Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of SwineProvided by the Animal Welfare
Information Center
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Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine
January 1991 - January 1994
QB 94-14
Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural
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please include in all copies, the information provided in these bulletins.Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine
January 1991 - January 1994
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-14
244 citations from AGRICOLA
Tim Allen
Animal Welfare Information Center
March 1994National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Allen, Tim
Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-14)
1. Swine--Bibliography. 2. Swine--Housing--Bibliography. 3. Animal welfare--
Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-14
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AGRICOLA
Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between
January 1979 and the present.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's
AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and
audiovisual citations appears below.
JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.
BOOK:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.
AUDIOVISUAL:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet.Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine
January 1991 - January 1994
SEARCH STRATEGY
Set Items Description
1 57562 Swine or Suidae or Suis or pig? or boar? or sow? or barrow? or
gilt? or hog?
2 65908 SH=(L100 or L300 or N100)
3 5308 S2 and S3
4 1701 S3 and (hous? or facilit? or struct? or pen? or stall? or
confine? or crate? or barn?)
5 1589 S4 not SH=(L500 or X380)
6 328 S5 and PY=1988:1994
7 1626 S1 and (welfare or wellbeing or well(W)being or humane or
stress or behavior)
8 613 S7 and PY=1988:1994
9 1114 S1 and (handl? or care or husbandry)
10 193 S9 and PY=1988:1994
11 980 S6 or S8 or S10
12 419 S11 and PY=1991:1994
Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine
1 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The activity and straw directed behaviour of pigs offered foods with different
crude protein content.
Jensen, M.B.; Kyriazakis, I.; Lawrence, A.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (3): p. 211-221; 1993 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Protein content
2 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Administration of porcine somatotropin by sustained-release implant: growth
and endocrine responses in genetically lean and obese barrows and gilts.
Klindt, J.; Buonomo, F.C.; Yen, J.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3721-3733; 1992 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Dosage effects; Blood serum; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood chemistry; Genotypes; Line differences; Sex differences; Carcass composition; Organs; Weight; Meat yield
Abstract: Previous studies have documented the effectiveness of porcine
somatotropin (pST) administered by daily injection in promoting lean tissue
growth in lean and obese pigs and the influence of sex and genotype. The
present study examined the accretive responses in pigs of different lines and
sexes to a slow release formulation of pST (pST-SR). Implants that deliver 2.0
mg of pST/d were implanted in genetically lean and obese barrows and gilts at
65 +/- .7 kg BW (mean +/- SE). Pigs received no, one, or two implants (i.e.,
doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg of pST/d). Pigs (four per line X sex X dose) were
housed individually and continuously supplied with fresh water and a 19% CP
diet containing 1.08% lysine. Pigs were slaughtered on d 0 (four per line X
sex) and at the end of the trial (approximately 42 d after implantation) for
estimation of initial composition and calculation of accretion rates. Blood
samples were collected at d 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42 to measure endocrine and
metabolite responses to pST-SR. Sustained-release PST elevated (P < .05)
circulating pST throughout the trial with peak concentrations at d 7. On d 7,
serum pST concentrations in the pigs given 2.0 mg of pST-SR per day were
16-fold greater than those in control pigs, and in pigs given 4.0 mg of pST-SR
per day pST concentrations were 33-fold greater than in controls. Elevated
serum pST resulted in increased (P < .05) serum concentrations of insulin-like
growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, insulin, and glucose and in reduced (P < .05)
concentrations of urea nitrogen and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)2. Gain was not
influenced by pST-SR dose; however, feed consumption was reduced (P < .05) and
efficiency of gain was increased (P < .05). Accretion of all body components
except cold carcass weight, cecum, and untrimmed Boston butt and ham were
changed (P < .05) with PST-SR administration. Heart and stomach were the only
components of the carcass and offal whose accretion was not affected by line
or sex. Increases in
3 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western Australian pig
farmers.
Robertson, I.D.; Hampson, D.J.; Mhoma, J.R.L.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep.
Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (9): p. 291-293; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Western australia; Pig farming; Animal husbandry; Farm surveys
4 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Airflow characteristics in the floor region of a slot ventilated room
(isothermal).
Jin, Y.; Ogilvie, J.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 695-702. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Design; Floor area; Ventilation;
Simulation models
Abstract: Accurate flow information was obtained through use of hot-wire
anemometry and special calibration devices in a comprehensive experiment.
Velocities in the floor region (0-0.6 m above the floor) correlated well with
the inlet configuration while airflow stayed fully rotary. Non-linear models
through dimensional analysis showed that the mean and the turbulent
fluctuation of floor velocity were nearly proportional to the incoming air
speed at the inlet and to the inlet height raised to the 0.6 power.
Furthermore these flow parameters can be expressed in terms of the jet
momentum number or the inlet height and the pressure difference. Stability of
airflow patterns, inadequacy of air mixing and excessive air speeds at the
floor are shown on an airflow rate plan based on inlet velocity versus inlet
height. These are shown as system characteristic graphs which include pressure
difference, zone boundaries for flow patterns, floor air speeds and RMS
values, inlet jet momentum numbers, a typical fan characteristic, and a
four-stage ventilation strategy for a pig barn.
5 NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A47
The Alberta hog industry problem of the 1960s: its definition and resolution.
Hawkins, M.H.; Lerohl, M.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 Jul.
Agricultural economics : the journal of the International Association of
Agricultural Economics v. 5 (3): p. 211-222; 1991 Jul. In the special issue :
Multidisciplinary problem-solving and subject-matter work / edited by G.L.
Johnson. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alberta; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; History; Meat
production; Marketing policy; Agricultural policy; Feed grains; Marketing
boards; Economic impact; Market prices
Abstract: The hog industry in Western Canada in 1960s was in a state of
turmoil associated with a vague, poorly understood production and marketing
problem. Hog production was largely a supplementary farm activity producing an
overfat product increasingly shunned by consumers. The structure, and also
probably the existence, of the industry was in question. During the following
20 years, the industry changed fundamentally as various groups achieved a
better definition and understanding of the problem. A reshaping of the
industry was carried out by farmers, the Provincial Government, and a variety
of agricultural professionals concerned with industry structure, emerging pork
markets, physical characteristics of the product, and creation of a policy
environment that provided incentives for output and productivity growth. The
outcome has been the development of a viable pork industry in the Province (in
spite of some past and continuing hindrances to industry growth) that has
substantially solved the problem.
6 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Animal genetics--of pigs, oncomice and men.
Webster, J.
New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Jan.
Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (1): p. 1-2; 1993 Jan.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Transgenics; Biotechnology; Animal welfare
7 NAL Call. No.: aS21.D27S64
Animal models in biomedical research: swine.
Smith, C.P.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Mar.
Special reference briefs - National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-06): 61
p.; 1991 Mar. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Medical research; Animal models; Bibliographies; Cardiovascular system; Hemodynamics; Hematology; Digestive system; Nutrition; Urinary tract; Reproduction; Immunology; Stress; Skeletomuscular system; Dermatology; Puerperium; Toxicology; Pharmacodynamics; Eyes; Mouth; Teeth; Surgery; Laboratory methods; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare
8 NAL Call. No.: QL751.B4
Armed sibling rivalry among suckling piglets.
Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology v. 29 (1): p. 9-15; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglet feeding; Feeding behavior; Biological competition;
Dentition
9 NAL Call. No.: SF395.H67 1992
Artgemasse Schweinehaltung Grundlagen und Beispiele aus der Praxis [Swine
husbandry appropriate to the species].
Horning, Bernhard; Raskopf, Sabine; Simantke, Christel; Boehncke, Engelhard;
Walter, Jurgen,_1950-; Schneider, Manuel
Karlsruhe : C.F. Muller,; 1992.
256, [8] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. (Alternative Konzepte ; 78).
Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-232).
Language: German
Descriptors: Swine; Swine
10 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Assessment of dustfall collectors used in livestock buildings.
Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 157-165; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Air pollution; Dust; Collectors; Collection; Efficiency; Deposition; Sampling; Measurement; Accuracy
Abstract: The relative collection efficiency of several different types of dustfall collector was assessed over different collection intervals in a piggery. Flat plate collectors and collectors with sidewalls 10 and 50 mm high were placed on a slow-speed turntable to minimize positional effects. For each sampler type, collection intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks were used. The collection medium was generally a 47 mm glass fibre filter located on a 75 mm diameter aluminium disc. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters were used for one treatment. The dust sedimentation rate determined from the weekly samples varied from 80 to 200 mg m-2h-1 over the 12-week period. Dust deposits on the filters varied linearly with time from 2.3 mg/cm2 of collector surface for the 1-week interval to 27.9 mg/cm2 over 12 weeks. The measured dust sedimentation rate was about 3.0% less on the membrane filters than on the glass fibre filters and also for those collectors with the 50 mm high sidewall when compared with the flat plate collectors. The length of sample collection interval did not significantly affect the measured dust sedimentation rate. It is suggested that handling errors and edge effects may affect accuracy when deposits are greater than about 7 mg/cm2 of collector surface.
11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in
swine.
Donham, K.J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1723-1730; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sweden; Pigs; Air quality; Swine diseases; Productivity; Air pollutants; Air microbiology; Stocking density; Pig housing; Guidelines
Abstract: A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating air quality with
swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms in southern Sweden. Correlation
of housing air environment to swine diseases and productivity (data collected
over the preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent swine
health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and pleuritis. In
farrowing and nursery operations, the most prevalent problem was neonatal pig
mortality. Several air contaminants (dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and
microbes) were found to be correlated with these swine health problems.
Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated on the basis of
dose-response correlation to swine health or human health problems.
Recommended maximal concentrations of contaminants were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3;
ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin, 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming
units/m3; and carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the
ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of ammonia, carbon
dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but not with dust concentrations. High
animal density was related to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations.
Animal density measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with
kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the highest correlation
to animal health and air contaminants.
12 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Attraction of newborn piglets to auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile
stimuli.
Parfet, K.A.R.; Gonyou, H.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jan.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (1): p. 125-133. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Stimuli; Animal behavior; Odors;
Movement; Attractants
13 NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1S9 no.85
Avvanjning av grisar i ett suggstyrt och i ett konventionellt inhysningssystem
= weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system..
Weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system
Rantzer, Dan
Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets
byggnadsteknik,; 1993.
102 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. (Rapport (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen
for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik) ; 84.). In Swedish, with English summary.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-71).
Language: Swedish
14 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The bases of sow--piglet identification. 2. Cues used by piglets to identify
their dam and home pen.
Horrell, I.; Hodgson, J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 329-343; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Dams (mothers); Identification; Senses; Farrowing pens; Feces; Urine; Litter; Udders; Odors; Vocalization
15 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets.
Ullrey, D.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3922-3927; 1992 Dec. Presented in
part at a symposium entitled "Importance and Consequences of Selenium
Supplementation in Livestock Production," Laramie, WY. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal feeding; Selenium; Feed supplements; Nutritional muscular
dystrophy; Toxicity; Regulations; Nutrient requirements; Environmental impact;
Pollution
Abstract: Selenium was discovered 174 yr ago but, until 1957, was given
little notice by biologists or was vilified as an agent that caused toxicity
in grazing ruminants and horses in the northern Great Plains. After its status
as an essential nutrient was established, Se received intense scrutiny, and
hundreds of papers have been published dealing with its metabolic functions
and the consequences of a Se deficiency. Because regions of Se deficiency are
so extensive in the United States, great efforts have been made to gain Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Se supplementation of animal diets.
Initially, these efforts were thwarted by concern that Se might be
carcinogenic. After this concern was resolved, researchers established
supplemental Se levels that were efficacious, safe for animals, safe for
humans that eat animal products, and protective of the environment. First
approval of Se supplements was given in 1974 for supplementation of swine or
growing chicken diets at .1 ppm. Supplements for turkey diets were approved at
.2 ppm. Ultimately, in 1987, levels of supplemental Se in diets for chickens,
turkeys, ducks, swine, sheep, and cattle were approved at .3 ppm. However, FDA
regulations do not mention horses or zoo animals, and those who would ensure
the welfare of these species by supplementing Se-deficient diets may be in
violation of FDA interpretation of the law. In addition, the association of Se
with death and deformities in aquatic birds at the Kesterson Reservoir in
California has led to pressure on the FDA to reverse the 1987 amendments to
the feed additive regulation. However, there is no established connection
between Se supplementation of animal diets and the problems at the Kesterson
Reservoir. If all of the animals that can be legally supplemented with Se in
the United States were fed .3 ppm in their diets, the annual Se contribution
to the environment would be < .5% of that originating from other anthropogenic
and natural sources.
16 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behavior and extensive management of domestic sows (Sus scrofa) and litters.
Dellmeier, G.R.; Friend, T.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb.
Applied animal behaviour science. p. 327-341; 1991 Feb. Paper presented at
the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and Management," May 23-27, 1988, College
Station, Texas. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Animal behavior; Animal husbandry
17 NAL Call. No.: QH301.J6
Behavior of ejaculated spermatozoa from bull, boar and ram during thin-layer
countercurrent partition in aqueous two-phase systems.
