CU concentration was
greater (P < .05) in heifers receiving bST (82 microgram of
Cu/dl) than in those receiving excipient (73 microgram of
Cu/dl); plasma concentrations of other elements were not
affected by bST. Injection of bST did not affect S absorption,
but urinary S excretion decreased (P < .05) and S retention
increased (P < .05) as dose of bST increased. The amount of S
retained (1.5 g/d) when the heifers received the largest dose
of bST was approximately 50% greater than the amount retained
when heifers received excipient. These results demonstrate
that bST affects the postabsorptive metabolism of S.
Generally, bST did not affect nutrient digestibilities.
Effects of bST on dietary mineral requirements were not
determined because of the relatively short (14 d) treatment
periods.


279 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.W67 no.92-9
The value of segmenting the milk market into bST-produced and
non-bST-produced milk.
Tauer, Loren W.,
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept.
of Agricultural Economics
Ithaca, N.Y. : Dept. of Agricultural Economics, New York State
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University,;
1992; AGR,544-4,VALSM,92-41128.
19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Working papers in agricultural
economics ; working paper 92-9). Cover title. July 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15).

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk trade; Market segmentation; Bovine
somatotropin; Milk


280 NAL Call. No.: T1.T44
Who decides about biotech?.
Roush, W.
Cambridge, Mass. : Alumni Association, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology :.; 1991 Jul.
Technology review v. 94 (5): p. 28-34, 36; 1991 Jul.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety;
Public opinion; Economic impact; Factory farming


281 NAL Call. No.: RJ1.P42
Why not have more milk?.
Kretchmer, N.
Elk Grove Village, Ill. : American Academy of Pediatrics; 1991
Nov. Pediatrics v. 88 (5): p. 1056-1057; 1991 Nov.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering;
Residues; Food safety

Abstract: This Commentary briefly examines the safety of milk
and meat products from cows treated with bovine growth hormone
to increase milk production. The author concludes that this
genetically engineered hormone is safe for both humans and
cows.




Author Index

Adriaens, F.A. 199
Aguilar, A.A. 127
Akers, R.M. 272
Alaniz, G.R. 238
Aldrich, J.M. 102
Allen, M.S. 40
Alpizar, E. 121
Andrews, A.H. 134
Andrews, E.L. 67
Angus, K.D. 83
Angus, R.C. 70
Annexstad, R.J. 157
Arambel, M.J. 95, 104, 248
Armstrong, D.V. 70
Armstrong, J.D. 34, 73, 74, 93
Atkinson, T. 182
Austin, C.L. 177
Austin, F.H. 77
Azain, M.J. 42, 132
Bachman, K.C. 207
Badinga, L. 218
Baer, R.J. 195
Baile, C.A. 39, 42, 130, 151
Bailey, C. 127
Baldwin, R.L. 19, 129, 171, 191, 225, 226, 230, 240, 241
Ball, J.L. 94
Ballard, F.J. 208
Baracos, V.E. 212
Barash, H. 90
Barbano, D.M. 48, 71, 72
Barnes, M.A. 272
Bass, J.J. 181
Basson, R.P. 105, 193
Bastings, E. 168
Bateman, K.G. 217
Bates, D.M. 38
Bauer, J.M. 231, 232
Bauman, D.E. 3, 22, 71, 72, 115, 140, 186, 278
Bazer, F.W. 218
Bean, B. 35, 264
Becker, B.A. 11, 130
Becker-Khaleel, B. 159
Beckers, A. 168
Beckers, J.F. 168
Beede, D.K. 111
Beerepoot, G.M.M. 101
Begley, R. 149
Bentle, L.A. 41
Berg, G. van den 249
Bergen, W.G. 16, 260
Bidwell, T.R. 38
Bier, D.M. 21
Blackmon, D.M. 131, 132
Blayney, D.P. 51
Block, E. 97, 105, 124
Blumenthal, H. 21
Bolt, D.J. 76
Bonnel, A. 178
Borg, K.E. 53, 123
Boysen, B.G. 85, 246
Bramley, T. 98
Bramley, T.A. 96, 99
Brazeau, P. 75, 86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119
Breier, B.H. 181, 228
Brinster, R.L. 76
Britt, J.H. 244
Brodie, B.O. 63
Bruce, L.A. 182
Bruckental, I. 90
Bruss, M.L. 19, 171, 230
Buonomo, F.C. 111, 214, 257
Buonomoo, F.C. 151
Burton, J.H. 50, 106, 116, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217, 258
Burton, J.L. 50, 164, 179, 258
Butler, L.J. 259
Byatt, J.C. 253, 257, 269
Cady, R.A. 203
Calsamiglia, S. 82
Calvert, C.C. 129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241
Cameron, M.R. 128
Campbell, R.M. 73, 74
Campling, R.C. 139
Canfield, R.W. 35, 264
Capps, O. Jr 52
Capuco, A.V. 2, 197
Carlacci, L. 165
Carlson, K.M. 107
Carter, H.O. 259
Casper, D.P. 177, 195
Chalupa, W. 8
Chalupa, W.V. 63
Chapin, L.T. 40, 154
Chaplin, R.K. 110
Chen, N.Y. 108, 142
Chester-Jones, H. 265
Chilliard, Y. 17, 261, 262
Chou, K.C. 165
Cioffi, J.A. 108
Cisse, M. 17, 261, 262
