AWIC

NONHUMAN PRIMATE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Provided by the Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

REVISED
1/22/91

Office of Animal Care and Use
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
(301)496-5424

CONTENTS

Preface ........................................................3
List of Figures ................................................4
List of Tables .................................................5
Chapter 1 - Introduction........................................6
Chapter 2 - Evaluation of the Status of NHP Care and Use at NIH--Survey Results.............................7
Chapter 3 - Potential Environmental Enrichment Options for Nonhuman Primates ....................................12
Chapter 4 - Translation of the Nonhuman Primate Management Plan Into Action ..............................22
Appendices 1 Behaviors Considered to be Abnormal...................33
2 Chimpanzee Enrichment Program ........................34
3 Glossary of Terms.....................................37
4 Sample Facility Enrichment Plan.......................38

References ....................................................43

PREFACE

The director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) requested in March 1987, "state-of-the-art" housing for the nonhuman primate population at NIH. As a result of this, the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) hired Dr. Kathryn Bayne to coordinate the development of this document, conduct a survey of nonhuman primate utilization and conduct independent research on environmental enrichment. She was also directed to work with scientists and veterinarians working with nonhuman primates, the Office of Animal Care and Use (OACU), and the Veterinary Resources Program (VRP) in the formulation of this plan. The document, then, presents the results of the survey and recommendations of a diverse group of researchers, care providers and administrators to meet the 1985 congressional mandate for improved "psychological well-being" of nonhuman primates. This Plan does not attempt to set the standard for nonhuman primate housing across the country, but rather is a research oriented program through which various means of environmental enrichment can be tested and implemented at NIH.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Environmental Enrichment - Social ..................50
Figure 2: Environmental Enrichment - Non-social ..............51
Figure 3: Example of Creative Animal Holding Room Design ...........................................52
Figure 4: Factors Proposed by NIH Scientists to Assess Psychological State...............................53
Figure 5: Recommendations by NIH Veterinarians for Measuring Psychological Well-Being................54

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Percent of Nonhuman Primates Utilized at the National Institutes of Health by Species ...........26
Table 2: Methods Utilized by National Institutes of Health Investigators to Measure Nonhuman Primate Psychological Well-Being ...................27
Table 3: Listing and Frequency of Suggestions Made by Investigators at the National Institutes of Health for Modifications of the Cage Environment.........................................28
Table 4: Methods of Measuring Nonhuman Primate Psychological Well-Being Utilized by National Institutes of Health Veterinarians .................29
Table 5: Recommendations by National Institutes of Health Veterinarians for Nonhuman Primate Housing Changes ....................................30
Table 6: Categorization of References by Method of Assessing Well-Being................................31

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Healthy and normal nonhuman primates are required for many biomedical research studies. Although guidelines and regulations exist for the maintenance of healthy nonhuman primates which include standards for nutrition, sanitation, and the micro- and macro-environments, the 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act (PL 99-198) mandated additional requirements with the introduction of the term "psychological well-being."

Since the passage of the Act, many investigators have been attempting to define "psychological well-being" in an objective and measurable fashion. To date, no one definition has been described which can be applied equally to all individuals or species of nonhuman primates. As a state of well-being is similarly difficult to describe universally for all human beings, it is not surprising that such a definition is at present lacking in the primatological literature.

Many means of measuring "psychological well-being" are currently used. The most commonly utilized measures include behavioral and physiological parameters. Erwin and Deni (1979) have described in great detail the abnormal behaviors frequently seen in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) maintained in laboratories (see Appendix 1). Similar descriptions for other nonhuman primate species are also available. Physiological measures, such as cortisol and ACTH levels as well as immune status tests (e.g., IgG levels) are objective values that can be monitored at regular intervals. However, the validity of relying on measures of stress as the sole determination of psychological well-being has not been verified. Also, the ubiquitous usefulness and reliability of any measure for even one species of nonhuman primates is unlikely as individual variation in situational responsiveness is high in nonhuman primates.