Harrison, R.A.P.; Jacques, M.L.; Pascual Minguez, M.L.; Miller, N.G.A.
Cambridge : The Company of Biologists Limited; 1992 May.
Journal of cell science v. 102 (pt.1): p. 123-132; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Rams; Spermatozoa; Separation; Methodology
18 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behaviour of piglets during weaning in a semi-natural enclosure.
Jensen, P.; Stangel, G.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 227-238; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Social behavior; Activity
19 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behaviour of semi-naturally kept sows and piglets (except suckling) during 10
days postpartum.
Stangel, G.; Jensen, P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 211-227; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Postpartum interval; Behavior change; Nesting;
Interactions; Animal behavior
20 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behavioural patterns and progestrone, cortisol and prolactin levels around
parturition in European (Large-White) and Chinese (Meishan) sows.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C.; Gort, F.; Prunier, A.; Schouten, W.P.G.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 43-59; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Reproductive behavior; Behavior patterns;
Progesterone; Prolactin; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Pig breeds; Large
white; Reproductive performance
21 NAL Call. No.: TD420.G48 Bd.133
Biomassengewinnung bei der Schweinegullebehandlung und Weiterverwertung in der
Karpfenaufzucht [Biomass production in the treatment of swine waste and
further utilization in carp husbandry].
Kirchhof, Wolfgang
Aachen : Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft an der RWTH
Aachen,; 1992.
xv, 173 p. : ill. ; 20 cm. (Gewasserschutz, Wasser, Abwasser, 133). Includes
bibliographical references.
Language: German
22 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility
design.
Ruen, P.D.; Dial, G.D.; Polson, D.D.; Marsh, W.E.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Nov.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (3): p.
475-502; 1992 Nov. In the series analytic: Swine reproduction / edited by
R.C. Tubbs and A.D. Leman. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal breeding
23 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Calcium and phosphorus requirement of swine from weaning to market weight. II.
Development of response curves for bone criteria and comparison of bending and
shear bone testing.
Combs, N.R.; Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Notter, D.R.; Wilson, J.H.;
Mason, J.P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 682-693; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Calcium; Phosphorus; Bone strength; Shear strength; Dosage
effects; Growth models; Mineral nutrition
Abstract: Three trials involving 251 crossbred pigs were conducted to
establish response surfaces for effects of Ca/P levels (70, 85, 100, 115 and
130% of NRC [1979] estimated requirements) and time (weaning to market) on
bone criteria and to compare bending and shear bone testing. Nine replicates,
each consisting of five pigs, were used over the three trials. One pig per
replicate was slaughtered every 4 wk following the start of the trials. Third
metacarpals and metatarsals (3M) and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals (4M)
were collected at slaughter; the bone length, bending or shear stress, and
dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were determined. Most bone criteria
increased (P < .01) at a decreasing rate (P < .05) in response to increasing
dietary Ca/P intake and increased linearly (P < .01) with time on test,
although bone length and stress increased at a decreasing rate with time on
test. Asymptotic models relating continuous effects of total Ca + P intake
ratio (CAP; expressed as a percentage of NRC) and number of days on test
before slaughter to bone measurements were fit to least squares slaughter time
by diet means. Bone length and DFF% reached 98% maximum at or near 100% the
NRC estimated CAP level; however, to reach 98% of maximum bone shear and
breaking stress higher CAP levels were required. Shear testing of bones was
more desirable than bend testing as a method of determining bone strength due
to reduced variability, better discrimination of Ca/P and time effects and
ease of calculation.
24 NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55C37 1993
Care and management of miniature pet pigs guidelines for the veterinary
practitioner., 1st ed..
Reeves, David E.; Becker, H. Neil
American Association of Swine Practitioners
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.,; 1993.
ix, 117 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. "Published in cooperation with the American
Association of Swine Practitioners"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs as pets; Miniature pigs
25 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
Caring for potbellied pigs.
Bradford, J.R.
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec.
Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1173-1181; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Nutrient
requirements
26 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Changes in nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and their piglets in
farrowing crates.
Gotz, M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 271-275; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Behavior change; Farrowing pens;
Postpartum interval; Animal behavior
27 NAL Call. No.: QP82.2.T4J6
Changes of body temperatures of piglets as related to halothane sensitivity
and treadmill exercise.
Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S.; Goedseels, V.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.;
Bael, J. van; Bosschaerts, L.; Heylen, L.
Exeter : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1992 Mar.
Journal of thermal biology v. 17 (2): p. 125-128; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Energy metabolism; Body temperature; Heat production;
Exercise; Halothane; Genes; Homozygotes; Heterozygotes; Stress; Handling;
Transport of animals; Simulation
Abstract: Subcutaneous temperatures of homozygous halothane positive,
homozygous halothane negative and heterozygous piglets were measured at five
different body spots [abdomen, ear (left, right), neck (left, right)] under
individual housing conditions and during a treadmill exercise. Statistically
significant differences were observed in the levels, patterns and dynamics of
sub-cutaneous temperature of the different genotypes, both at rest and during
exercise. During the night subcutaneous temperatures were lowest for the
positive homozygotes, but highest in this group after treadmill exercise.
Subcutaneous temperatures of heterozygotes were equal to those of negative
homozygotes during the night, but after exercise was equal to that of positive
homozygotes. In the heterozygotes subcutaneous temperatures on the abdomen
were higher than those of the base of the ears, with these being higher than
those of the neck region.
28 NAL Call. No.: 284.8 F31K
The changing U.S. pork industry: a dilemma for public policy.
Barkema, A.; Cook, M.L.
Kansas City, Mo. : Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City; 1993.
Economic review v. 78 (2): p. 49-65; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; Structural change; Large farms; Agricultural policy; Small farms; Economic impact; Costs
29 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings.
Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, S.; Mohling, K.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1991.
Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-22),
revised December 1991.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Site selection; Drainage; Pig manure; Farrowing houses; Fire prevention; Building construction; Landscaping
30 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
A comparison of operant responding by farrowing sows for food and
nest-building materials.
Hutson, G.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 221-230; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Feeds; Straw; Materials; Conditioned reflexes;
Motivation; Animal welfare; Farrowing pens
31 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
A comparison of some muscle metabolites in stress susceptible and resistant
landrace gilts after halothane exposure or exercise stress.
Heinze, P.H.; Mitchell, G.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Meat science v. 30 (4): p. 337-349; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Muscles; Metabolites; Stress; Susceptibility; Resistance; Exercise; Halothane; Mortality; Glycolysis; Metabolism; Pigs
32 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Computer simulation assessment of the thermal microenvironment of growing pigs
under summer conditions.
Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 1005-1009; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Greece; Pigs; Buildings; Computer simulation; Environmental
temperature; Heat stress; Microenvironments; Relative humidity; Simulation
models; Summer; Weather data
Abstract: The effects of outside climatic conditions on the thermal
microenvironment inside a building for growing pigs (50 kg mean) were studied
using a 30-year period set of hourly real weather data from the Athenian
region. Transient computer simulation allowed hourly prediction of air
temperature and relative humidity inside the swine unit for each year. Under
Greek summer conditions (May to September) pigs are subjected to heat stress
of considerable duration and intensity due to temperature, while few problems
due to relative humidity occur. Furthermore, inside THI values exceeded 85
only a few hours, therefore THI cannot effectively be used as a heat-stress
index.
33 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Computer simulation model of swine production systems. III. A dynamic herd
simulation model including reproduction.
Pomar, C.; Harris, D.L.; Savoie, P.; Minvielle, F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jul.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (7): p. 2822-2836; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Computer simulation; Simulation models; Herd structure; Life cycle; Sows; Piglet production; Feed formulation; Body weight; Age
Abstract: A dynamic herd simulation model for a swine production unit has been developed. The model is discrete and stochastic and the appropriate random distributions have been defined from the literature or empirically estimated. Theoretical concepts and relationships presented previously are used to simulate growth and the overall life cycle of individual animals. Simulated animals are young pigs (from birth to slaughter age), gilts, and sows. Animal events are farrowing, weaning, mating, end-nursery (transfer from nursery to the growing-finishing facility), and slaughter and are processed individually using a next-event scheduling orientation package. Animals within the herd are culled for different health and reproductive reasons. Genetic parameters, diet composition, and herd management are input variables chosen by the user. The effects of nutrition, genetics, season, and other factors on several reproductive parameters are considered. Model evaluation is performed by studying the output of the model under specified herd situations. The herd model adequately simulates animal flow and dynamics of the herd.
34 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and identification of certain
microbial types in a hog-growing facility.
Butera, M.; Smith, J.H.; Morrison, W.D.; Hacker, R.R.; Kains, F.A.; Ogilvie,
J.R.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 271-277; 1991 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Dust; Aerosols; Ventilation; Particle size; Air; Air
quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria; Molds; Environmental temperature;
Relative humidity
35 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Continuous aerobic treatment of piggery slurry for odour control scaled up to
a farm-size unit.
Sneath, R.W.; Burton, C.H.; Williams, A.G.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Sep.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 53 (1): p. 81-92; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Pig housing; Pig slurry; Aerobic treatment; Odor emission;
Odor abatement; Technology; Performance; Prediction; Installations; Design;
Nitrogen; Losses
Abstract: Effective aerobic treatment of piggery slurry was achieved in a
continuous farm scale process sited at a small piggery (2000 pigs). The plant
design and the operating conditions were based on data obtained from
pilot-scale studies with the aim of preventing or reducing odours from pig
slurry at a minimum cost. Raw slurry was separated before passing into the
main treatment vessel. Aeration was achieved by recirculating of slurry
(achieving jet mixing of the tank contents) through a venturi where air was
entrained. Aeration was controlled to maintain redox potential between 100 and
200 mV E(h). Slurry was added and withdrawn at hourly intervals, to provide
nominal residence times of 1, 2 and 4 days. The performance of the aerobic
treatment process in terms of COD reduction could be predicted using data from
laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. Some allowance could be made for minor
feed fluctuations but a more comprehensive model will be necessary for
predictions where larger variations occur in operating conditions. Assessments
were made of odour quality using dynamic dilution olfactometers for odour
strength, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration as an indicator of
odour offensiveness. Results indicate that pilot-scale experiments may
overestimate by 10-20% what can be achieved with the farm-scale plant.
Nitrogen losses were greatest in the 4-day residence time trial with 56% lost
in the form of N2 gas following a nitrification/denitrification process.
Conversely, in the short residence time trials, virtually all of the nitrogen
was conserved.
36 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Cooling swine.
Jones, D.D.; Driggers, L.B.; Fehr, R.L.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 6 p.; 1992. In subseries: Housing (PIH-87), revised
December 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Cooling; Cooling systems; Shading; Environmental
control
37 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating
behavior in the bull and boar.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars.
38 NAL Call. No.: QH445.2.G45
Cosegregation of porcine malignant hyperthermia and a probable causal mutation
in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene in backcross families.
Otsu, K.; Khanna, V.K.; Archibald, A.L.; MacLennan, D.H.
San Diego : Academic Press, Inc; 1991 Nov.
Genomics v. 11 (3): p. 744-750; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Halothane; Hyperthermia; Inheritance; Genes; Receptors; Mutations; Thymine; Cytosine; British landrace
39 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
A data-acquisition system for electronic identification, monitoring and
control of group-housed pigs.
Goedseels, V.; Geers, R.; Truyen, B.; Wouters, P.; Goossens, K.; Ville, H.;
Janssens, S.
London : Academic Press; 1992 May.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (1): p. 25-33; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Groups; Data collection; Systems; Measurement; Body weight; Feed intake; Body temperature; Physical activity; Electronics; Identification; Monitoring; Automatic control; Information storage; Computers
Abstract: This paper describes a data-acquisition system which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a group, their body temperature and physical activity. This multitude of signals originating from physiological and behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis. A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more extended data management system. A periodical and complete automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other networks. The availability of an electronic identification system combined with various sensors will provide opportunities to study possible improvements of handling, housing and transport of farm animals.
40 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Defining the newborn piglet's thermal environment with an effective
environmental temperature.
Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 143-150; 1993 Jan. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Body heat loss; Environmental factors;
Environmental temperature; Literature reviews; Ventilation; Mathematical
models
Abstract: An effective environmental temperature (EET) developed for newborn
piglets describes the thermal environment by incorporating the mean radiant
temperature, dry-bulb temperature, and air velocity near the newborn. The
adequacy of the defined EET was analyzed by comparing with three published
studies on newborn sensible heat loss. Results from the published studies
indicate that the EET predicted between 87% and 98% of the variability in the
data.
41 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Development of a portable microprocessor for measuring selected stress
responses of growing pigs.
Feddes, J.J.R.; DeShazer, J.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 201-204; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Movement; Stress; Measurement; Microprocessors; Computers; Design; Pig housing
Abstract: The development of a non-restrictive method for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs in their environment is important to assess the acceptability of an environment for the pig. Blood pressure, body temperature, and animal activity are three measurements that can relate to stress of an environment. A portable microprocessor-controlled data logger was developed to measure these three parameters every 16 min over several days. These measurements were found to be accurate when obtained from the data logger strapped to a pig. Surgical techniques were developed to obtain blood pressure and body temperature. Specific data collected from this study showed that typical blood pressure for a growing pig (35 kg) is 80 +/- 5 mm Hg, blood temperature varied between 39 degrees C (thermoneutral) and 42 degrees C (surgical recovery) and the pig was active 26% of the time.