Claflin, W.H. 238
Clark, J. Jr 21
Clark, J.H. 63, 128
Cleale, R.M. 63, 177
Clemmons, D.R. 214
Cole, J.A. 112
Cole, W.J. 100, 140, 151, 245, 246
Collier, R.J. 11, 85, 100, 111, 130, 169, 199, 214, 218, 245,
246, 253, 257, 269
Comstock, G. 54
Conroy, D. 62
Coomans, D. 178
Cope, B.C. 120
Couture, Y. 86, 88
Coxam, V. 262
Crabo, B.G. 265
Craig, B.A. 38
Crey, J. 189
Crooker, B.A. 82, 107, 200, 278
Cross, J.C. 44
Crowe, C.T. 131, 132
Cummins, K.A. 61
Curran, D.F. 257, 269
D'yakonov, L.P. 31
Dahl, G.E. 40, 154
Dalke, B.S. 64
Darrington, R.T. 232
Davicco, M.J. 262
Davis, S.L. 167
Davis, S.R. 228
Day, J.D. 220
De Boer, G. 78, 166, 185, 266
De La Sota, R.L. 125, 223
Deaver, D.R. 273
DeLorenzo, M.A. 111
Delorme, L. 87
DeNise, S.K. 143
DePeters, E.J. 191, 225, 226, 240, 241
Detilleux, J.C. 101
Devine, C.S. 254
Dhiman, T.R. 239
Dibner, J.J. 169
DiCaprio, L. 142
Dillon, W. 27
Douthitt, Robin A. 236
Downer, J.V. 63
Doyle, C.J. 267
Dubreuil, P. 86
Dunkley, W.L. 21
Early, R.J. 184
Echternkamp, S.E. 121
Eggert, R.G. 81, 157
Einspanier, R. 32
Elasser, T.H. 164
Elias, V.D. 60
Elsasser, T.H. 50, 117, 118, 119, 135, 136, 179, 258
Elvinger, F. 5, 6, 187
Emery, R.S. 105
Enberg, B. 160
Enright, W.J. 7, 43
Eppard, P.J. 41, 85, 245, 246, 253, 257, 269
Erdman, R.A. 248
Ernst, L.K. 31
Esbenshade, K.L. 53, 123
Etherton, T.D. 198, 224, 235
Evans, N.M. 79
Ezra, E. 126
Fallert, F.R. 69
Fallert, R.F. 51
Farmer, C. 75
Farver, T.B. 171, 230
Fekry, A.E. 2
Finn, R.F. 39
Firkins, J.L. 63
Fleet, I.R. 153
Fowke, P.J. 181
Fox, D.G. 3
Fox, O.F. 9
Francis, G.L. 208
Franson, S.E. 140, 143
Freeman, A.E. 101
Freetly, H.C. 129
Funk, D.A. 10
Galland, J.C. 171, 230
Galligan, D.T. 8
Gallo, G.F. 124
Galosy, S. 254
Galton, D.M. 248
Ganguli, S. 41
Garssen, G.J. 133
Gaudreau, P. 86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119
Geisert, R.D. 59
Gertler, A. 90
Gibson, J.P. 106, 116
Girard, C. 75
Glimm, D.R. 212
Gluckman, P.D. 181, 228
Gol'dman, I.L. 31
Gong, J.G. 96, 98, 99
Goodwin, E.C. 1
Goodwin, M.C. 238
Goodwin, M.L. 80
Goonen, A.B. 233
Graf, F. 33
Graf, M. 167
Graule, B. 33
Gray, G.M. 21
Gray, S.L. 255
Green, G.A. 248
Grieve, D.G. 92, 94, 158
Grimes, L.W. 194
Gronowski, A. 242c
Grumbach, M.M. 21
Guthrie, H.D. 76
Hacker, R.R. 79
Hageman, M.J. 231, 232
Hale, M.D. 199
Hall, T.R. 167
Hallberg, M. C. 20
Hallford, D.M. 84, 122
Hamilton, K. 156
Hammond, A.C. 135
Hammond, B.G. 85, 245, 246
Hanigan, M.D. 191
Hannon, K. 242, 243
Hansen L.B. 265
Hansen, M.K. 14
Hansen, P.J. 5, 6, 112, 187
Hansen, W.P. 157
Hansson, A.è 160
Hard, D.L. 199, 277
Harmon, R.J. 81
Harrison, J.H. 105
Hart, I.C. 182
Hartnell, G.F. 39, 71, 72, 82, 89, 109, 127, 131, 132, 140,
151, 245
Harvey, R.W. 34, 73, 74, 93
Hassan, H.A. è7
Hauser, S.D. 169
Hayden, J.M. 260
Head, H.H. 5, 140, 207, 218
Hecht, D.W. 23, 176
Hedrick, H.B. 39
Heersche, G. 81
Heimer, E.P. 73, 74
Helferich, W.G. 60
Hemken, R.W. 81
Henricks, D.M. 255
Hertel, T.W. 174
Hileman, B. 18, 148, 210
Hill, S.R. 254
Hillers, V. 203
Hillerton, J.E. 256
Hinman, D.D. 64
Hintz, R.L. 21, 39, 41, 71, 82, 85, 100, 109, 140, 245, 246
Hodgkinson, S.C. 181
Hoffman, P.C. 10
Hoffman, R.G. 143
Holder, W.L. 162
Holmberg, C.A. 230
Holmeberg, C.A. 171
Hongerholt, D.D. 82, 107
Hoover, J. 79
House, W.A. 278
Houseknecht, K.L. 3
Hovell, F.D.D. 182
Howlett, B.A. 109
Huber, J.T. 70, 140, 143
Hudson, S. 151, 245
Hunt, C.W. 64
Hunt, D.W. 255
Hunter, T.W. 245
Huntington, G.B. 111
Hutton, N.E. 21
Huyler, M.T. 109
Huynh, H.T. 252
Ingle, T.L. 183
Inkster, J. 182
Iyer, K.S. 9
Jenny, B.F. 63, 194
Johnson, B.H. 53, 123
Johnson, D.E. 138
Johnson, D.W. 272
Johnson, H.D. 11, 130
Johnson, H.E. 141
Johnson, W.H. 80
Jones, E.J. 34
Jones, G.M. 188
Jonker, L.J. 133
Jordan, D.C. 127
Jorgenson, D.M. R107
Kaiser, H.M. 25, 45, 46, 48, 201, 219
Kasser, T.R. 39, 42, 64, 151
Kazmer, G.W. 35, 229, 264
Kelder, B. 108
Kemppainen, R.J. 61
Kennedy, B.W. 50, 164, 179, 258
Kennelly, J.J. 78, 166, 185, 212, 266
Kent, B.A. 104
Kerchove, G de 277
Kerr, D.E. 110
Kerr, M.A. 256
Keys, J.E. 2, 197
Kim, J. 139
Kindstedt, P.S. 89
Kirchgessner, M. 137
Kitchell, M.L. 169
Klein, B.K. 254
Kleinmans, J. 239
Klusmeyer, T.H. 128
Knapp, J.R. 129
Knight, C.H. 206, 256
Knobil, E. 21
Knowles, S.E. 208
Knutson, R.D. 52
Kopchick, J.J. 108, 142
Krabill, L.F. 204, 205
Kratzer, D. 230
Krejci, P. 91
Kretchmer, N. 281
Krimsky, S. 268
Kris-Etherton, P.M. 235
Krivi, G.G. 41, 169, 253
Kuchler, Fred 175
Kung, L. Jr' 41, 143
Laarveld, B. 103, 110
Lacasse, P. 87, 88
Lamb, R.C. 140, 248
Langhout, D.J. 59, 113