CHAPTER 2 EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE CARE AND USE AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH -- SURVEY RESULTS - 1987

In 1987, a survey of 56 investigators and five veterinarians from 10 ICD's was conducted to assess the status of housing and management procedures and experimental requirements for the nonhuman primate population at NIH. A follow-up survey was conducted in 1990. The results of this survey are as follows:

o The largest proportion of nonhuman primates at NIH is the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). See Table 2 for a rank ordering of the usage of other nonhuman primate species.

o 58.1% of the investigators studying nonhuman primates at NIH use rhesus monkeys (see Table 3).

o 96.4% of the time the subject animal is removed from the home cage during the course of the experiment (47% of the time the animal is removed 1-2 times each week).

o If the animal is removed, 64.1% of the time it is sedated or anesthetized.

o In 29.1% of the protocols, positive reinforcement is used.

o When positive reinforcement is used, 62% of the time a liquid (water or juice) is the form of the reinforcer.

o The length of time an individual nonhuman primate is used for a research protocol at NIH ranges from one day (typically these animals are placed in the recycling program if they are not euthanized) to a lifetime, with the mean time being 9.6 months.

o 58.2% of the time the subject is euthanized at the end of the study.

o 62% of the investigators surveyed feel that the nonhuman primate's environment is "suitable". Continued - Survey Results - 1987

o 53% of the investigators surveyed feel that the nonhuman primate's environment is enriched. Many thought this enrichment was due to the experiment itself.

o The average nonhuman primate research project has 4.2 investigators working directly or indirectly with the animals.

o Animals that are chair restrained as part of the study spend a mean time of 5.7 hrs (mode =3.0 hrs) in the chair during the course of the day.

o 30.9% of the investigators chair restrain their subjects as part of the protocol.

o 16.4% of the investigators tether their subjects as part of the experimental protocol.

o 14.3% investigators keep their animals on collars and chains in the home cage. A total of 20.5% use chains to transfer animals to chairs.

o 4.5% utilize the pole and collar system to transfer animals. o 9.1% of the investigators train their subjects to enter transport cages, so they can move them while the animals are conscious.

o The mean number of hours the nonhuman primates are worked each week for all Institutes is 14.6 hrs (ranging from 1 hr to 56 hr per week).

o 84.9% of the investigators surveyed house their adult nonhuman primates singly. Approximately 70% of the nonhuman primates at the NIH are singly housed. Of these approximately 4% are housed in isolation chambers for purposes of quarantine or infectious disease studies.

o 51.8% of the investigators currently are or would be willing to pair or group house their subjects.

o 8.9% of the animals are on special diets as part of the experimental protocol.

o 56% of the investigators surveyed try to assess the psychological well-being of their nonhuman primate subjects. Many, however, felt unskilled in their attempts and felt a "trained observer" (i.e. an individual skilled in making behavioral assessments) would be more reliable. Continued - Survey Results - 1987

o 80% of the veterinarians interviewed attempt to assess the psychological well-being of the nonhuman primates in their care.

o See Table 3 for a list of the current methods utilized by NIH investigators to measure the psychological well-being of their nonhuman primates.

o See Table 4 for a list of suggestions by investigators for environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates made by investigators at NIH.

o See Table 5 for the list of methods utilized by attending veterinarians at NIH for assessing the psychological well- being of nonhuman primates.

o See Table 6 for recommendations for housing made by the attending veterinarians. EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE CARE AND USE AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH -- SURVEY RESULTS - 1990

o The largest proportion of nonhuman primates studied at the NIH is the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). 63% of the investigators studying nonhuman primates at NIH use rhesus monkeys.

o 98% of the time the subject animal is removed from the home cage during the course of the experiment (64% of the time the animal is removed 1-5 times each week).

o If the animal is removed, 63% of the time it is sedated or anesthetized.

o In 50% of the protocols, positive reinforcement is used.

o When positive reinforcement is used, 32% of the time a liquid (water or juice) is the form of the reinforcer; 59% of the time food is used and 9% of the time other forms of reinforcement are utilized.

o The length of time an individual nonhuman primate is used for a research protocol at NIH ranges from one day (typically these animals are placed in the recycling program if they are not euthanized) to a lifetime, with the mean time being 3 years.

o 69% of the investigators surveyed feel that the nonhuman primate's environment is enriched. Many thought this enrichment was due to the experiment itself.

o The average nonhuman primate research project has 3.2 investigators working directly or indirectly with the animals.

o Animals that are chair restrained as part of the study spend a mean time of 3.4 hours (mode = 3.0 hours) in the chair during the course of the day. The time ranges from 1 hour to 8 hours uninterrupted.

o 27.5% of the investigators chair restrain their subjects as part of the protocol.

o 12% of the investigators tether their subjects as part of the experimental protocol.

o 6% of the investigators keep their animals on collars and chains in the home cage.

o 4% utilize the pole and collar system to transfer animals.

o 22% of the investigators transport cage train their subjects so they can move the animals while they are conscious.

o 61% of the investigators surveyed house their adult nonhuman primates singly. Approximately 78% of the nonhuman primates owned by the respondents are singly housed.

o 45.8% of the investigators who currently are not social housing their animals would be willing to pair or group house their subjects.

o 36.7% of the animals are on food controlled diets and 20.4% fluid controlled as part of the experimental protocol.

o 83% of the investigators surveyed try to assess the psychological well-being of their nonhuman primate subjects.