42 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of porcine proliferative enteritis.
Connor, J.F.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jul.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13
(7): p. 1172-1176, 1178; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Tissue proliferation; Enteritis; Campylobacter; Ileum;
Hemorrhagic enteritis; Histopathology; Differential diagnosis; Antibiotics;
Stress factors
43 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Discovery of selected water dispensers by newborn pigs.
Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Mar.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (1): p. 233-236; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Drinkers; Drinking behavior
44 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Does a single bout of exercise cause adaptation of amino acid metabolism in
pigs?.
Poso, A.R.; Jensen-Waern, M.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov.
Research in veterinary science v. 53 (3): p. 332-337; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Exercise; Blood plasma; Amino acids
Abstract: Amino acid responses to exercise stress in well-trained racehorses
and human athletes are well characterised, but the knowledge of amino acid
metabolism during and after exercise in inactive animal species is limited. To
study this, plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in previously
unexercised pigs which performed two exercise tests on a treadmill with an
interval of one week. In general, the changes in amino acids were more
pronounced after the second than after the first exercise bout. Alanine,
glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were elevated for one hour only after
the latter exercise. Twenty-four hours after the second exercise isoleucine,
leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine were increased, but only
isoleucine was increased after the first test. These differences between the
two tests might be explained by adaptation of the amino acid metabolism after
a single exercise bout and suggest that domestic pigs are well suited to study
the early effects of exercise.
45 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Drip vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling of farrowing houses in Oklahoma.
Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 461-464; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Farrowing houses; Cooling systems; Comparisons;
Performance testing
Abstract: A comparison of drip cooling vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling was
performed on 61 sows over three farrowings. There were no significant
differences between cooling methods for piglet weight gain, percentage of
piglets weaned or sow weight loss. There was a significant difference in
respiration rates between cooling methods. Respiration rate was a function of
wet-bulb depression.
46 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Durability of truss connections in a naturally ventilated swine barn.
Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A.; Phillips, P.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 625-627; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Trusses; Joints (timber); Creosote; Decay;
Durability; Loads; Natural ventilation; Wood strength
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of a four-year exposure in a
naturally ventilated building (NVB) environment on the lateral load capacity
and stiffness of truss connections. Untreated and creosote brush treated
joints exposed in the NVB were compared with matched specimens that had been
stored under laboratory conditions. It was found that there was no statistical
difference (P=0.05) in ultimate strength and axial stiffness between joints
exposed in the barn and joints exposed in the laboratory considering either
the steel gussets or plywood gussets. Other observations indicated that this
barn was not a "worst case" concerning harshness of the environment local to
the exposed joints.
47 NAL Call. No.: SD433.A1W6
Dynamic behavior of wood strip over elastic underlayment composite flooring
subjected to light impact loads.
Sueyoshi, S.; Schniewind, A.P.
Secaucus, N.J. : Springer-Verlag; 1991.
Wood science and technology v. 25 (4): p. 309-318; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Composite boards; Floors; Rubber; Dynamics; Impact loads;
Vibration
Abstract: The dynamic behavior of composites consisting of wood flooring
strips placed over rubber sheeting was investigated. A light impact load was
applied to the center of the strips and impact force, contact duration and
contact area were measured. The energy transfer from the impacting mass to the
composite was estimated by measuring the restitution coefficient. Frequency
analysis was conducted in order to examine the vibration characteristics of
the composites.
48 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Dynamic probabilistic modelling of reproduction and replacement management in
sow herds. General aspects and model description.
Jalvingh, A.W.; Dijkhuizen, A.A.; Arendonk, J.A.M. van
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Agricultural systems v. 39 (2): p. 133-152; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Pig farming; Herd structure; Farm management; Decision
making; Replacement; Reproduction; Probabilistic models; Markov processes;
Simulation models; Time
49 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd with enzootic
pneumonia.
Clark, L.K.; Scheidt, A.B.; Armstrong, C.H.; Knox, K.; Mayrose, V.B.
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Sep.
Veterinary medicine v. 86 (9): p. 946, 948-951; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Mycoplasma; Disease control; Disease prevalence; Disease course; Pig housing; Liveweight gain; Animal husbandry
50 NAL Call. No.: 49 W89
Effect of environmental factors on humoral and cell mediated immune parameters
of growing pigs.
Rafai, P.; Kovacs, F.; Tuboly, S.; Biro, H.
Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan.
World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 9-16; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hungary; Pigs; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Humoral
immunity; Selenium; Stress; Corticotropin; Environmental temperature;
Microclimate; Feed additives; Vitamin e; Liveweight gain; Blood plasma;
Hydrocortisone; Cytotoxicity; Seasons; Pig fattening
51 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of feed intake during late development on pubertal onset and resulting
body composition in crossbred gilts.
Newton, E.A.; Mahan, D.C.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3774-3780; 1992 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Puberty; Feed intake; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Body composition; Restricted feeding; Age; Body weight; Ovulation
Abstract: A total of 105 nonboar-exposed, F2 ([Landrace X Yorkshire] X Duroc) gilts were used in two replicates of a randomized complete block experiment to evaluate the effect of dietary feed intake on pubertal onset and subsequent body composition. Feed intakes were established at 50% of ad libitum (AL-50), 75% of ad libitum (AL-75), or at ad libitum (AL-100) levels from 4.5 to 9 mo of age. A corn-soybean meal diet fed to all gilts was formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements except for energy. Puberty was measured by two methods: 1) monitored once daily by back pressure applied by the herdsman or 2) from elevated plasma progesterone concentrations. Body composition was evaluated by the deuterium oxide method after plasma progesterone concentrations were elevated. Daily feed intake for the experimental period averaged 1.6, 2.3, and 3.2 kg, and the BW of gilts at 8 mo of age were 111, 131, and 154 kg for the AL-50, AL-75, and AL-100 groups, respectively. Body weight, backfat thickness, and body fat content increased linearly (P < .01) as feed intake increased, but age at puberty was not severely influenced. A minimum body fat content or percentage did not seem to initiate pubertal onset. There was a trend for a lower percentage of the AL-50 gilts to ovulate (P = .08) than those fed the AL-75 and AL-100 intakes. An inverse relationship resulted between the percentage of gilts that ovulated to the percentage that showed behavioral estrus. The percentage of gilts that ovulated was highest and the percentage that showed estrual behavior was lowest as feed intake increased. These data suggest that age had a greater effect on pubertal onset than did BW or body fat content, but energy restriction at approximately 50% of ad libitum levels tended to reduce the onset of ovulation. As feed intakes increased, behavioral estrus was more difficult to detect.
52 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of feeding regimen on behavior of growing-finishing pigs supplemented
or not supplemented with folic acid.
Robert, S.; Matte, J.J.; Girard, C.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Nov.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (11): p. 4428-4436; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Restricted feeding; Feed additives; Folic acid; Animal
behavior; Gastric ulcer; Feed intake; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Age
differences
Abstract: The effect of restricted feeding on the frequency of abnormal
behaviors and gastric ulcers was investigated in 72 market pigs. Half of the
pigs were fed restricted (R) amounts of feed twice a day (0800 and 1600) and
received 90 to 95% of the intake recorded for the other half, which were
allowed ad libitum (A) access to feed with addition of feed once a day at
0800. In each feeding group, 24 pigs were supplemented with folic acid. The
animals were housed in pairs and the behavior of each animal was recorded
during 24 h at 18 and 20 wk of age. The results showed that the A group ate
more frequently during light hours than the R group at 18 wk, but not at 20
wk. However, the frequency of eating behavior was higher in the R group than
in the A group at 20 wk during the 2 h after feed distribution. Feeding
regimen had an effect on the frequency of redirected behaviors during the 2 h
preceding feed distribution. The percentage of time spent nibbling on the
penmate was higher in R than in A pigs at 18 wk, whereas that of rooting on
the penmate was higher at 20 wk. Moreover, the proportion of pigs performing
redirected behaviors was higher in the R than in the A group at both ages. The
overall frequency of gastric ulcers was similar in pigs given the two feeding
treatments, but severe ulcers were more frequent in the R than in the A group.
Some interactions were also found between feeding regimen and folic acid. At
18 wk, R pigs receiving no folic acid performed more nibbling on the penmate
than all other pigs during the 2 h after feed distribution. At 20 wk, the
frequency of eating was lower and that of lying higher during the 2 h after
feed distribution in A pigs receiving folic acid than in all other pigs. The
present results suggest that feed restriction at 90% of the ad libitum intake
adversely affected fattening pigs and that supplementation with folic acid had
beneficial effects on their behavior.
53 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
The effect of feeding the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine on the behaviour
of market-weight pigs.
Schaefer, A.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; dePassille, A.M.B.; Rushen, J.;
Merrill, J.K.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Mar.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (1): p. 15-21; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Animal behavior; Behavior
change; Sex differences
54 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of fusaric acid on brain regional neurochemistry and vomiting behavior
in swine.
Smith, T.K.; MacDonald, E.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2044-2049; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Canada; Pigs; Fusaric acid; Poisoning; Gibberella fujikuroi;
Animal behavior; Vomiting; Hypothalamus; Neurotransmitters;
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; Serotonin; Ratios; Tryptophan; Synergism; T-2
toxin; Maize
Abstract: Fusaric (5-butylpicolinic) acid is a phytotoxin produced especially by Fusarium moniliforme, a mold commonly found in Canadian-grown corn. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of acute doses of fusaric acid on brain neurochemistry and behavior in swine. A total of 40 crossbred barrows (initial weight 10 kg) were orally dosed with 0 or 200 mg of fusaric acid/kg of BW and five animals from each treatment were killed 4.5, 9, 18, or 36 h after dosing. All brains were dissected, and concentrations of indoleamine and catecholamine neurotransmitters and metabolites were determined. Animals in the group killed 36 h after dosing were observed for behavioral changes. Vomiting was noted in 60% of the pigs dosed with fusaric acid. These pigs also seemed more lethargic than controls and appeared sedated. The major neurochemical changes due to exposure to fusaric acid were seen in the hypothalamus 18 h after dosing. Brain tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid all tended to be elevated by the action of fusaric acid. Brain catecholamine concentrations were largely refractory to treatment. It was concluded that exposure to acute doses of fusaric acid can cause vomiting and neurochemical changes in swine. Fusaric acid may, therefore, be acting synergistically with trichothecene mycotoxins to cause vomiting and feed refusal in pigs consuming trichothecene-contaminated feedstuffs.
55 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 L62
The effect of haloperidol on the performance of stereotyped behavior in sows.
Von Borell, E.; Hurnik, J.F.
Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Life sciences v. 49 (4): p. 309-314; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Haloperidol; Drug effects; Pregnancy; Animal behavior;
Physical activity; Stimuli; Environmental factors
Abstract: Environmentally induced stereotypies in gestating sows were
inhibited by haloperidol. This inhibitory effect was stronger in sows that
directed stereotyped activities toward objects in the environment than in sows
performing self-directed stereotypies. The results indicate that dopamine is
involved in the performance of stereotypies in pigs, and that haloperidol seem
to impair motivational arousal primarily by reducing the rewarding impact of
stereotyped self-stimulation.
56 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
Effect of Luprosil NC on pig performance.
Danielson, M.; Saner, R.; Wenninghoff, J.; Wiseman, S.
Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992.
EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219-A): p.
16-17; 1992. In the series analytic: 1992 Nebraska Swine report / Compiled by
W.T. Ahlschwede.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stress factors; Feed additives; Feed intake; Liveweight
gain
57 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in
nursery swine.
Dee, S.A.; Carlson, A.R.; Winkelman, N.L.; Corey, M.M.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (2): p. 295-299;
1993 Jul15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Colorado; Kentucky; Minnesota; Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; Pigs; Streptococcus suis; Carrier state; Incidence; Animal husbandry
58 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
The effect of mixing unfamiliar individuals on the growth and production of
finishing pigs.
Tan, S.S.L.; Shackleton, D.M.; Beames, R.M.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 201-206; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Group interaction; Liveweight gain; Neuroleptics; Sex
ratio; Aggressive behavior; Feed conversion
59 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The effect of natural toxins on reproduction in livestock.
James, L.F.; Panter, K.E.; Nielsen, D.B.; Molyneux, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1573-1579; 1992 May. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cattle; Sheep; Poisonous plants; Reproductive efficiency; Adverse
effects; Toxins
Abstract: Reproductive efficiency is the most important economic factor in
livestock production. Thus, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal regulatory axis,
accessory sexual organ functionality, and the complex events involved in
fertilization, implantation, and embryonic and fetal development may be
sensitive to therapeutic agents, environmental pollutants, and natural
toxicants. There are many factors that adversely affect reproduction, one of
which is toxic substances in the diets of animals. Toxic materials can affect
reproductive success by causing abortions, interfering with libido, estrus,
oogenesis, or spermatogenesis, causing emaciation and subsequent abnormal
mating behavior, birth defects, and increasing the time between parturition
annd rebreeding. Examples of natural toxicants in poisonous plants interfering
with reproduction are numerous. Abortion in livestock from locoweeds,
ponderosa pine needles, broom snakeweeds, fescue, and others are reported in
studies. Seelnium and seleniferous forage inhibit estrus in cattle and swine.