Lanza, G.M. 41, 85, 245, 246
Lapierre, H. 75, 86, 117, 118, 119
Larson, J.A. 29, 30
Larson, R.A. 157
Lauderdale, J.W. 204, 205
Laurent, F. 178
Laurentie, M.P. 227
Laven, R.A. 134
Lean, I.J. 19, 171, 230
Lee, C.Y. 255
Lefaivre, R. 17
Lefebvre, D.M. 97
Leslie, K.E. 217
Lewis, M.J. 183
Li, R. 130
Li, R.Z. 11
Liebrand, C.B. 69
Linn, J.G. 157
Lippe, B. 21
Lissemore, K.D. 217
Littell, R.C. 6
Lobie, P.E. 160
Loseth, K.J. 265
Lotan, E. 126
Louveau, I. 224
Lovendahl, P. 83, 247
Lucy, M.C. 125, 169, 223
Lynch, G.L. 63, 128
Lynch, J.M. 71, 72
MacDonald, R.D. 273
MacKenzie, D. 65
Mackenzie, D.D.S. 202
MacLeod, G.K. 184
MacRae, J.C. 182
Madakadze, C. 277
Mader, H. 170
Madsen, K.S. 100, 127, 140, 143, 246, 248
Maggiora, G.M. 165
Mainland, D.D. 267
Maisey, I. 134
Makarevich, A.V. 31
Manalu, W. 11, 130
Manns, J.G. 110
Marinchenko, G.V. 159
Markalous, E. 91
Marple, D.N. 61
Matveev, V.A. 31
Mauthner, M. 33
McAndrew, S.J. 108, 142
McBride, B.W. 50, 94, 106, 116, 158, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217,
258
McClean, C. 103
McClelland, John 175
McCutcheon, S.N. 202, 228
McDaniel, B.T. 244
McDowell, G.H. 263
McGuffey, R.K. 105, 193, 216
McGuire, M.A. 111, 186
McGuirk, A.M. 25, 174, 188
McLaughlin, C.L. 39, 151
McNamara, J.P. 159
Meeuwse, D.M. 205
Mehigh, C.S. 60
Mehigh, R.J. 60
Meimberg, Rudiger 12
Mepham, T.B. 153
Merkel, R.A. 7, 16, 260
Meserole, V.K. 109
Metzger, L.E. 245
Meulen, M. van der 116
Meyer, J. 33
Michel, A. 202
Miller, D.C. 74
Miller, H.I. 234
Miller, K.F. 76
Miller, M.A. 85, 151, 199, 214, 246
Miller, P.S. 225, 226, 240, 241
Mills, E.W. 235
Molan, P. 181
Moller, C. 160
Moore, K.L. 73
Morbeck, D.E. 244
Morgan, G.L. 215
Morisset, J. 86, 87, 88
Morrison, C.A. 167
Moseley, W.M. 40, 154, 238
Muller, H.L. 137
Muller, L.D. 102, 105
Mullinix, B.G. 114
Munyakazi, L. 269
Murphy, M.G. 77
Musienko, M.I. 31
Mutsvangwa, T. 277
Natzke, R.P. 5, 6, 187
Neathery, M.W. 131, 132
Nelson, D.R. 128
Nemeth, M.A. 71, 72
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept.
of Agricultural Economics 279
Norstedt, G. 160
O'Callaghan, D. 77
Okada, S. 142
Oldenbroek, J.K. 133
Oldham, J.M. 181
Olins, P.O. 254
Oliver, S.P. 183
Ollier, A. 261
Olson, J.D. 127, 248
Olson, T.A. 135
Otterby, D.E. 157, 200
Outlaw, J.L. 52
Owens, P.C. 208
Oyler, R.H. 229
Palmiter, R.D. 76
Parchuri, N. 265
Parchuri, Nandakishore 180
Pardue, F.E. 194
Parmley, K. 159
Patterson, D.L. 63, 194
Paulissen, J.B. 238
Paulson, J.C. 157
Payne, E. 120
Pearson, R.E. 272
Peel, C.J. 248
Peel, D.S. 172
Pell, A.N. 89, 109
Pelletier, G. 86, 87, 88
Peri, I. 90
Peterson, E. B. 173
Peterson, E.B. 174
Petitclerc, D. 86, 87, 88
Phipps, R.H. 277
Plaut, K. 251
Plouzek, C.A. 161
Politis, I. 106
Possert, P.L. 231, 232
Preckel, P.V. 174
Preston, W.P. 188
Prosser, C.G. 153
Przybycien, T.M. 37
Pursel, V.G. 76
Radloff, H.D. 239
Rakes, A.H. 105
Ramberg, C.F. Jr 8
Rankins, D.L. Jr 122
Rath, M. 77
Read, L.C. 208
Reagan, J.O. 131
Reeves, J.J. 141
Rehman, J.D. 158
Reilly, John 175
Reis, B.L. 129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241
Remond, B. 17, 261, 262
Reynolds, C.K. 111, 117, 118, 119
Reznik, M. 168
Rhein, R. 144, 250
Ribelin, W.E. 246
Richards, M.W. 215
Rieger, D. 80
Rippe, J.K. 89
Roberge, S. 141
Roberts, R.M. 44
Robinson, P.H. 78, 166, 185
Roche, J.F. 77
Rock, D.W. 63, 194
Roeder, R.A. 64
Rogan, G.J. 85, 151
Rostami, J. 171
Rottman, F.M. 1
Roush, W. O280
Rowold, E. 254
Royle, C. 153
Sabacky, M.J. 42
Samuels, W.A. 109, 248
Sandifer, T.G. 114
Sartin, J.L. 61
Satter, L.D. 239
Sauerwein, H. 181
Schally, A.V. 141
Schams, D. 32, 33, 227
Schelling, G.T. 64
Scherer, C.W. 48
Schiek, W.A. 27
Schingoethe, D.J. 177, 195
Schwab, W. 137
Schwart, R.B. Jr 52
Semenova, V.A. 31
Severdia, A.G. 9
Shagam, S.D. 51
Shelford, J.A. 266
Shoeffling, J.R. 70
Siler, J.F. 189
Silvia, W.J. 81
Simpson, R.B. 74, 93
Singh, M. 207
Sinnett-Smith, P.A. 247
Skarda, J. 91, 170
Skardova, O. 91
Slaba, J. 91
Smirnov, O.K. 31
Smith, C.E. 254
Smith, D.F. 3
Smith, G.S. 122
Snyder, D.L. 105
Sorbet, R.H. 246, 257, 269
Spencer-Johnson, K.J. 130
Spicer, L.J. 43, 59, 113, 121, 215
Spike, T.E. 193
Stanisiewski, E.P. 204, 205
Staples, C.R. 125, 223
Staples, R.C. 119
Stark, M. 13, 268
Staten, N.R. 253
Stauber, J.C. 190
Stegeman, G.A. 195
Stelwagen, K. 92, 94, 158
Stern, M.D. 82
Storrs, S.B. 37
Strel'chenko, N.S. 31
Strohl, G.K. 9
Sturman, H. 126
Sullivan, J.L. 143
Swalve, H.H. 58
Swift, P.J. 167
Tait, R.M. 202
Tauer, L.W. 219
Tauer, Loren W., 279
Taylor, S.A. 84
Tessmann, N.J. 239
Teverson, R.M. 256
Thatcher, W.W. 125, 218, 223