CHAPTER 3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT OPTIONS FOR NONHUMAN PRIMATES

Introduction:

Figures 1 and 2 depict an option diagram which is presented for use by the investigator, veterinarian or facility manager. It suggests a variety of options for housing and managing the laboratory nonhuman primate. These options may be selected as befits the particular research study of which the animal is a part. Many of the potential methods were suggested by investigators during the survey process.

Factors Potentially Promoting Well-Being:

CHAPTER 4

TRANSLATION OF THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE MANAGEMENT PLAN INTO ACTION

Implementation of the Nonhuman Primate Management Plan will be accomplished via a three phase program. This implementation will predominantly be composed of a research and demonstration project at the NIH and at other research laboratories across the country.

A phase-in program will be based on the research program currently under the direction of Dr. Kathryn Bayne, OACU. Phase 1 will test enrichment methodologies and consider other findings to ensure they are not detrimental to the ongoing research effort. Phase 2 will examine their efficacy in a small number of laboratories which have volunteered to participate in this effort. Both Phases 1 & 2 will have a bias toward cost-effective enrichment techniques. Phase 3 will encompass the broad-scale implementation of a number of enrichment options that have passed through Phases 1 & 2 in a larger number of laboratories at NIH. The options from which the scientific and veterinary communities can choose will be based on research studies.

A rating scale of the behavioral indices used to evaluate the psychological state of a nonhuman primate has been developed. This rating scale is based on data from enrichment studies conducted at the NIH (Bayne et al., submitted).

The responsibility of the design of an enrichment program for each animal study proposal will rest with each investigator. The Veterinary Behaviorist, ICD-ACUC, ICD veterinarian, and facility manager can all assist to various degrees with the design and implementation of the enrichment plan. If an approved enrichment technique proves to be unsuccessful under some conditions of use, assistance will be available from the Veterinary Behaviorist and her staff. In addition, the Veterinary Behaviorist will maintain current files on the variety of enrichment methodologies that have been tested or proposed, thereby serving as an information source for the intramural community.

Table 1

Percent of nonhuman primates utilized at the National Institutes of Health by species Species Percent Macaca mulatta 61.5 Macaca fascicularis 12.1 Saimiri sp. 11.3 Callithrix sp./Saguinus sp. 6.8 Aotus trivirgatus 4.5 Pan troglodytes 2.2 Macaca arctoides 1.3 Cebus apella 0.3

Table 2

Methods utilized by NIH investigators to measure nonhuman primate psychological well-being o physiological measures o performance during experiment o behavior changes o behavioral abnormalities (stereotypies, self-abuse, masturbation, coprophagy, urine-drinking) o level of aggression o facial expressions o hair coat quality o response to people o dominance over cage neighbors o general behavior normal for species o appetite and body weight o quality of vocalizations o attention to surroundings o immunologic state o consistency in behavior

Table 3

Listing and frequency of suggestions made by investigators at the National Institutes of Health for modification of the cage environment o Increase size of cage/more vertical space 20.2% o Apparatus, toys, rope, swings 17.0% o Perches, shelves (including the use of wood) 10.8% o Pair/group house 7.7% o Vary the diet 7.0% o Natural lighting 3.9% o Provide T.V., music 3.9% o Use materials other than metal for the cage 2.3% o Decrease the number of animals in a room 2.3% o Increase the size of the rooms 2.3% o Provide a central exercise area 2.3% o Improve quality of caretaker time with animals 2.3% o Paint the walls with colors 1.6% o Wire mesh walls to increase visibility of cage 1.5% neighbors o Central social area 1.5% o Control over the environment 1.5% o Provide the animals with hiding places 1.5% o Improve the cage washing system 1.5% o Improve the watering system 1.5% o Provide nesting material for pregnant females 0.8% o Flexible barriers between animals 0.8% o Padded cages for recovery from anesthesia 0.8% o Mirrors, house across from each other 0.8% o Provide time outdoors 0.8% o Feed throughout the day 0.8% o Improve room lighting 0.8% o Increase predictability of daily routine 0.8% o Outdoor view, e.g via a window 0.8%

Table 4

Methods of measuring status of nonhuman primate psychological well-being utilized by NIH veterinarians o self-mutilation o stereotypies o over-reaction to a stimulus o distress calls o physical appearance o appetite