Emaciation and temporary illness from sneezeweeds, bitterweed, locoweed,
larkspur, lupines, and others may interfere with mating. Embryonic loss and
birth defects from Veratrum, lupines, locoweeds, poison hemlock, and so on,
may occur. As suggested, toxins have many diverse and economically adverse
effects on reproductive performance in livestock.
60 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of piglet stimuli on the posture changing behaviour of recently
farrowed sows.
Cronin, G.M.; Cropley, J.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 167-172; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Postpartum interval; Posture; Change; Piglets; Sounds;
Touch; Stimulation; Maternal behavior; Farrowing pens
61 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of porcine stress syndrome on the solubility and degradation of
myofibrilliar/cytoskeletal proteins.
Boles, J.A.; Parrish, F.C. Jr; Huiatt, T.W.; Robson, R.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 454-464; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Exudative meat;
Myofibrils; Proteins; Solubility; Sarcomeres; Sds-page; Actin; Myosin; Protein
degradation; Postmortem changes
Abstract: This study examined the effect of stress classification
(stress-positive, stress-carrier, stress-negative) of pigs on selected
properties of postmortem muscle, including protein solubility and degradation
of proteins such as titin. Longissimus muscle samples were removed 45 min
postslaughter, divided into samples, and stored at 0 to 2 degrees C for
analysis at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d postmortem. Whole-muscle samples (homogenates)
and purified myofibrils were prepared from each sample for analysis by
SDS-PAGE. A portion of each muscle sample also was extracted 1) with a
low-ionic-strength solution to obtain a sarcoplasmic protein fraction and 2)
with two different high-ionic-strength solutions to obtain a
myofibrillar/cytoskeletal protein fraction for measurement of protein
solubility and for analysis of extracts by SDS-PAGE. No significant
differences were observed between muscle from stress-negative and stress-
carrier animals in this study. Sarcoplasmic (P < .05) and
myofibrillar/cytoskeletal (P < .01) protein solubility was lower in muscle
samples from stress-positive animals than in muscle samples from
stress-carrier and stress-negative animals at all postmortem times studied.
The high molecular weight protein titin was degraded more slowly postmortem in
muscle from stress-positive than in muscle from stress-negative animals, as
observed by SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-muscle samples (homogenates) an
myofibrils. The combination of lowered protein solubility and reduced rate of
postmortem degradation of structural proteins such as titin may explain, at
least in part, the reduced quality and protein functionality of muscle from
stress-positive pigs.
62 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of social conditions during rearing on mating behaviour of gilts.
Soede, N.M.; Schouten, W.G.P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 373-379; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Mating behavior; Pregnancy rate; Social environment;
Isolation
63 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the
behaviour, productivity and physiology of male pigs.
Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 11-28; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Crowding; Stocking density; Toys; Stress;
Animal behavior
64 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in
sows.
Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 129-133; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Straw; Nesting; Animal behavior; Animal welfare
65 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs.
Fraser, D.; Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Tennessen, T.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 307-318; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Straw; Litter; Agonistic behavior; Animal behavior; Diurnal
activity; Young animals; Age differences; Pig housing
66 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress indicators in pig
blood.
Weeding, C.M.; Hunter, E.J.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.
London : The Association; 1993 Jul03.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133
(1): p. 10-13; 1993 Jul03. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Slaughter
67 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of accommodation type and straw bedding around parturition and during
lactation on the behaviour of primiparous sows and survival and growth of
piglets to weaning.
Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 191-208; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Farrowing;
Sow lactation; Litter size; Survival; Growth; Maternal behavior; Weaning
weight; Vocalization
68 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on
their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids.
Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 61-72; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Stress; Animal behavior; Growth; Reproductive performance; Corticoids; Groups; Individuals
69 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of 'chemical intervention' techniques on aggression and injuries when
grouping unfamiliar adult pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 135-148; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Chemical treatment
70 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Effects of continuous stray voltage on health, growth, and welfare of
fattening pigs.
Robert, S.; Lennoxville, Quebec; Matte, J.J.; Bertin-Mahieux, J.; Martineau,
G.P.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 55 (4): p. 371-376; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stray voltage; Feeding frequency; Animal welfare; Drinking
behavior; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Pig fattening
71 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavioural and
physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 23-33; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Animal welfare; Aggressive behavior;
Hydrocortisone; Stress; Design; Animal behavior
72 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Effects of management options on creep feeding by piglets.
Appleby, M.C.; Pajor, E.A.; Fraser, D.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Dec.
Animal production v. 53 (pt.3): p. 361-366; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Creep feeding; Feeding behavior; Feed intake; Liveweight
gain; Weaning weight; Birth weight
73 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of modifying the farrowing environment on sow behaviour and
survival and growth of piglets.
Cronin, G.M.; Amerongen, G. van
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 287-298; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Farrowing;
Nesting; Survival; Growth rate
74 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of naloxone on stereotypic and normal behaviour of tethered and
loose-housed sows.
Schouten, W.; Rushen J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 17-26; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Loose
housing; Tethered housing
75 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related
behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 207-220; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Animal welfare; Pens; Stalls; Pig housing; Space
requirements; Pig feeding; Stress; Immunological deficiency; Aggressive
behavior; Injuries; Hydrocortisone
76 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar
adult pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 111-122; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Pig housing
77 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in farrowing crates on
sow behaviour, the duration of parturition and the occurrence of intra-partum
stillborn piglets.
Cronin, G.M.; Schirmer, B.N.; McCallum, T.H.; Smith, J.A.; Butler, K.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 301-315; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Sawdust; Farrowing
78 NAL Call. No.: SF391.P55
Effects of rearing on subsequent performance in pigs.
Schouten, W.G.P.
Wallingford : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1991 Jun.
Pig news and information v. 12 (2): p. 245-247; 1991 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Animal behavior; Floor space; Agonistic behavior; Gilts;
Farrowing; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior
79 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin on reproductive function in
gilts treated during the finishing phase.
Terlouw, S.L.; Rieke, A.R.; Cantley, T.C.; Miller, L.F.; Day, B.N.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Nov.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (11): p. 4294-4298; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Liveweight gain; Puberty; Age; Body weight;
Body fat; Estrus; Female fertility; Embryo mortality
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) treatment during the finishing phase on subsequent reproductive function in crossbred gilts. Forty gilts weighing 50 kg and housed in a swine finishing facility were randomly assigned to control or rpST treatment. Four control and four rpST-treated gilts were allotted per pen. Twenty rpST-treated gilts received 6 mg of rpST.gilt-1.d-1 in 1 ml of buffered carrier and 20 control gilts received 1 ml of buffered carrier-gilt-1.d-1. Injections were administered daily at 1400 in the extensor muscle of the neck. All gilts received an 18% CP diet containing 1.2% lysine. Treatment was terminated when the average weight in each pen reached 110 kg. Gilts treated with rpST gained more weight (P < .05) than control gilts (59.8 +/- 1.0 vs 53.5 +/- 1.0 kg). Age at puberty was not different (rpST, 182.2 +/- 3.3; control 181.4 +/- 3.1 d). Prior treatment with rpST did not significantly affect length of estrus (rpST, 1.9 +/- .1; control, 1.8 +/- .1 d) or estrous cycle length (rpST, 20.6 +/-.4; control, 20.4 +/-.4 d). Ovulation rates at second estrus were similar for rpST gilts (15.1 +/- .5) and control gilts (14.4 +/- .5). More embryos (P = .10) were recovered on d 9 to 12 of gestation from rpST-treated gilts than from control gilts (13.1 +/- .9 vs 10.7 +/-.9). In conclusion, treatment of commercial crossbred gilts with rpST from 50 to 110 kg had no adverse effect on age at puberty, length of estrus, estrous cycle length, ovulation rate, or number of embryos recovered.
80 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
Effects of treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene on the susceptibility of
boar spermatozoa to cold stress and dilution.
Bamba, K.; Cran, D.G.
Colchester : The Journal; 1992 May.
Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 95 (1): p. 69-77; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cold shock; Cold
resistance; Semen diluents; Semen diluent additives; Egg yolk; Semen
preservation; Motility; Acrosome
81 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Efficacy of altrenogest in synchronizing estrus in two swine breeding programs
and effects on subsequent reproductive performance in sows.
Wood, C.M.; Kornegay, E.T.; Shipley, C.F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1357-1364; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Sows; Synchronization; Estrus; Female fertility; Synthetic
progestogens; Farrowing rate; Litter size
Abstract: In two herds that used different breeding and housing schemes,
altrenogest (15 mg/d) was fed for 14 d to gilts or 10 d to sows in .45 kg of a
diet formulated to meet or exceed their nutrient requirements. In Herd 1 (five
breeding seasons per year), 63 of 123 gilts and 40 of 70 sows in seven
replications were fed in individual crates to ensure proper intake. In Herd 2
(continuous breeding), 244 of 484 gilts in 20 replications received the
treated feed in individual feeding stalls to which animals had free access.
Average and median days to estrus were reduced (P < .01) for treated gilts and
sows compared with controls in both herds. Of 29 treated gilts that did not
mate or become pregnant, three had cystic follicles, compared to 1of 14
controls. There were no statistically significant treatment differences in
litter size born or number stillborn pigs in either herd, but farrowing rates
of cycling gilts were 8% lower (P < .05) in Herd 2 for treated gilts than for
controls. Overall, altrenogest could be a valuable tool for improving
reproductive efficiency by allowing producers to better control the estrous
cycle.
82 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings.
Fehr, R.L.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1991.
Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-92),
revised December 1991.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Energy conservation; Ventilation;
Heating costs; Temperature; Fans
83 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Energy usage on Kansas livestock and dairy farms.
Slocombe, J.W.; Feyerherm, A.M.; Stetson, L.E.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 389-392; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kansas; Livestock enterprises; Energy consumption; Electrical
energy; Regional surveys
Abstract: Four thousand Kansas agricultural producers were surveyed to
determine electrical equipment and energy management practices used for grain,
livestock, and dairy production in 1989. Completed questionnaires were
obtained from 1177 producers, of which 519 and 68 were livestock and dairy
producers, respectively. Data from these producers were analyzed to determine
types of equipment used for livestock and dairy production by geographic
location and variables that could be used to predict electrical energy
consumption for livestock and dairy producers. Over 70% of the livestock
producers reported using an average of 2157 kWh of electricity per month in
1989. Less than 20% of the livestock producers used both single- and
three-phase electricity on their operation. Forty-two percent of the swine
producers reported using an average of 11 ventilation fans in all swine
buildings. An average of one ventilation fan was used per 100 head of swine.
Electricity and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) were the most common energy sources
used to heat on-farm agricultural facilities. Dairy producers used an average
of 3989 kWh of electricity per month in 1989. One-third of the producers used
both single- and three-phase electricity in 1989. The most popular type of
milking equipment used by dairy producers was the highline pipeline milker.
Liquid petroleum gas was the most popular energy source for water heaters up
to 80 gallons. Seventy-two percent of the producers reported that no heat
reclaimer was connected to the water heater(s) to utilize waste heat from the
bulk milk tank compressor.
84 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5
Environment enrichment for the laboratory pig.
Batchelor, G.R.
Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Dec.
Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technology v. 42 (3):
p. 185-189; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry
Abstract: This brief paper attempts to illustrate the simple ideas that can
he used to enhance the environment of the laboratory pig. ideas that have been
part of the husbandry routine at Stanmore for over five years. It does not
describe the behaviour of the pig in any detail but suggests that with a
little time and effort, and in our case at no cost, the environment of the
laboratory pig can be made more stimulating, resulting in animals that have an
increased behavioural repertoire, are largely stress-free and are a constant
pleasure to work with (Figure 1).
85 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Environmental aspects of the chloragogenous tissue of earthworms.
Fischer, E.; Molnar, L.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1723-1727; 1992 Dec. In the
special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th International Symposium on
Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15, 1990, Avignon, France / edited by A.
Kretzschmar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Eisenia fetida; Animal tissues; Cells; Environmental factors;
Environmental impact; Histology; Cytology
Abstract: Environmental factors affecting the chloragogenous tissue of the manure worm, Eisenia fetida and other oligochaetes were surveyed. Chloragocytes might be affected--detectable by karyometric methods-by hydration, desiccation, cold stress, hypoxia, saline load, or by diverse xenobiotics. Chloragocyte depletion may be stimulated by some pesticides. Paraquat toxication can cause an almost full depletion of the chloragogenous tissue as we observed, followed in survivors by a renewal of this tissue. Experimental cold stress induced a marked increase of the Carnoy-insoluble pigmentation of the chloragosomes in juvenile worms. Moderate accumulation of such pigments could be observed on the effect of saline load. The elemental composition of chloragosomes might be markedly influenced by some environmental factors, including heavy metals. Experimentally-induced alterations of the chloragogenous tissue may contribute to the adaptation of the earthworms to variable conditions of their environments.