Thayer, A. 57
Thomas, C. 267
Thomas, J.W. 248
Thomson, T.D. 227
Tomas, F.M. 208
Torkelson, A.R. 85, 245
Torre, P.M. 183
Torrent, J. 138
Toutain, P.L. 227
Trenkle, A. 161, 242, 243
Troutt, H.F. 19, 171, 230
Tsang, D.S. 89, 109
Tucker, H.A. 7, 40, 60, 154
Tucker, W.B. 81
Turner, J.D. 252
Turvey, A. 256
Tweeten, L. 55
Tyrell, H.F. 118
Tyrrell, H.F. 117, 119
United States. General Accounting Office 237
University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center 173
Vandaele, W. 26
Varga, G.A. 102
Veenhuizen, J.J. 39, 64, 131, 132, 186, 214, 257, 269
Vernon, R.G. 115
Vicini, J.L. 186, 214
Vignon, B. 178
Violand, B.N. 41
Wagner, T.E. 142
Walker, A. 182
Walters, J.L. 95, 104
Walton, J.S. 80, 94
Walton, P.E. 208
Ward, G.M. 138
Warren, W.C. 253
Weaver, L.D. 171, 230
Webb, R. 96, 98, 99
Weigel, K.A. 38
Weller, J.I. 126
Weller, R.F. 199
West, J.W. 114
Wettemann, R.P. 215
Wheaton, J.E. 107, 265
White, T.C. 246
Wickham, B.W. 202
Wiehl, P. 142
Wilcox, C.J. 111, 207, 218
Wilde, C.J. 256
Wilfond, D.H. 207
Wilkinson, J. 178
Wilkinson, J.I.D. 133, 139, 216
Willan, A.R. 217
Williams, J.C. 61
Wilmut, I. 99
Winder, J.A. 84
Windisch, W. 137
Winsryg, M.D. 95, 104
Wollny, C. 33
Wood, D.L. 2, 197
Woodward, B. 50, 164, 179, 258
Woolliams, J.A. 83, 247
Yun, J. 142
Zarandi, M. 141
Zednik, J. 91
Zepeda, L. 259
Zhao, X. 106, 192
Ziegler, D.M. 265



Subject Index

3-hydroxybutyric acid 225, 226
Abomasum 3, 238
Accuracy 58
Acetates 2, 225, 226
Activity 167
Adipose tissue 2, 40, 159, 170, 197, 229
Adverse effects 21, 48, 222
Age 74, 75, 77, 90, 161
Age at first calving 10, 220
Age differences 34, 61, 218, 265
Agmatine 141
Agricultural policy 27, 219, 259
Agricultural prices 174
Agricultural structure 267
Ai bulls 35, 264
Alfalfa silage 239
Algorithms 6
Alpha-adrenergic receptors 61
Amino acid derivatives 108
Amino acid sequences 41, 108, 165
Amino acids 78, 177, 191, 253, 263
Anabolism 182
Analogs 141
Analytical methods 37
Androgens 7
Anestrus 84, 215
Animal biotechnology 20
Animal disorders 222
Animal fat 235
Animal health 9, 63, 65, 91, 109, 127, 133, 192, 200, 232,
246
Animal nutrition 181, 200, 215
Animal products 16
Animal protein concentrates 95
Animal tissues 31
Animal welfare 51, 192
Antagonists 122, 272
Antibiotic residues 149
Antibiotics 48, 274
Antibody formation 50, 85, 258
Arginine 73, 83
Arima 38
Arizona 70
Arteries 191, 240, 241
Assays 167
Autoradiography 212
Bacterial count 217
Barley 185
Beef 21, 36
Beef cattle 64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 238, 260
Beef cows 34, 73, 74, 84, 93, 169, 215
Belgium 24
Beta-adrenergic agonists 16
Bibliographies 29, 30
Binding 32, 181
Binding proteins 167, 186, 214, 257
Binding site 218
Bioavailability 227
Biochemical techniques 212
Biological development 61, 96
Biosynthesis 2
Biotechnology 13, 14, 23, 31, 188, 190, 221, 235
Birth weight 158
Blood 129, 199, 244
Blood analysis 257
Blood brain barrier 272
Blood chemistry 39, 41, 82, 114, 131, 133, 135, 151, 181
Blood composition 88, 130, 170
Blood flow 119, 263
Blood picture 133, 164
Blood plasma 33, 40, 61, 76, 80, 92, 94, 97, 102, 107, 111,
117, 119, 120, 125, 133, 158, 161, 166, 223, 225, 226, 229,
240, 241, 242, 243, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 278
Blood sampling 98
Blood serum 34, 35, 39, 41, 53, 64, 73, 79, 84, 85, 90, 93,
101, 110, 122, 141, 154, 167, 171, 177, 207, 215, 218, 230,
238, 255, 257, 258, 260
Blood sugar 39, 107, 181, 199, 225, 226, 263, 269
Boars 53, 76
Body composition 16, 17, 92, 126, 193
Body condition 17, 63, 82, 84, 105, 109, 127, 139, 154, 171,
194, 200, 204, 230, 239, 244, 248, 261
Body fat 17, 137, 193
Body measurements 157, 220, 265
Body protein 17, 193
Body temperature 111, 130, 143, 187, 199
Body weight 17, 33, 39, 81, 84, 90, 93, 106, 107, 109, 127,
133, 139, 158, 170, 177, 178, 192, 194, 200, 220, 230, 239,
244, 245, 273
Bovidae 11, 29, 30, 31
Bovine mastitis 6, 63, 81, 91, 109, 194, 217, 245, 246
Bovine oncovirus 60
Bovine somatotropin 20, 173, 175, 236, 237, 279
Brahman 135
Break-even point 8
Bred heifers 93, 158
Breed differences 33, 34, 74
Breeding efficiency 244
Breeding value 35, 116, 265
Bulls 53, 84, 123, 161, 168, 242, 255
Calcium 156, 245
California 259, 270
Caloric value 81
Calves 61, 83, 85, 86, 131, 132, 135, 157, 158, 218, 246,
247, 265, 272
Calving interval 105
Calving rate 84
Cap 24
Carbohydrate metabolism 228
Carcass composition 39, 64, 120, 131, 181, 235, 238
Carcass quality 39
Carcass yield 39, 238
Case studies 188, 220
Casein 3, 89