Table 5

Recommendations by NIH veterinarians for nonhuman primate housing changes o social housing o perches in the cage o manipulanda in the cage o puzzle feeders on the cage o transport cage train the animals o exercise area o visual barriers for group housed animals o computerized watering system for isolator cages

Table 6

Categorization of References by Method of Assessing Well-Being METHOD AUTHOR SPECIES Behavioral Alexander & Roth 1971 Japanese macaque Anderson 1983 Stumptail macaque Baldwin & Suomi 1974 Rhesus Bayne 1989 Rhesus Bayne et al. 1989 Rhesus Bayne & McCully 1989 Rhesus Bernstein 1967 Chimpanzee Bloom et al. 1989 Rhesus Bloomsmith 1988 Chimpanzee Bryant et al. 1988 Cynomologus Chamove et al. 1973 Rhesus Chamove et al. 1984 Stumptail Champoux et al. 1987 Rhesus Colman et al. 1976 Human Cooper & Markowitz 1979 Chimpanzee Crockett et al. 1989 Macaques Dennis 1955 Capuchin Dienske et al. 1980 Rhesus Draper & Bernstein 1963 Rhesus Eckert & Grober 1986 Owl Elton & Anderson 1977 Baboons Erwin 1979 Pigtail Erwin & Deni 1979 Rhesus Erwin 1986 Rhesus, Pigtail Evans 1984 Marmosets Fenton & Penny 1985 Human Fritz & Fritz 1979 Chimpanzee Gallup 1977 Cynomolgus Gallup et al. 1980 Rhesus Gallup 1982 Monkeys & Apes Hall 1962 Patas Harlow et al. 1971 Rhesus Harlow & Suomi 1971 Monkeys & Apes Horn 1980 Chimpanzee Huebner & King 1979 Rhesus Huebner & Kong 1984 Squirrel Itakura 1987 Japanese macaque Kraemer & McKinney 1979 Rhesus Line 1987a Rhesus Line 1987b Rhesus MacLean 1964 Squirrel Mineka et al. 1986 Rhesus Nash & Chilton 1986 Galago Novak & Harlow 1975 Rhesus Novak 1979 Rhesus Novak & Drewsen 1988 Rhesus Oates 1987 Monkeys & Apes O'Neill 1987 Rhesus O'Neill 1988 Rhesus O'Neill 1989 Rhesus Paulk et al. 1977 Rhesus Reinhardt et al. 1987a Rhesus Reinhardt et al. 1987b Rhesus Reinhardt 1989 Rhesus Renquist & Judge 1985 Rhesus Ruppenthal et al. 1976 Rhesus Schmidt et al. 1989 Rhesus Simpson 1984 Rhesus Southwick 1967 Rhesus Suomi et al. 1970 Rhesus Suomi et al. 1971 Rhesus Suomi & Harlow 1972 Rhesus Suomi et al. 1973 Rhesus Suomi 1973 Rhesus Suomi et al. 1976 Rhesus Suomi 1983 Rhesus Watson et al. 1989 Cynomologus Westergaard/Fragaszy 1985 Cebus Westergaard/Lindquist 1987 Lion-tail macaque Williams et al. 1989 Squirrel Wolff 1989 Squirrel Ecological Baldwin et al. 1981 Chimpanzee Anderson et al. 1983 Chimpanzee Horn 1980 Chimpanzee Physiological Pearce & Beauchamp 1988 Cynomolgus Stanton et al. 1985 Squirrel Line 1987b Rhesus Immunological Coe et al. 1985 Squirrel & Rhesus Coe et al. 1988 Squirrel

APPENDIX 1

Behaviors Considered to be Abnormal*

APPENDIX 2

Chimpanzee Enrichment Program
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
Brent, L.; D.R. Lee and J.W. Eichberg
SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH CARETAKER

Note: This is in addition to the regular attention the chimp receives from the caretaker.

Grooming infant chimps - or let chimp groom you with hair brush or emery board - don't give to chimp if not returned Play with infant chimps

Blow bubbles - in areas where mask is to be worn; wave wand or hold wand in front of air conditioner to make bubbles

Show pictures in magazines, books, photos do not let chimp have item

New objects for chimp to see mechanical toys, tools, etc.