86 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Environmental factors affecting the severity of pneumonia in pigs.
Done, S.H.
London : The Association; 1991 Jun22.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128
(25): p. 582-586; 1991 Jun22. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Disease course; Environmental factors;
Meteorological factors; Populations; Social environment; Animal husbandry; Air
pollutants
87 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Environmental temperature control by the pig's comfort behavior through image
analysis.
Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Goedseels, V.; Houkes, M.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.;
Van Bael, J.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2583-2586; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Body temperature regulation; Pig housing;
Environmental temperature; Heat regulation
Abstract: During four experiments with six female piglets, the thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets was quantified by visual observation and by automated image analysis. The collection number of images representing pigs sleeping side by side and touching each other, as well as the occupation ratio of piglets being calculated on pixel values within predefined windows, may serve as set-point values for environmental temperature controllers. But this observational procedure has to be linked to the engineering of a gradient of an effective environmental temperature within a pen.
88 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Enzootic mortality among piglets between birth and weaning.
Vaillancourt, J.P.; Dial, G.D.; Tubbs, R.C.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991 Oct.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13
(10): p. 1642-1645, 1648-1650; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Preweaning period; Perinatal mortality; Trauma;
Diarrhea; Infection; Deformities; Record keeping; Validity; Environmental
temperature; Litter size; Birth weight; Animal nutrition; Pig feeding; Pig
housing; Floors; Litter; Animal husbandry; Farrowing; Sex differences;
Genetics; Seasonal fluctuations; Medical treatment
89 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.K37 1991
Ethologische und verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen zur Anbinde- und
Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen der Rassen Deutsches Edelschwein und Pietrain
[Ethological and behavior physiological studies on tether and group rearing of
pregnant sows of the German Large White and Pietrain breeds].
Kattner, Christa,
Bonn? : Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat?, 1991?; 1991.
178 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. English summary. Vita. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 135-165).
Language: German
Descriptors: Sows
90 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of a bone biopsy technique for determining the calcium and
phosphorus status of swine from weaning to market weight.
Combs, N.R.; Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Notter, D.R.; Welker, F.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 664-672; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Bone mineralization; Calcium; Phosphorus; Bone ash; Mineral
nutrition; Requirements; Biopsy; Diagnosis
Abstract: Tibia biopsies were taken from 75 live pigs at 4-wk intervals and
from 251 slaughtered pigs to evaluate bone biopsy as a procedure for
determining Ca/P status in pigs fed 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of the NRC
(1979) estimated dietary Ca and P percentage requirements from weaning to
market. Least squares means and SE of live and slaughter biopsy wet weight,
ash weight and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were compared at each time
in each trial and found not to differ. Diet and time effects on ash weight,
ash percentage of wet weight and DFF% of the biopsy core also did not differ
greatly between slaughter and live biopsies and generally responded linearly
and quadratically (P < .01) to increasing Ca/P level and time. Biopsy measures
were correlated (P < .05) with third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal
length, bending and shear stress and DFF%. Means for slaughter biopsy DFF% did
not differ greatly from the average of third and fourth metacarpal and
metatarsal DFF% from slaughter pigs. Means for live and slaughter biopsy DFF%
were lower than those for whole bones for the 70 and 85% NRC estimated Ca/P
levels, but not for the 100, 115 and 130% NRC levels. Bone biopsy offers
potential as a reliable noninvasive procedure for monitoring Ca/P status of
swine from weaning to market, but it needs further study for use in Ca/P
research in swine.
91 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of a pig nursery annex ventilation system operating under summer
conditions.
Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Tambouratzis, D.; Papadopoulos, G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 May.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (3): p. 353-357; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Field tests; Evaluation
Abstract: Two field trials, lasting five weeks each, were conducted during
the summer of 1989 to evaluate the effectiveness of an annex ventilation
system used to supply summer ventilation rates in a swine nursery building.
Assessment was based both on climatic environment data and growth response of
96 early weaned crossbred pigs, three to four weeks old when weaned. Under
mild summer conditions the ventilation system provided sufficient control of
the environment and resulted in animal heat stress of short duration and
intensity. During periods of very hot weather the system failed to provide a
thermal microenvironment within acceptable limits and pigs were subjected to
longer intervals of heat stress. Heat stress degree-hours during Trial II were
more than two times those of Trial I, but this did not seem to have a negative
effect on the animals' growth performance.
92 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of housing systems for sows.
Hartog, L.A. den; Backus, G.B.C.; Vermeer, H.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1339-1344; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Sows; Animal welfare; Sow feeding; Feed intake; Body weight; Reproductive performance; Animal behavior; Groups
Abstract: Housing systems of sows have to meet the requirements of the sow
and the requirements of the producer. Criteria that have to be taken into
account are productivity, labor input and management , welfare and health, and
economy. Different housing systems for sows are described with respect to
these criteria.
93 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of long-term somatotropin implants in finishing pigs.
Hacker, R.R.; Deschutter, A.; Adeola, O.; Kasser, T.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 564-570; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Pig fattening; Feed conversion; Carcass
weight; Carcasses; Fat percentage; Performance; Sex differences; Meat cuts;
Meat composition; Meat quality
Abstract: Ninety pigs were used to investigate the efficacy of long-term
implants of porcine somatotropin (PST) in improving growth, feed:gain ratio,
and carcass characteristics in pigs at three dose levels (0-, 100-, and 200-mg
pST implant) from 71 to 99 kg live weight. The use of long-term implants did
not alter (P > .05) growth rate. Administration of the 200-mg pST implant
resulted in a 15% reduction in feed consumption, and this reduction was
significant (P < .05). The feed:gain ratio was improved (P < .05) in pigs that
received the 200- compared with 0-mg pST implant (3.2 vs 2.62 of kg feed/kg of
gain). In pigs that received the 200- or 100-mg pST implant, there was a
reduction (P < .05) in carcass weight; however, carcass length was similar (P
> .05) regardless of pST treatment. Administration of the 200-mg pST implant
resulted in 25 and 38% reductions (P < .05) in last rib fat and leaf fat
compared with the 0-mg pST implant. The weights of kidneys and head were
increased by the pST administration. The weights of wholesale cuts were not
affected by the administration of the pST implant. However, separable skin and
fat from the ham, loin, and picnic were lower (P < .05) in pigs that received
the 200-mg pST than in pigs that received the 0-mg pST implant. Meat color and
structure were similar across pST treatments, indicating that the use of
long-term pST implants was not detrimental to meat quality. The results
represent a significant step in the efficacious use of a long-term delivery
system for pST as opposed to the laborious daily injection schedule.
94 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of methods of providing supplemental heat to newborn pigs during
and after farrowing.
Ogunbameru, B.O.; Kornegay, E.T.; Wood, C.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 3939-3944; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Heating; Heat lamps; Environmental
temperature; Preweaning period; Mortality; Farrowing
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate systems of providing supplemental heat to newborn pigs during and after farrowing. In Exp. 1, 35 sows were randomly allotted to farrowing crates with two supplemental heat treatments: 1) two lateral 250-watt heat lamps; and 2) two lateral heat lamps, plus a 250-watt heat lamp behind the sow during farrowing. In Exp. 2, 72 sows were randomly assigned to farrowing crates with four supplemental heat treatments: 1) one lateral 250-watt heater; 2) one lateral heater plus a 250-watt heater behind the sow during farrowing; 3) a hover with 100-watt light bulb; and 4) a hover with light bulb plus heater behind the sow during farrowing. The average farrowing house temperature was 18.9 degrees C in Exp. 1 and 21.6 degrees C in Exp. 2. Results showed no significant treatment effects on preweaning pig survival or growth rates in either experiment. Thus, providing a heat lamp at the rear of the sow during parturition was not beneficial and would increase operating costs. Hovers have a higher initial cost than conventional heat lamps or heaters, but they would have a much lower operating cost. Hovers may offer swine producers a way of reducing energy costs without affecting preweaning pig survival and performance.
95 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of recombinant porcine somatotropin on growth performance, carcass
characteristics, meat quality, and muscle biochemical properties of Belgian
Landrace pigs.
Fabry, J.; Demeyer, D.; Thielemans, M.F.; Deroanne, C.; Voorde, G. van de;
Deroover, E.; Dalrymple, R.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4007-4018; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Growth; Feed conversion; Feed intake; Carcass
composition; Muscles; Protein content; Meat quality; Ph; Organs; Weight; Fat
thickness; Tenderness; Dosage effects
Abstract: The dose related effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)
on growth, carcass characteristics, muscle properties, and meat quality were
investigated in lean Belgian Landrace finishing pigs. Ninety-six pigs (48
barrows and 48 gilts) were injected daily with either vehicle, 1.5, 3, or 6 mg
of rpST from 60 to 97.5 kg live weight. Each treatment group consisted of six
pens of four pigs each (two of each sex). Pigs were given ad libitum access to
a high-protein (20.4% CP) cereal-based diet. Administration of rpST increased
(P < .05) growth rate (16.3 to 25.4%) and improved (P < .05) feed efficiency
(16.9 to 29.4%). Feed consumption was reduced (12%; P < .05) only in the 6 mg
of rpST group. Liver, kidney, and heart weights were increased (P < .05) in
the 3 and 6 mg of rpST groups. Although the Belgian Landrace pigs are bred for
superior carcass quality, rpST further improved (P < .05) carcass composition
at aH dose levels as evidenced by a reduction (10 to 50%) in a number of
subcutaneous fat depth measurements, an increase (10 to 20%) in longissimus
muscle area, and an improvement in the lean cut:fat cut ratio. Rate of pH
decline in the gluteus and longissimus muscles was similar, but rapid, in all
groups (pH after 30 min = 5.74 to 5.94); the ultimate (24 or 72 h) pH was .1 5
to .2 pH units higher (P < .05) in the pigs that received the 3 and 6 mg of
rpST doses. Longissimus tenderness (measured by shear force and penetration),
water holding capacity, myofibrillar protein concentration, and sarcomere
length were not affected by rpST administration. Protein content of the
longissimus was increased (P < .05) by rpST treatment, whereas percentage of
lipid, moisture, DM, and collagen were unchanged. In summary, administration
of rpST to genetically lean finishing pigs stimulated growth performance and
improved carcass composition and had no adverse effects on meat quality,
processing properties, or tenderness.
96 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
Evaluation of systems for collection of porcine zygotes for DNA microinjection
and transfer.
Williams, B.L.; Sparks, A.E.T.; Canesco, R.S.; Knight, J.W.; Johnson, J.L.;
Velander, W.H.; Page, R.L.; Drohan, W.N.; Kornegay, E.T.; Pearson, R.E.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Sep.
Theriogenology v. 38 (3): p. 501-511; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Superovulation; Estrus; Synchronization; Zygotes;
Transgenics; Ovulation rate; Dna; Injection; Embryo transfer; Fertilization;
Pregnancy rate
Abstract: Crossbred gilts and sows (n = 116) were used for the collection of 1-cell zygotes for DNA microinjection and transfer. Retrospectively, estrus synchronization and superovulation schemes were evaluated to assess practicality for zygote collection. Four synchronization and superovulation procedures were used: 1) sows were observed for natural estrous behavior; 1000 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) was administered at the onset of estrus (NAT); 2) cyclic gilts were synchronized with 17.6 mg altrenogest (Alt)/day for 15 to 19 days followed by superovulation with 1500 IU pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and 500 IU hCG (LALT): 3) gilts between 11 and 16 days of the estrous cycle received 17.6 mg ALT for 5 to 9 days and PMSG and hCG were used to induce superovulation (SALT); and 4) precocious ovulation was induced in prepubertal gilts with PMSG and hCG (PRE). A total of 505 DNA microinjected embryos transferred into 17 recipients produced 7 litters and 50 piglets, of which 8 were transgenic. The NAT sows had less (P < 0.05) ovarian activity than gilts synchronized and superovulated by all the other procedures. Synchronization treatments with PMSG did not differ (P > 0.05) in the number of corpora hemorrhagica or unovulated follicles, but SALT and PRE treatments had higher ovulation rates than LALT (24.7 +/- 2.9, 24.3 +/- 1.8 vs 11.6 2.7 ovulations; mean +/- SEM). The SALT and PRE treatments yielded 12.3 +/- 2.6 and 17.7 +/- 1.7 zygotes. Successful transgenesis was accomplished with SALT and PRE procedures for estrus synchronization and superovulation.
97 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8
Facility design and practices of a low-input housing system for a feeder-pig
operation.
Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.
Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1993.
Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 3 (3/4): p. 49-61; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Design
98 NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-1
Farm animal welfare crisis or opportunity for agriculture?.
Halverson, Marlene
University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics
St. Paul, Minn. : Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of
Minnesota,; 1991.
68 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P 91-1). January 1991. Includes
bibliographical references (leaves 52-59).
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animal health; Livestock; Swine
99 NAL Call. No.: SF91.F38 1992
Farm animals and the environment.