Castration 161, 255
Cattle 1, 13, 14, 16, 19, 37, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 108, 113,
136, 142, 165, 182, 208, 231, 243, 254, 268, 277
Cattle husbandry 200
Cattle manure 138
Cell counting 6, 71, 187, 217
Cell culture 7, 31, 59, 142
Cell cultures 60
Cell division' 121
Cells 94, 160, 168, 248, 249, 256
Cheese milk 178, 249
Cheesemaking 89, 178
Chemical composition 82, 166
Cholesterol 72, 225, 226
Choriomammotropin 253
Chromatography 9
Circadian rhythm 79
Clofibrate 120
Cluster analysis 58
Codex alimentarius 36
Colostrum 32
Commercial farming 248
Comparisons 21
Computer analysis 6
Computer software 35
Concanavalin a 179
Concentrates 17, 139, 178, 261, 262
Conception rate 81, 100, 204
Conceptus 44
Conferences 21
Consumer attitudes 45, 46, 48, 188
Consumer preferences 27
Consumer protection 36, 222
Consumer surveys 25
Consumers 54, 55
Consumers' preferences 236
Controlled release 33, 42, 63, 71, 72, 91, 105, 109, 140,
170, 192, 194, 245, 246, 261, 262
Corpus luteum 43, 169
Correlation analysis 242
Corticotropin 123
Cost analysis 8
Cost benefit analysis 54, 55
Cows 59, 102, 121, 134, 153, 157, 168, 184, 186, 202, 229,
235, 253, 271
Crossbreds 260, 277
Crude protein 78, 82, 177
Culling 133, 246
Culture media 59
Cytology 168
Czechoslovakia 91, 170
Dairies 70
Dairy bulls 35, 218, 264, 265, 273
Dairy cattle 28, 32, 58, 60, 83, 86, 92, 129, 131, 247
Dairy cooperatives 70
Dairy cows 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 22, 26, 33, 38, 40, 41,
50, 63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110,
111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133,
137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 154, 158, 159, 162, 164,
166, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 187, 191,
192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207,
212, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 234,
239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 258, 261,
262, 263, 266, 269, 272, 277, 278
Dairy farming 18, 20, 138, 176, 213, 267
Dairy farms 69, 162
Dairy herds 220, 248
Dairy industry 25, 27, 69, 162, 172, 174, 176, 219, 259, 274
Dairy products 20
Dairy technology 27
Dairying 173
Decision making 8
Demand 27, 174, 188, 201
Demography 48, 188
Detection 58
Developing countries 13
Diet 81, 143, 195, 204, 223
Dietary fat 16, 177, 195, 223
Dietary protein 78, 166, 177, 214
Digesta 104
Digestibility 86, 104, 122, 128, 261
Digestion 185
Digestive system 61
Digestive system diseases 246
Disease prevention 156
Distribution 54, 55
Diurnal variation 110
Dna 160
Dna replication 94
Domestic animals 167
Domestic markets 174
Dosage 247
Dosage effects 22, 42, 63, 64, 85, 105, 116, 121, 140, 141,
158, 204, 217, 238, 244, 245, 246, 258, 278
Drug delivery systems 151
Drug effects 277
Drug formulations 9, 192, 231, 232
Drug residues 36, 271, 274
Dry matter 81, 106, 109, 126, 154, 158, 177, 192, 194, 199,
269
Dry period 32, 112, 125, 183, 186, 207
Dual purpose cattle 33
Duodenum 102, 104, 128
Duration 133, 258
Dynamic models 219
Dystocia 10
Ec regulations 26
Econometric models 172, 201, 259
Economic analysis 259
Economic impact 18, 22, 24, 25, 48, 57, 68, 69, 70, 152, 172,
174, 201, 213, 219, 220, 259, 280
Effects 19
Embryo transfer 80
Embryos 80
Endotoxins 136
Energy balance 109, 137, 171, 249, 269
Energy consumption 40
Energy content 193, 214, 239
Energy cost of maintenance 118
Energy expenditure 184
Energy intake 17, 90, 106, 192, 193, 216
Energy metabolism 117, 118, 119, 137, 216, 263
Energy requirements 137, 138
Environmental factors 143
Environmental impact 138
Environmental protection 27
Environmental temperature 111, 130, 187
Enzyme activity 159, 256
Enzyme inhibitors 159
Enzymes 120
Epidermal growth factor 59, 251
Epinephrine 202
Epithelium 252, 256
Equations 191, 225, 226
Erosion 138
Errors 8
Escherichia coli 254
Essential amino acids 102
Estradiol 43, 59, 98, 107, 120, 121, 125, 223, 260
Estrogens 97
Estrone 76
Estrous cycle 93, 96, 124
Estrus 97, 204, 244, 246
Europe 15, 65, 152
European communities 15, 26, 36, 68, 152, 276
Ewe lactation 94
Ewes 94, 253
Exons 1, 142
Explants 2, 197
Factory farming 280
Farm amalgamations 162
Farm income 267
Farm inputs 270
Farm results 8
Farm structure 51
Farmers 54, 55
Farmers' associations 222
Fasting 35, 120
Fat metabolism 120
Fat percentage 86
Fat thickness 74
Fatty acids 2, 33, 34, 72, 97, 110, 114, 154, 177, 178, 195,
225, 226, 229, 240, 241, 249, 262, 269
Fatty liver 134
Federal government 155
Federal programs 172