FUN FOODS

                              Amount per chimp
Nuts in shell - peanuts, not salted     1 cup
Sunflower seeds                         1/2 cup
Popcorn, no salt or butter              1 cup
Frozen fruit or vegetables              1 piece
Peanut butter in cup                    1/4 cup
Raisins                                 1/4 cup
Oatmeal - flavored                      1/2 cup
Cereal                                  1/2 cup
Yogurt, nonfat                          1/2 cup
Fruit juice                             1 cup

PUZZLES

Raisin tubes - fill small plastic tube with raisins

Koolaid tub with straw - frozen koolaid in tub outside cage, provide paper straw or tube

Popcorn in bag - lunch size bag for individuals or large paper bag for group, place on top of cage

Pipe feeder - attached outside cage, filled with honey, juice, etc.

Puzzle box with peanuts, raisins, primatreats - on top of cage

King kong toys filled with food

Frozen koolaid, juice, applesauce ice cubes or ice blocks

NON-FOOD ITEMS

Unbreakable mirror

Toothbrush and toothpaste - only give toothbrush to animals that will not destroy it immediately

Magazine - several pages per chimp

Newspaper - several pages per chimp

Crayons/Paint/Chalk with paper - one piece paper and small piece of crayon, paint, or chalk per chimp (encourage chimp to give picture back)

Toys (if approved)

Toilet paper - one roll per group, or several feet per individual

Boxes

Feed sack - no string or plastic

GUIDELINES

ENRICHMENT SCHEDULE (EXAMPLE)

          Week 1         Week 2         Week 3         Week 4

MONDAY    Emery Board    Bubbles        Tickle/Tag     Brush

TUESDAY   Unshelled      Frozen banana  Popcorn        Raisins
          nuts

WEDNESDAY Raisin tube    Popcorn bag    Koolaid        Pipe
                                                       feeder
                                                       (honey)

THURSDAY  Yogurt cup     Sunflower      Peanut         Oatmeal
                         seeds          butter cup

FRIDAY    Toilet paper   Feed sack      Crayons/       News-
                                        chalk          paper

Tang and vitamins every day.

Televisions and radios on at varied times.

Appendix 3-- GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Bonding: The formation of social attachments which when temporarily or permanently disrupted result in a psychologically distressing syndrome known as separation anxiety.

Positive Reinforcement: The receipt of a pleasant stimulus by an animal after a specified response is made, thereby increasing the probability that the same response will be made again.

Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is stopped when an animal makes a specified response, thereby increasing the probability that the response will be made again.

Social Housing: A living environment in which two or more animals are maintained together. Social housing necessitates compatibility and may or may not result in bonding.

Social Signal: A visual, tactile, or auditory cue made by one animal in a social situation and interpreted by another animal or the same animal.

Appendix 4-- FACILITY NONHUMAN PRIMATE ENRICHMENT PLAN

Facility Name_____________________________________________
Reporting Period (e.g., fiscal year)______________________
Name of Responsible Individual____________________________

Those species of nonhuman primates which have been observed to live in social groups in a free-ranging state are currently being socially housed in their primary enclosure

Each animal is being maintained in a pair/group housing condition which has been determined to be compatible by regular behavioral observations (conducted by ________________________, at __________________________[time] interval) and based on the professional judgement of the attending veterinarian (name).

Animals which are individually housed are maintained in this manner for reasons of over-aggression, health status, or due to justified experimental constraints (see attached for a complete listing of individually housed animals), and have been approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee and facility veterinarian.

Cage complexities (perches, toys, foraging devices, etc.) made available to socially and individually housed primates include the following:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Environmental enrichment is being given special consideration to (select the type(s) that apply):

Nonhuman primates experiencing restraint for more than 12 hours are provided daily with the opportunity for unrestrained activity for at least one continuous hour during the period of restraint, unless continuous restraint is required by an approved animal study proposal.

A summary of the enrichment program available to each species in the facility and standard operating procedures for its implementation are attached.

LISTING OF INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED NONHUMAN PRIMATES

JUSTIFICATION FOR ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION INDIVIDUAL HOUSING


ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES IN USE:
Species Name:
     Social Enrichment  _____
        Pair ____ / Group ____
        Single Sex ____ / Mixed Sex ____
        Related ____ / Unrelated ____ / Both ____

     Nonsocial Enrichment _____
        Perch(es) ____
        Swing(s)  ____
        Mirror(s) ____
        Toys      ____
          Type(s) of toys ___________________________________
          Number of toys per primary enclosure ______________
        Dietary Description _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
        Feeding Methods Employed ____________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
        Description of Interaction(s) with Animal Care Staff and
Scientific Staff:___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
        Other Enrichment Methodologies In Use: _____________
____________________________________________________________
LISTING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES EXEMPT FROM
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM


ANIMAL ID    DATE MADE EXEMPT   JUSTIFICATION      SIGNATURE

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