Phillips, Clive; Piggins, David
Wallingford : C.A.B. International,; 1992.
xii, 430 p. ; 25 cm. "... international conference on Farm Animals and the
Environment held on 4-5 September 1991 at the University College of North
Wales, Bangor"--P. xi.
Language: English
Descriptors: Livestock; Animal welfare; Domestic animals
100 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1359
Farm animals with care produced for Glaxo Group Research in association with
the Institute of Animal Technology [by] Datascope Communications.
Datascope Communications, Glaxo Group Research Limited, Institute of Animal
Technology
England? : Datascope,; 1991.
2 videocassettes (65 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in.
Language: English
Descriptors: Livestock; Animal health; Animal welfare
Abstract: Illustrates regimes for housing and care for sheep, goats, pigs,
cattle, and poultry as well as providing breeding information and
demonstrating some routine health care procedures and blood sampling
techniques.
101 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
A fast and simple technique for jugular catheterization in adult sows.
Zanella, A.J.; Mendl, M.T.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Jul.
Laboratory animals v. 26 (3): p. 211-213; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Jugular vein; Catheters; Ears; Blood sampling;
Hydrocortisone
Abstract: Obtaining measures of an animal's physiological state with minimum disturbance to the animal is essential in animal welfare studies and it is also ethically desirable. A simple technique for implanting a temporary jugular catheter in adult sows is described. The technique involves implantation via an ear vein and can be performed in 5-7 min. Local but not general anaesthetic is required. The technique has no effect on basal levels of salivary cortisol 1-2 h later, suggesting that it has no long term stress consequences. Catheters continue to function perfectly well after 4 h.
102 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Feeding order of sows at an individual electronic feed station in a dynamic
group-housing system.
Bressers, H.P.M.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 123-134; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Feeding behavior; Pig housing
103 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Feeding patterns of growing pigs at warm constant and cyclic temperatures.
Xin, H.; DeShazer, J.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jan.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (1): p. 319-323; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Pig feeding; Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Feeding frequency; Unrestricted feeding
Abstract: Feeding behavior of ad libitum-fed, 39-kg, crossbred gilts was investigated under mean ambient temperatures of 30.8 degrees C with 0, 7, and 16.6 degrees C cycles. Average meal size, 160 to 170 g/pig; meal duration, 13.3 to 14.3 min; and ingestion rate, 12.2 g/min-pig did not appear to be influenced by the temperature conditions. However, meal frequency, 9 to 11 per-day, tended to be reduced by elevated hours of exposure to high temperatures. Consequently daily feed intake of the pigs was significantly less in the 16.6 degrees C cycle treatment than in the 0 or 7 degrees C cycle treatments (P<0.01). Feed consumed during the lighting period (0600 h to 2100 h) accounted for 75%, 61%, and 37% of daily feed intake for the 0, 7, and 16.6 degrees C cycle treatments, respectively. Pigs under the 0 degrees C cycle had most feeding activities in the afternoon and evening (55% of daily feed intake). In contrast, pigs under the 16.6 degrees C cycle had most feeding events at night and early morning (91% of daily feed intake).
104 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
Free and immobilized cultures of Spirulina maxima for swine waste treatment.
Canizares, R.D.; Dominguez, A.R.; Rivas, L.; Montes, M.C.; Travieso, L.;
Benitez, F.
Middlesex : Science and Technology Letters; 1993 Mar.
Biotechnology letters v. 15 (3): p. 321-326; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spirulina; Pigs; Excreta; Biological treatment; Immobilization;
Ammonium nitrogen
Abstract: We have analyzed the behavior of Spirulina maxima at increasing
concentration of ammonium nitrogen present in swine waste when it is either
growing in suspension or immobilized in polymeric supports. We compared the
response of Spirulina maxima growth to different concentrations of aeration
stabilized swine waste (total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen) as a way to
determine the treatment efficiency of both systems. At a dilution of 50% of
swine waste, the suspended system reached the best results for biomass
concentration and nutrient removal. In the immobilized system at dilutions of
25 and 50% of swine waste, more than 90% ammonium nitrogen removal was
obtained, and the optimal cell concentration for immobilization was 2 g/l (wet
basis).
105 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Genetic variation of sitting frequency and duration in pigs.
McGlone, J.J.; Akins, C.K.; Green, R.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 319-322; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Heritability; Animal behavior; Incidence; Duration; Genetic
variation
106 NAL Call. No.: SF757.R36 no.31
Group-housing of lactating sows studies on health, behaviour and nest
temperature.
Ebner, Jakob
Skara : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Dept. of Animal Hygiene,; 1993.
108 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rappart (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen
for husdjurshygien ; 31.). Abstract inserted. Includes bibliographical
references (p.101-108).
Language: English
107 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Growth characteristics and carcass composition of pigs with known genotypes
for stress susceptibility over a weight range of 70 to 120 kg.
Aalhus, J.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Robertson, W.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; Sather, A.P.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Apr.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.2): p. 347-353; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Growth; Genetic differences; Carcass composition; Tissues;
Halothane; Genes
108 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs housed
individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or minimal handling during
rearing.
Paterson, A.M.; Pearce, G.P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 315-328; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Male animals; Growth rate; Handling; Pig housing; Man; Interactions; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Animal behavior
109 NAL Call. No.: NBUS533 F66 N42 no.357
Guide for evaluating livestock showmanship contests beef, sheep, swine.
Wolverton, Doyle R.
Nebraska Cooperative Extension Service
Lincoln : Neb. : Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska,; 1991.
13 p. ; 23 cm. (Nebraska Cooperative Extension 4-H ; no. 357.).
Language: English
Descriptors: Livestock; Beef cattle; Sheep; Swine
Abstract: Judging a showmanship contest is based on preparation of animals
for show, their apparent training, and the appearance and behavior of the
participating exhibitors. This guide is an outline of desireable showmanship
practices and the relative importance of each.
110 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
Haematological and clinico-chemical profiles of barrows at the farm and at
slaugther.
Odink, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Smeets, J.F.M.; Visser, I.J.R.; Alsemgeest, P.;
Wijngaards, G.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 307-310; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stress response; Slaughter; Blood chemistry
111 NAL Call. No.: SF89.H85 1991
Handling and loading of livestock.
Humane Slaughter Association (1986-); Agricultural Training Board
Potters Bar, Herts. : Humane Slaughter Association,; 1991.
35 p. : ill. ; 15 x 21 cm.
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animals
112 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
Hazards in confinement housing--gases and dusts in confined animal houses for
swine, poultry, horses and humans.
Pickrell, J.
Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1991 Feb.
Veterinary and human toxicology v. 33 (1): p. 32-39; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal housing; Air pollutants
113 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Health security: an increasing role for swine practitioners.
Friendship, R.M.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Mar.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14
(3): p. 425-427; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North America; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Swine
diseases; Disease prevention; Disease control; Control programs; Veterinary
services; Roles; Veterinarians
114 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
Helping your clients raise healthy potbellied pigs.
Braun, W. Jr
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05.
Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 414, 418-419, 422-423, 426, 428; 1993 May05.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal health; Piglets; Animal husbandry; Pig
feeding; Vaccination; Parasites; Zoonoses
115 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Hormonal changes following an acute stress in control and
somatostatin-immunized pigs.
Farmer, C.; Dubreuil, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.; Petitclerc, D.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 527-536; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Immunization; Somatostatin; Stress; Hormone secretion
116 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Human subjective response to lorry vibration: implications for farm animal
transport.
Randall, J.M.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (4): p. 295-307; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trucks; Drivers; Operator comfort; Vibration; Transport of
animals; Animal welfare
Abstract: Lorry drivers are exposed to a wide range of mechanical vibrations
and random motions. The seat and sometimes the cab suspensions are designed to
reduce vibration exposure. Nevertheless drivers are often subjected to
considerable discomfort occurring within minutes of starting a journey. The
frequencies and axes of vibration which occur at a driver's seat are often
close to those of maximum discomfort for the human. On a livestock
transporter, the interfaces between the animals and the vehicle are not
designed to reduce vibration and it is possible that animals are subjected to
a higher vibration magnitude than the driver. However, nothing is known of the
discomfort or welfare levels experienced by livestock (e.g. cattle, sheep,
pigs and poultry) during transport as the result of vibration and motion. This
paper draws analogues with subjective evaluations of human comfort and poses a
number of questions which must be addressed by research in order to quantify
vibration dose, animal welfare response relationships. The primary requirement
is to determine to what extent frequency dependent response weightings for the
most important axes of vibration are necessary for each animal species and to
determine how they should be defined. This would enable a comparison to be
made between the experiences of humans and animals.
117 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and meat quality in stressed pigs
offered excess dietary tryptophan and tyrosine.
Adeola, O.; Ball, R.O.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1888-1894; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Feed supplements; Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Serotonin; Catecholamines; Exudative meat; Pigmeat; Hypothalamus; Pig feeding; Stress
Abstract: Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork occurs, for the most part, from environmental stress on the pig. Amino acid intake may be related to stress susceptibility through hormone and neurotransmitter induction. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether supplementation of 5 g of tryptophan (TRP) or 10 g of tyrosine (TYR) per kilogram of a 14% CP diet would alter the response of pigs to stress as measured by hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and incidence of PSE. Twenty-four (Exp. 1) and 36 (Exp. 2) 92-kg pigs were offered one of three diets: control, TRP-, or TYR-supplemented for 5 d before slaughter. Dietary TRP or TYR supplementation in Exp. 1. doubled (P < .05) plasma TRP and TYR concentrations, respectively, and increased (P < .05) 5-hydroxytryptamine, dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations in the hypothalamus. Pigs that exhibited stress at slaughter had lower (P < .05) hypothalamic concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. In Exp. 2, pigs were trucked 55 km to a commercial meat packing facility and slaughtered without a rest period. This handling procedure was designed to invoke a high incidence of PSE pork and thus be a strong test of treatments. Supplemental dietary amino acids seemed to alter the frequency distribution of the severity of PSE pork. These data indicate that dietary manipulation of amino acid precursors of neurotransmitters may offer a practical means of reducing stress response in swine.
118 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The identification of behavioural indicators of 'stress' in early weaned
piglets.
Dybkjaer, L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 135-147; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Stress; Stress factors; Stocking density; Pig housing; Overcrowding; Abnormal behavior; Indicators
119 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J82
Immunopathology in Aujeszky's disease virus-infected pigs exposed to
fluctuating temperatures.
Narita, M.; Nanba, K.; Haritani, M.; Kawashima, K.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug.
Journal of comparative pathology v. 107 (2): p. 221-229; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Environmental
temperature; Cyclic fluctuations; Stress; Disease resistance; Susceptibility;
Pathology
120 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Impact of dietary tryptophan and behavioral type on behavior, plasma cortisol,
and brain metabolites of young pigs.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C.; Monnier, M.; Colleaux, Y.; Seve, B.; Henry, Y.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3689-3698; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Tryptophan; Brain; Animal behavior; Dosage effects; Blood
plasma; Amino acids; Fasting; Hydrocortisone
Abstract: The behavioral reactivity in an "open-field" test and plasma
cortisol levels were studied in 72 pigs from 12 litters fed for 3 wk one of
three diets with different levels of tryptophan: deficient (.14%), adequate
(.23%), or excess (.32%). "Open-field" tests were performed three times: 5 d
(day W + 5), 23 d (day W + 23) and 45 d (day W + 45) after weaning. The
exploration time and the number of grunts provided an adequate measure of the
individual emotional reactivity at day W + 5. Significant correlations were
obtained between exploration time and the number of grunts at each time ( r =
-.83 at day W + 5; r = -.46 at day W + 23; r = -.71 at day W + 45). The
distinction between animals remained (P < .05) in terms of exploration time at
both 23 and 45 d after weaning. At day W + 23, exploration time was lower in
the group fed the adequate diet than in the two other groups. This effect was
maintained subsequently after feeding all pigs the same adequate diet (day W +
45). In 36 pigs slaughtered at day W + 23, brain TRP concentration was higher
with the excess dietary TRP than with deficient or adequate levels.
Conversely, other plasma amino acids (particularly threonine) accumulated only
in the brains of pigs fed the deficient diet. Plasma cortisol level assayed at
weaning (W) and 2 wk later increased with age and was higher in 16-h fasted
(day W + 15) than in 3-h fasted (day W + 17) pigs. Correlations were observed
within litters in the fasting state, between the cortisol level and behavioral
traits measured at day W + 23 (r = .70 for number of grunts, r = -.60 for
exploration time). Dietary TRP did not affect the plasma cortisol level
irrespective of the nutritional state after weaning. However, an interaction
was noted between plasma cortisol and TRP status (P < .05). Although dietary
TRP induced large variations in brain amino acids and 5-hydoxyindole
concentrations, changes in behavioral and cortisol responses were relatively
minor.
121 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Impact of dietary tryptophan and behavioral type on growth performance and
plasma amino acids of young pigs.