Feed additives 46
Feed conversion 39, 82, 105, 106, 109, 130, 140, 151, 158,
194, 216, 238
Feed conversion efficiency 86, 88, 208
Feed grains 239
Feed intake 39, 63, 81, 86, 88, 106, 109, 111, 117, 118, 119,
122, 126, 130, 133, 137, 139, 140, 154, 158, 170, 177, 178,
192, 194, 199, 223, 245, 261, 263, 269, 278
Feed requirements 138
Feeds 174, 271
Female fertility 63, 81, 109, 126, 133, 170, 246
Fetal death 100
Fiber content 78
Field tests 276
Fish meal 82
Follicles 96, 121, 125, 223
Follicular fluid 43
Food additives 36
Food and nutrition controversies 26, 49, 51, 145, 234
Food biotechnology 51
Food composition tables 156
Food contamination 156
Food intake 120
Food processing 23, 174
Food production 174
Food quality 23
Food safety 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 47, 48, 51,
57, 62, 66, 67, 144, 146, 147, 148, 198, 203, 210, 211, 213,
221, 222, 233, 234, 250, 271, 274, 275, 280, 281
Food technology 23
Forage 166, 193, 239
France 58
Frequency 109
Fsh 80, 98, 121, 168
Functional responses 113
Gene expression 44, 76, 142, 212
Gene splicing 203
Gene transfer 60
Genes 142
Genetic correlation 264
Genetic differences 116, 143
Genetic engineering 18, 26, 31, 37, 57, 65, 67, 138, 147,
149, 189, 209, 211, 213, 233, 234, 270, 281
Genetic improvement 264
Genetic regulation 1
Genetics 202
Gestation period 94, 158
Gilts 76
Glucagon 117, 185
Gluconeogenesis 129
Glucose 129, 135, 182, 185, 202, 244
Glucose tolerance test 199
Glycerol 72
Gnrh 124
Goat milk 153
Goats 153, 206, 228, 253
Gonadotropins 76
Government 219
Government organizations 155
Graafian follicles 43, 59, 98, 125
Granulocytes 5
Granulosa cells 59, 121
Grass sward 267
Grazing 17, 84, 139, 261
Growth 3, 64, 90, 96, 157, 181, 208
Growth factors 90, 163, 218
Growth promoters 162, 174
Growth rate 5, 10, 42, 74, 77, 86, 131, 151, 220, 242
Guidelines 150
Half life 257
Haloxon 272
Hamsters 160
Hay 122
Health hazards 222
Heart rate 199
Heat loss 11
Heat production 11, 114, 130
Heat resistance 5
Heat stress 111, 112, 114, 126, 130, 187
Heifers 5, 7, 10, 34, 43, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84, 92, 96, 97, 98,
99, 103, 161, 220, 242, 262, 278
Hemagglutination tests 50
Hematocrit 164
Hematology 164
Heritability 101
Histology 251
Holstein-friesian 80, 101, 197, 277
Homeostasis 262
Hormonal control 252
Hormone receptors 160, 218, 224
Hormone secretion 53, 59, 61, 73, 76, 79, 83, 90, 93, 117,
121, 123, 141, 161, 168, 242, 247, 254, 255, 265
Hormone supplements 138, 145
Hormones 45, 166, 244
Household surveys 48, 188
Human milk 21
Humidity 114
Hydrocortisone 53, 123, 187, 260
Hydrophobicity 108
Hypersensitivity 50
Hypothalamic releasing hormones 87, 161
Hypothalamus 61, 136
Igg 85, 258
Igm 85
Immune response 136, 179, 187
Immunization 73, 74
Immunoglobulins 3
Immunological factors 136
Immunostimulation 183
In vitro 108, 159
Individual quarters 170
Induction 246
Infections 170
Inflammation 6
Infusion 3, 102, 154, 182, 199
Injection 11, 109, 126, 194, 245, 262
Innovation adoption 25, 27, 172, 219, 267
Insulin 32, 33, 34, 39, 59, 74, 86, 92, 96, 97, 117, 121,
133, 135, 159, 182, 185, 199, 202, 207, 214, 218, 229, 244,
257, 260, 262, 263, 269
Insulin-like growth factor 19, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 64,
73, 74, 88, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 107, 110, 111, 117, 121, 131,
135, 136, 151, 153, 158, 164, 166, 179, 181, 182, 186, 197,
202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 228, 238, 242, 243, 244,
255, 257, 262, 269, 273, 274
Interest groups 49
Interferon 44
Interleukin 2 183
International trade 69, 174
Intestines 117, 119
Intramuscular injection 205
Intravenous injection 227
Iodide 103
Ion transport 184
Ions 184
Irrigated pastures 84
Isolation 37
Israel 126
Italy 36
Ketonemia 171
Ketosis 171, 230
Kochia scoparia 122
L-thyroxine 133, 207
Labeling 47, 145
Labeling controls 145
Lactating females 41, 73, 87, 112, 124, 153, 159, 184, 257
Lactation 22, 71, 115, 125, 129, 137, 157, 158, 186, 216,
228, 229, 251, 252, 263, 269
Lactation curve 38, 58, 82, 109, 140, 207, 244
Lactation number 77, 81, 90, 133, 140, 143, 192, 199, 239,
246
Lactation stage 17, 33, 71, 72, 105, 106, 126, 143, 193, 204,
214, 217, 240, 241, 248, 258, 269
Lactic acid 225, 226
Lactose intolerance 156
Lambs 39, 120, 151, 181, 182
Lameness 246
Lasers 9
Late lactation 229
Legislation 268
Lesions 109, 238
Leucine 108
Lh 34, 59, 76, 98, 124, 168, 215, 273
Light regime 79
Line differences 101, 265
Linear models 101