Seve, B.; Meunier-Salaun, M.C.; Monnier, M.; Colleaux, Y.; Henry, Y.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3679-3688; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Tryptophan; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Animal behavior;
Blood plasma; Amino acids; Fasting
Abstract: Tryptophan (TRP) content in the protein of the weaning diet was
varied from deficient (.70 g/16 g N) to adequate (1.15 g/16 g N) and excess
(1.60 g/16 g N) in diets fed to 108 pigs from d 5 to d 26 after weaning (W)
and in 72 pigs from d 26 after weaning to slaughter (100 kg five weight) to
assess immediate and long-term effects of TRP on performance. Daily weight
gain and feed efficiency were improved when dietary TRP was increased from
deficient to adequate (+60 and +40%, respectively). Concurrently, daily feed
intake was elevated moderately (+15%). No further improvement was observed
with excess TRP. In the low TRP group, gain/feed was significantly poorer up
to 25 kg five weight, but this effect did not continue later. Although no
compensatory growth could be shown in the group fed the deficient diet, growth
retardation was very small (1.5%; P > .10) at slaughter. Early changes in TRP
supply did not affect either carcass or meat quality. Behavioral reactivity,
as determined on day W + 5 in an "open-field" test, did not affect early
performance, but growth rate during the growing-finishing stage (3.2%) or the
whole period (2.5%) was greater by nonemotional than by emotional pigs. Plasma
amino acid contents in blood samples, withdrawn on day W + 15 (fed state) and
W + 17 (fasted state), were consistent with the effect of TRP on growth rates.
However, in the fasted state, a diet X reactivity interaction suggested that
TRP removal from the plasma was less rapid in nonemotional than in emotional
pigs. Furthermore, increased plasma concentrations of essential amino acids
and urea in the latter group suggested that protein and amino acid catabolism
was more rapid in emotional than in nonemotional pigs. These data are
discussed relative to the effect of the behavioral type of pig on its TRP
requirement.
122 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 ID13IDC
Improve pork quality reduce PSE and other defects.
Boggess, M.V.
Moscow, Idaho : The Service; 1992 Feb.
Current information series - Cooperative Extension Service, University of
Idaho (918): 4 p.; 1992 Feb.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Meat quality; Pigs; Porcine stress
syndrome; Slaughter
123 NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6
Increasing the survivability of neonatal pigs.
Appelgate, J.
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
Agri-Practice v. 13 (3): p. 27-30; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Pigs; Newborn animals; Survival; Colostrum; Sows; Antibody formation; Vaccination; Early weaning; Disease prevention
124 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Individual differences in behavioural responses of pigs exposed to non-social
and social challenges.
Lawrence, A.B.; Terlouw, E.M.C.; Illius, A.W.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 73-86; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Temperament; Animal behavior;
Individual characteristics
125 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Individual mating facilities for swine.
Singleton, W.; Levis, D.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-69),
revised June 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Mating; Boars; Sows; Temperature;
Building construction
126 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
The influence of age and health status on the serum alpha 1-acid glycopotein
level of conventional and specific pathogen-free pigs.
Itoh, H.; Tamura, K.; Izumi, M.; Motoi, Y.; Kidoguchi, K.; Funayama, Y.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 57 (2): p. 74-78; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Blood serum; Glycoproteins; Pneumonia; Swine diseases; Spf
husbandry; Immune response; Age differences; Immune serum; Lungs; Lesions;
Normal values
127 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The influence of conditions at the time of mating on reproduction of
commercial pigs.
Hemsworth, P.H.; Hansen, C.; Coleman, G.J.; Jongman, E.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 273-285; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Sexual behavior; Litter size; Mating systems; Farrowing
rate; Female fertility; Fecundity
128 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Influence of parity and time since parturition on responsiveness of sows to a
piglet distress call.
Hutson, G.D.; Argent, M.F.; Dickenson, L.G.; Luxford, B.G.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 303-313; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization; Parous rates; Postpartum interval;
Time; Responses; Maternal behavior
129 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs.
Apple, J.K.; Craig, J.V.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 149-155; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Pens; Stocking density; Toys; Play; Stress;
Abnormal behavior
130 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Influence of the sexual motivation of the boar on the sexual partner
preferences of oestrous gilts.
Hemsworth, P.H.; Price, E.O.; Tilbrook, A.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 209-215; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Gills; Mating preferences; Sexual behavior; Estrus
131 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Influences of feeding level and physical restriction on development of
stereotypies in sows.
Terlouw, E.M.C.; Lawrence, A.B.; Illisu, A.W.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Dec.
Animal behaviour v. 42 (pt.6): p. 981-991; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Behavior patterns; Environmental factors; Restraint of
animals; Restricted feeding
Abstract: In attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying the
development of stereotypic behaviour patterns it is important to determine
those environmental factors that contribute to the development of such
behaviour. The effects of restraint and food restriction on the development of
stereotypies in pregnant nulliparous sows, Sus scrofa, were investigated. In
the two housing conditions used in the present study, food restriction, but
not restraint, was a major factor in increased levels of activity and in
particular high levels of drinking and chain manipulation. Food-restricted
sows also increased their feeding rate significantly over the experimental
period. Restrained sows spent more time in behaviour such as standing inactive
and sham chewing that did not involve manipulation or exploration of
substrates. Hughes & Duncan (1988. Anim. Behav., 36, 1696-1707) proposed that
stereotypies result from long-term performance of elements of appetitive
behaviour. Their model suggests that, in the present study, stereotypies
resulted from both environments preventing the animal proceeding to the
consummatory phase of foraging behaviour and 'switching off' the underlying
motivation. This explanation, however, is not consistent with the observation
that time spent in appetitive behaviour did not decrease A hen the level of
stereotypy increased, and that stereotypies were concentrated in the
post-feeding period. it is also not consistent with the high levels of
drinking and chewing of substrates that the food-restricted sows developed, as
these activities appear to be more closely related to consummatory behaviour
than to appetitive behaviour. It is concluded that there remain a number of
aspects of stereotypies in pigs and other species that cannot be wholly
explained by current models.
132 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Influences of intermittent daily draught on the behaviour of weaned pigs.
Scheepens, C.J.M.; Hessing, M.J.C.; Laarakker, E.; Schouten, W.G.P.; Tielen,
M.J.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 69-82; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Cold stress; Climatic factors
133 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The interrelationship between crude protein and exogenous porcine somatotropin
on growth, feed and carcass measurements of pigs.
Smith, V.G.; Kasson, C.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 571-577; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Protein intake; Growth rate; Gastric ulcer;
Feed conversion efficiency; Backfat; Fat thickness; Pituitary; Weight; Dosage
effects; Feed intake
Abstract: In three experiments the interrelationship between dietary CP and
recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpSt, i.m. daily) on ADG, feed efficiency
(F/G) and carcass traits was examined in crossbred Yorkshire gilts and barrows
given ad libitum access to their diets during the finishing period (55 to 110
kg BW). Pigs, blocked by BW and gender, were assigned (four/pen) within block.
In Exp. 1, 140 pigs were assigned two/gender per pen to each of five
pens/block and received a diet of either 12%, 18% or 24% CP (n = 2, 1 and 2
pens/block, respectively). Pigs received rpSt, either 0 or 120 microgram/kg BW
(12% and 24% CP groups) or 60 microgram/kg BW (18% CP group). When CP was 12%,
rpSt decreased ADG and increased F/G (P < .05), whereas when CP was 18% or
24%, rpSt increased ADG and lowered F/G (P < .05). Backfat thickness was
reduced (P < .05) by rpSt regardless of CP. In Exp. 2, 120 pigs were assigned
two/gender per pen to each of five pens/block and received a diet of 24% CP.
Either 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 microgram of rpSt/kg BW was administered to each
pig. All doses of rpSt increased ADG, lowered F/G and decreased backfat
thickness compared with measurements for control pigs (P < .05). In Exp. 3,
140 pigs were assigned two/gender per pen to each of seven pens/block and
received a diet of either 14%, 18% or 24% CP (n = 3, 2 and 2 pens/block,
respectively). Pigs received rpSt at either 0, 15 or 60 microgram/kg BW (14%
CP group) or at 15 or 60 microgram/kg BW (18% and 24% CP groups). When CP was
14%, 15 microgram of rpSt/kg BW affected neither ADG nor F/G (P > .05). but 60
microgram of rpSt/kg BW decreased ADG (P < .05). When CP was 18% or 24%, rpSt
at 15 or at 60 microgram/kg BW increased ADG and lowered F/G (P < .05)
compared to the 14% CP control pigs. Backfat thickness was reduced (P < .05)
by rpSt regardless of CP. During all experiments, stomach ulcers developed (P
< .05) in pigs treated with 60 or 120 microgram of rpSt/kg BW. We concluded
that dietary CP has to be gr
134 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 SY8
Is Monsanto burning money in its biotech barn?.
Siler, J.F.; Crey, J.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Sep02.
Business week (3229): p. 74-75; 1991 Sep02.
Language: English
Descriptors: Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Pigmeat;
Research support; Product development
135 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
It is morally permissible to manipulate the genome of domestic hogs.
Blatz, C.V.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 166-176; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics; Biotechnology;
Transgenics
136 NAL Call. No.: QH324.C7
Lipid composition and thermotropic phase behavior of boar, bull, stallion, and
rooster sperm membranes.
Parks, J.E.; Lynch, D.V.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Apr.
Cryobiology v. 29 (2): p. 255-266; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Cocks; Stallions; Spermatozoa; Plasma membranes; Protein content; Lipids; Susceptibility; Cold shock; Motility; Temperature
137 NAL Call. No.: SF395.W463 1992
Lord Emsworth's annotated Whiffle The care of the pig.. Care of the pig
Whiffle, Augustus; Hogg, James
New York : Heineman,; 1992.
xi, 128 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Language: English; English
Descriptors: Swine; Swine
138 NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI2
Malignant hyperthermia.
MacLennan, D.H.; Phillips, M.S.
Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science; 1992
May08.
Science v. 256 (5028): p. 789-794; 1992 May08. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Porcine stress syndrome; Genetic analysis
Abstract: In humans genetically predisposed to malignant hyperthermia,
anesthesia can induce skeletal muscle rigidity, hypermetabolism, and high
fever, which, if not immediately reversed, can lead to tissue damage or death.
The corresponding condition in swine leads to stress-induced deaths and
devalued meat products. Abnormalities in the Ca2+ release channel of skeletal
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (the ryanodine receptor) have been implicated in
the cause of both the porcine and human syndromes by physiological and
biochemical studies and genetic linkage analysis. In swine, a single founder
mutation in the ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) can account for all cases of
malignant hyperthermia in all breeds, but a series of different RYR1 mutations
are likely to be uncovered in human families with MH. Moreover, lack of
linkage between malignant hyperthermia and RYR1 in some families indicates a
heterogenous genetic basis for the human syndrome.
139 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5
Management and nutrition of the bred gilt and sow.
Luce, W.G.; Maxwell, C.V.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Nov.
OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University
v.): 4 p.; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig farming; Breeding; Heat stress; Nutrition; Supplementary feeding; Feed additives; Feed dispensers; Disease control
140 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Management and nutrition of the newly weaned pig.
Aherne, F.; Hogberg, M.G.; Kornegay, E.T.; Shurson, G.C.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1992. In subseries: Management (PIH-111),
revised December 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Piglet feeding; Weaning; Age at weaning; Weaning weight;
Early weaning; Pig housing
141 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5
Management of growing-finishing swine.
Luce, W.G.; Huhnke, R.L.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Aug.
OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University
(3654): 6 p.; 1991 Aug.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Disease control;
Parasites; Insecticides; Dry lot feeding; Pastures
142 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B
Management of young pigs.
Jones, R.
Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1991 Dec.
Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of
Agriculture v.): 14 p. ill; 1991 Dec.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Piglet production
143 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
Managing and feeding sows for optimum productivity.
Tubbs, R.C.
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Oct.
Veterinary medicine v. 87 (10): p. 1048-1056; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Sows; Sow feeding; Animal husbandry; Productivity;
Nutrient intake; Plane of nutrition
144 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5
Managing the herd boar.
Luce, W.G.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Sep.
OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University
v.): 4 p.; 1991 Sep.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Mating ability; Mating behavior; Semen production; Boar
feeding; Pig housing; Breeding methods
145 NAL Call. No.: QL750.J68
Maternal behaviour in sows of different social rank.
Csermely, D.; Nicosia, E.
Kyoto, Japan : Japan Ethological Society; 1991.
Journal of ethology v. 9 (2): p. 83-93; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Maternal behavior; Social structure; Sow lactation
146 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental controllers.
Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Turner, L.W.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jul.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 491-497; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environmental control; Controllers; Pig housing; Poultry housing
Abstract: A series of mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental
controllers is presented for a typical finishing swine barn and a typical
tunnel ventilated broiler house. The systems consist of mechanical thermostats
and timers used in parallel with the electronic controller, designed to ensure
animal survival in the event of controller or related hardware failure. For
swine housing, three distinct mechanical backup functions are identified; for
broiler housing, four distinct mechanical backup functions are identified.
Schematic diagrams of the mechanical backup functions are provided and their
implementation is described.