Lipid metabolism 16, 228
Lipogenesis 159, 170, 197
Literature reviews 10, 22, 186, 208, 216, 228, 232, 235, 249,
251, 253, 263
Liver 2, 119, 129, 181, 197, 218, 224, 242, 243
Liver cells 121
Livestock 51
Liveweight 77
Liveweight gain 39, 74, 84, 85, 88, 90, 107, 126, 158, 178,
181, 238, 253
Long chain fatty acids 223
Long term experiments 88
Lungs 31
Lymphocyte transformation 179, 183
Lymphocytes 5, 164, 179, 183, 187
Lysine 102, 128
Maize silage 261
Mammary development 251, 256
Mammary glands 10, 32, 94, 183, 187, 191, 197, 206, 225, 226,
228, 240, 241, 251, 252, 256, 263
Mammary tissue 2, 153, 212
Man 208
Manganese 132
Market segmentation 279
Marketing 150
Marketing channels 174
Marketing margins 52
Marketing orders 259
Marketing policy 172
Mastitis 127, 149, 170, 237, 239, 248
Mathematical models 231, 267
Mating 53
Meat 16
Meat and livestock industry 174
Meat animals 198
Meat quality 235
Melting point 72
Membranes 218, 224
Messenger RNA 60, 121, 169, 224, 242, 243
Metabolic disorders 246
Metabolism 159, 202, 230, 257
Metabolites 34, 125, 129, 133, 171, 223, 230, 240, 241, 244,
257, 262, 263
Metabolizable energy 137, 223
Methane production 138
Methionine 102, 128
Methylhistidine 260
Mice 142
Micelles 178
Microscopy 168
Microsomes 218, 224
Milk 21, 23, 26, 32, 41, 66, 114, 156, 222, 234, 274, 279,
281
Milk composition 22, 33, 41, 63, 71, 72, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89,
92, 95, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 127, 128, 133, 137, 140, 154,
166, 170, 171, 177, 178, 185, 192, 194, 195, 199, 230, 239,
245, 248, 249, 269, 277
Milk consumption 46, 48, 188
Milk contamination 237
Milk fat 72, 102, 195, 249
Milk fat percentage 126, 130, 171, 261
Milk fat yield 72, 126
Milk marketing 155, 201
Milk prices 52, 69, 70, 172, 201, 219, 259, 274
Milk processing 249
Milk production 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 47, 56, 57,
58, 62, 67, 68, 88, 92, 100, 102, 103, 110, 127, 138, 146,
147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 162, 171, 172, 189, 196, 197, 209,
210, 211, 213, 219, 220, 222, 233, 234, 235, 237, 259, 264,
267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 277, 280
Milk products 13, 145, 176, 190, 268
Milk protein 95, 102
Milk protein percentage 126, 130, 261
Milk protein yield 126
Milk proteins 71, 178, 195, 249
Milk quality 109, 249
Milk secretion 153
Milk supply 152, 172, 201, 274
Milk synthesis 41, 256
Milk trade 279
Milk yield 10, 17, 22, 25, 33, 38, 40, 63, 70, 71, 77, 81,
82, 83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106,
109, 112, 115, 116, 126, 128, 130, 133, 137, 139, 140, 143,
153, 154, 158, 166, 170, 177, 178, 185, 186, 187, 192, 193,
194, 195, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 216, 223, 230,
239, 244, 245, 248, 256, 261, 262, 269, 271, 274, 277
Milking interval 127, 206, 256
Mineral metabolism 132, 278
Mineral nutrition 245
Minnesota 157
Mitogens 5, 183
Mitosis 5, 179
Mobilization 137
Mode of action 115, 200, 206, 252
Models 2
Molecular weight 9
Monitoring 155
Morphology 168
Murine paramyxovirus 44
Naloxone 73
Neoplasms 156
Neutrophils 164
New York 25, 46, 48
Nitrogen 3, 39, 138
Nitrogen balance 122, 131, 137, 182, 208
Nitrogen metabolism 131
Nitrogen retention 118, 119, 182
Nonprotein nitrogen 89, 185
Nontarget effects 179
North Carolina 213
Northern blotting 212, 224
Nucleotide sequences 1
Nutrient availability 182
Nutrient content 156
Nutrient density 177
Nutrient requirements 156, 216
Nutrient transport 102
Nutrient uptake 225, 226, 240, 241
Nutrients 119
Nutrition 75, 186
Nutritional adequacy 63
Nutritive value 21
Oklahoma 172
Opioid peptides 272
Opioids 73
Optimization 219
Organ culture 251
Organochlorine compounds 50
Organs 39, 131
Osteoporosis 156
Ovariectomized females 97, 161
Ovariectomy 215
Ovaries 43, 96, 113, 121, 169
Ovulation 80, 81
Ovulation rate 98, 223
Oxidation 129
Perception 48
Performance 64
Ph 32, 78, 104
Phagocytosis 5
Pharmacokinetics 227
Phenotypic correlation 116
Phospholipids 2, 72
Phosphorus 138, 245
Phosphorylation 160
Physiological functions 19
Physiology 118
Pigmeat 174, 189
Pigs 42, 198, 208, 224, 235
Pituitary 7, 41, 168
Placenta 157, 253
Plane of nutrition 5, 90, 92, 135, 239
Plasmin 252
Plasminogen 252
Plasminogen activator 252
Pmsg 99
Poisoning 122
Population growth 27
Porcine somatotropin 173, 175
Pork industry and trade 173
Postpartum interval 93, 124
Postpartum period 32
Potassium 184
Poultry 208
Predicted difference 101, 264
Prediction 35, 225, 226, 267
Pregnancy 63, 73, 124, 159
Pregnancy rate 100
Prepartum period 32, 94, 158
Prepubertal females 34
Price support 69, 70, 219
Probabilistic models 38
Producer prices 52
Product development 189
Production controls 219
Production costs 22
Profitability 219
Profits 271
Progeny testing 264
Progesterone 43, 59, 80, 98, 121, 124, 125
Prolactin 35, 79, 84, 90, 122, 207, 251, 253, 257, 264, 269,
272 Protected fat 223
Protected protein 82
Protein 182
Protein concentrates 193
Protein content 89
Protein degradation 95
Protein digestibility 95
Protein kinase 160
Protein metabolism 16, 182
Protein requirement 3, 78
Protein supplements 103
Protein synthesis 59, 128, 184
Protein turnover 260
Proteinases 159
Proteins 9, 32, 44
Proteolysis 159
Puberty 34, 74, 77, 90
Public agencies 145
Public health 16
Public opinion 4, 250, 280
Pumps 151
Purification 224
Quotas 70
Rabbits 31
Rangelands 84
Rapeseed oilmeal 103
Rats 42, 160, 208
Receptors 169, 212, 228
Recombinant DNA 26, 37, 232, 234
Recombinant vaccines 276
Recombination 41
Regions 54, 55
Regression analysis 116, 191
Regulation 24, 56, 61
Regulations 15, 23, 36, 47, 146, 148, 149, 196, 275
Removal 219
Replacement 10
Reproduction 200
Reproductive efficiency 77
Reproductive performance 100, 192
Research support 163, 189
Residues 21, 198, 222, 281
Resource utilization 267
Respiration rate 199
Responses 153
Restricted feeding 90, 111
Retail marketing 174
Retail prices 52
Retention 3, 278
Rna 212
Rotational grazing 270, 271
Rumen bacteria 128
Rumen digestion 95, 185
Rumen fermentation 78, 104, 128, 195
Rumen microorganisms 104
Safety 235
Safflower seed 195
Scrotum 265
Seasonal fluctuations 6, 35
Secretions 32
Sectoral analysis 174
Selection 83
Selection criteria 264, 265
Selection responses 101
Semiarid zones 84
Serum 59
Sexual behavior 53, 97, 123
Sexual maturity 76
Sheep 228
Simulation models 172, 259
Sires 35, 101, 265
Size 125, 223, 256
Skeletal muscle 184, 242, 243, 260
Skin 50
Small farms 152, 162
Social welfare 219
Socioeconomic status p48
Sodium 184
Sodium bicarbonate 8
Solar radiation 112
Somatic cell count 133
Somatoliberin 7, 40, 43, 60, 73, 74, 83, 86, 88, 93, 107,
117, 118, 119, 141, 154, 247, 265
Somatomedin 186, 263
Somatostatin 161, 185
Somatotropin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64,
65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,
153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166,
167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181,
182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220,
221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,
233, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,
273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281
Soybean oilmeal 82
Species differences 39, 167, 253
Stability 231
State government 268
Steers 3, 7, 64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 122, 238, 242, 255, 260
Steroidogenesis 121
Stress response 53
Structural genes 1
Subcutaneous injection 42, 192
Sulfur 278
Summer 130
Sunflower seeds 195
Superovulated females 80
Superovulation 80, 99
Supply balance 25
Surpluses 51, 219
Synergism 247
Synthetic hormones 93, 274
Synthetic pituitary hormones 80, 227
Technical progress 267
Temperature 5, 11, 114
Testes 273
Testosterone 53, 76, 123, 273
Thermodynamics 165
Thickness 50
Thiocyanates 103
Thyroid antagonists 103
Thyroid function 103
Thyroid gland 243
Thyroid hormones 111, 242
Thyrotropin 103
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 43, 83, 86, 87, 88, 247
Thyroxine 103, 135, 218
Time series 38
Timing 205
Tissue culture 2, 121, 197, 229
Tissue proliferation 94
Tissues 132
Toxicity 21
Trade policy 27
Transfection 60
Transfer 31
Transforming growth factor 251
Transgenics 31, 76, 276
Transit time 78, 104
Translation 108
Treatment 258, 266
Trenbolone 107, 120, 260
Trends 27
Triacylglycerols 2, 120, 225, 226
Triiodothyronine 103, 135, 207, 218, 257, 262
Trophoblast 44
Tyrosine 160
U.S.A. 4, 15, 18, 27, 54, 55, 57, 67, 69, 144, 145, 147, 148,
150, 152, 155, 162, 172, 174, 210, 211, 219, 221, 250, 275
Udders 217
Uk 267
Ultrasound 96
Unrestricted feeding 90
Unsaturated fatty acids 195
Urea 107, 151, 185, 269
Urea nitrates 102
Urine 84
Usage 48
Usda 15, 36, 68, 150, 163, 276
Validity 201
Vectors 60
Veins 191, 240, 241
Viral interference 44
Virginia 25, 188
Water uptake 231
Water use 138
Weather 114
Weight 39, 131
Wethers 120
Whey protein 89
Wisconsin 56, 196
Yield correlations 153
Zebu 277
Zero grazing 139
Zimbabwe 277
Zinc 132