147 NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55S76 1992
Miniature pigs everything about purchase, care, nutrition, breeding, behavior,
and training.
Storer, Pat; Storer, Kristin
New York : Barron's,; 1992.
88 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. Includes index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature swine as pets
148 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33
Miniature swine in biomedical research: applications and husbandry
considerations.
Fisher, T.F.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 May.
Lab animal v. 22 (5): p. 47-50; 1993 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Applications
149 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
A model of the dynamic thermal environment in livestock buildlings.
Zhang, Y.; Barber, E.M.; Sokhansanj, S.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Oct.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 53 (2): p. 103-122; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Farrowing houses; Heating systems; Artificial ventilation;
Environmental temperature; Dynamics; Equipment; Systems; Control; Simulation
models; Mathematical models
Abstract: An understanding of the dynamics of the thermal environment in heated and ventilated spaces is needed for the selection of optimized equipment systems and control strategies. A simulation model is presented which describes the transient thermal responses within a ventilated livestock building. First, a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer within the airspace was tested for a single heating and cooling event using data from a laboratory chamber and from a pig farrowing room. This model was limited by a need for a better estimate of the convective heat transfer coefficients at the inside surfaces of the building shell. A further limitation was the complexity needed to simulate the rapid changes in pressure that occur in response to sudden temperature changes and, therefore, an inability to simulate accurately the exhaust air flow delivered by propellor fans. The airspace heat and mass transfer model was coupled with a model of an electromechanical temperature controller and the overall model was used to simulate a series of heating and cooling events within a pig farrowing room. The GASP IV simulation software was used because of the facility with which both discrete and continuous events can be modelled. Although the simulated temperature did not agree exactly over a 24h period with real temperature data, the fit was sufficiently good to conclude that the simulation model is useful for analysing alternative control strategies for livestock building heating and ventilating systems.
150 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Modeling eating behavior of growing-finishing swine.
McDonald, T.P.; Nienaber, J.A.; Chen, Y.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 591-596; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig feeding; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Markov processes;
Mathematical models
Abstract: A model was developed to predict the dynamic eating behavior of
swine. The model employed a Markov chain to describe the sequence of eating
and not eating behavioral events. Theoretical implications of assuming the
Markov model on specific eating characteristics were developed, and these
results were compared to data obtained from observation of three
growing-finishing swine. Results showed that the model could predict the
eating behavior of growing-finishing swine in an average sense, but could not
accurately reproduce the distribution of meal lengths. This was due to the
preference of the animals for meals lasting a specific length of time, a
result the model could not account for.
151 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Modelling newborn piglet thermal interactions with a surface energy balance
model.
Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 151-159; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Body heat loss; Farrowing houses; Interactions; Mathematical models; Relative humidity; Temperature
Abstract: A mathematical model was developed to describe the radiative and
convective thermal interactions between a newborn piglet and it's
surroundings. The model incorporates surface energy balances for each surface
in the enclosure. The model was verified with results from a simulated creep
area and from published calorimetric studies on newborn pigs. Mathematical
results were all within 5.5% of the measured results from a simulated
creep-area. Compared with published studies, the mathematical model
over-predicts heat loss in high-demand environments and under predicts heat
loss in low-demand environments.
152 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Modifications in the aggressive and ingestive behavior of the neonatal piglet
as a result of prenatal elevation of cortisol in the dam.
Bate, L.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 299-306; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Aggressive behavior; Hydrocortisone;
Corticotropin; Suckling; Sows; Prenatal period
153 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Nest building in domestic sows: the role of external stimuli.
Jensen, P.
London : Academic Press; 1993 Feb.
Animal behaviour v. 45 (pt.2): p. 351-358; 1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Nesting
Abstract: To study the role of external stimuli in triggering and controlling
nest building, 12 domestic sows, Sus scrofa, were randomly selected for
farrowing in one of two environments. Six sows were kept in pens measuring 2.5
X 3 m enriched with a soil bed and a straw rack ('rich' situation), and six
were kept in identically shaped pens with no soil or straw ('poor' situation).
Their behaviour was videotaped during the 48 h preceding farrowing. No
significant differences between the situations were found with regard to the
total frequencies of nesting behaviour. The relative frequencies of behaviour
patterns mainly performed at the beginning of the nesting period (nosing and
rooting) were significantly higher in the poor environment, while those mainly
performed later during nesting (carrying material, arranging) were more
frequent in the rich environment. No signs of vacuum gathering and carrying
and only a few instances of vacuum arranging were recorded in the poor
environment. A factor analysis of the behaviour in the rich situation
suggested the existence of two different clusters of behaviour patterns,
associated with either a 'preparation factor' (standing, nosing and rooting)
or a 'nest material factor' (walking, carrying material and arranging). The
findings support a model for the control of nesting in sows with a first part
of preparation of the nest site, largely triggered by internal factors, and a
second part of gathering and arranging nest material, largely dependent on
external stimuli.
154 NAL Call. No.: QH324.C7
New thermal test to assess the viability of cryopreserved boar sperm.
Fisher, P.S.; Hansen, C.; Underhill, L.; Marcus, G.J.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
Cryobiology v. 28 (5): p. 454-459; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Cryopreservation; Heat stress; Rapid methods;
Tests; Viability
155 NAL Call. No.: S590.S68
Nitrate leaching and intensive outdoor pig production.
Worthington, T.R.; Danks, P.W.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jun.
Soil use and management v. 8 (2): p. 56-60; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Pig farming; Nitrate; Leaching; Losses from soil; Nitrogen
cycle; Water pollution; Legislation
Abstract: The production of pigs in outdoor units is gaining in popularity in
the United Kingdom and is often concentrated on free-draining soils over
important aquifers. Originally, stocking rates were sufficiently low to ensure
the maintenance of a grass crop, but recently they have increased. Pigs are
natural 'rooters' and wallowers and so cause damage to vegetation and soil
structure. With overstocking these natural activities lead to considerable
areas of bare, uncropped ground for much of the year. This paper assesses the
potential for leaching of nitrate from such land, and makes recommendations
for decreasing it.
156 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
A non-invasive telemetry system for obtaining heart rate from free-ranging
swine.
Friend, T.H.; Dellmeier, G.R.; Stuart, J.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb.
Applied animal behaviour science. p. 343-348; 1991 Feb. Paper presented at
the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and Management," May 23-27, 1988, College
Station, Texas. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Telemetry; Heart rate
157 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
A note of hunger in the pig: sows on restricted rations will sustain an energy
deficit to gain additional food.
Hutson, G.D.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 233-235; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Restricted feeding; Hunger; Conditioning; Animal welfare
158 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
A note on the development of behaviour of intensively managed piglets in the
humid tropics.
Kabuga, J.D.; Annor, S.Y.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 157-159; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Humid tropics; Intensive livestock farming; Animal
behavior; Age differences; Time
159 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
A note on the effects of environmental temperature on live-weight gain during
fattening of pigs.
Sakai, T.; Nishino, M.; Hamakawa, M.; Yoon, C.S.; Thirapatsakun, T.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 147-149; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Environmental temperature; Liveweight gain;
Pig housing
160 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
A note on the IVOG-station: a feeding station to record the individual food
intake of group-housed growing pigs.
Haer, L.C.M. de; Merks, J.W.M.; Kooper, H.G.; Buiting, G.A.J.; Hattum, J.A.
van
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 160-162; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Recording; Equipment; Feed
dispensers
161 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Oestrus detection in group-housed sows by analysis of data on visits to the
boar.
Bressers, H.P.M.; Te Brake, J.H.A.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 183-193; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Boars; Estrus; Detection; Groups; Pig housing; Prediction;
Standing reflex
162 NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8
Olfactometric characterization of odour generation potential of pigery manure
samples.
Wassenhove, F. van; Vanrolleghem, P.; Langenhove, H. van; Verstraete, W.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishing B.V.; 1992.
Studies in environmental science (51): p. 425-430; 1992. In the series
analytic: Biotechniques for air pollution abatement and odour control policies
/ edited by A.J. Dragt and J. van Ham. Proceedings of an International
Symposium, October 27-29, 1991, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig manure; Odors; Air pollution; Odor emission; Pig housing;
Olfactometers
163 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652
An open information system for the swine production and marketing industry:
its scope, topology and telecommunication strategy.
Groeneveld, E.; Lacher, P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 163-185; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Meat and livestock industry; Animal production; Information
needs; Information systems; Computer software; Marketing; Record keeping;
Classification; Telecommunications; Animal husbandry
164 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Operant technology applied to solving farm animal problems. An assessment.
Kilgour, R.; Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Matthews, L.R.; Bremner, K.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 141-166; 1991 Apr.
Bibliography. Literature review.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Zealand; Animal behavior; Animal experiments; Conditioning; Perception; Cattle; Dogs; Goats; Hens; Horses; Pigs; Sheep; Bibliographies; Literature reviews; Responses; Stimuli; Feeding preferences
165 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
An optimal misting method for cooling livestock housing.
Gates, R.S.; Usry, J.L.; Nienaber, J.A.; Turner, L.W.; Bridges, T.C.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Sep.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (5): p. 2199-2206; 1991 Sep. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Cooling; Evaporative cooling; Mists; Literature
reviews; Mathematical models
Abstract: A method to analyze the operation of misting systems to cool livestock housing by minimizing interior Temperature-humidity Index (THI) is presented. The procedure is shown to be similar to the analysis for evaporative pad cooling, except that interior maximum relative humidity is specified instead of pad efficiency. The minimization of THI is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of interior dry-bulb temperature. If interior heat and moisture loads are neglected, the interior state point can be found at an intersection of outside wet-bulb temperature and inside maximum relative humidity; implications of neglecting these loads are quantified. Comparisons between no cooling, pad cooling, and misting are made to the resultant interior dry-bulb temperature, and to the Gain Reduction Factor (Morrison et al., 1968), for the simplified assumptions of no internal heat loads. The misting system is shown to compare favorably with evaporative pad cooling.
166 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Parametric design with associated costs and production data of swine
nurseries.
Helmink, K.J.; Christianson, L.L.; Riskowski, G.L.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 237-247; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Design; Costs; Parametric programming;
Computer software
Abstract: The Illinois Nursery Improvement Software (INIS) is a computerized,
parametric design aid for swine nurseries and prenurseries. INIS prepares plan
and elevation drawings, specifies equipment and materials and compares
ventilation options. Costs of alternative ventilation systems are calculated.
Users can estimate productivity improvements (feed efficiency, health costs,
gain rates, and mortality rates) that will result from improved ventilation to
compare with ventilation system costs.
167 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Patterns of daily food intake in growing pigs.
Haer, L.C.M. de; Merks, J.W.M.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 95-104; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Feed intake; Unrestricted feeding; Feeding behavior; Meal
patterns; Group size; Individual feeding; Pig feeding
168 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The performance and carcass composition responses of fiishing swine to a range
of porcine somatotropin doses in a 1-week delivery system.
Knight, C.D.; Kasser, T.R.; Swenson, G.H.; Hintz, R.L.; Azain, M.J.; Bates,
R.O.; Cline, T.R.; Crenshaw, J.D.; Cromwell, G.L.; Hedrick, H.B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Dec.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (12): p. 4678-4689; 1991 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Carcass composition; Dosage effects;
Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Protein intake; Pigmeat; Shear strength; Sex
differences
Abstract: Four experiments using 580 barrows and 580 gilts (Study 1) and
seven experiments using 500 barrows and 500 gilts (Study 2) were conducted at
various geographical locations in the United States to determine the dose
response of a pelleted form of porcine somatotropin (pST) relative to ADG,
feed/gain (F/G), and percentage of carcass protein. Average initial weights
for Studies 1 and 2 were 67.6 and 72.6 kg, respectively, and four pigs/pen
were slaughtered when they achieved weights of 106.5 to 111.0 kg. In Study 1,
pigs were implanted subcutaneously with pelleted pST doses of 0, 12, 24, 36,
or 48 mg/wk and self-fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 13.75% CP. Study
2 included two control groups self-fed a diet containing either 13.75 or 17%
CP with added lysine. The pST-treated pigs were administered 12, 24, or 36
mg/wk, and all were offered the 17% CP diet. The pST treatments in Study 1
resulted in a linear reduction (P < .05) in average daily feed intake (ADFI)
and a quadratic (P < .05) improvement in F/G and percentage of carcass
protein. The pST treatments in Study 2 resulted in a linear reduction in ADFI
(P < .05), a linear improvement in F/G, and a quadratic increase in the
percentage of carcass protein (P < .05). Average daily gain was not affected
in either study with this form of pST. The greatest increase in efficiency of
lean gain was observed with the 36-mg dose for both Study 1 (9.4%) and Study 2
(10.8%). In Study 1, the force required to shear cores of the longissimus
muscle was increased linearly with pST treatment (P < .05). There was a
similar linear increase in Study 2 with pST treatment (P < .05); however,
there was also an effect of sex (P < .05) on shear force (gilts > barrows)
that was similar in magnitude to that observed for pST treatment. Differences
in sensory evaluation because of pST were minor and of the same magnitude as
those observed between barrows and gilts. It was therefore concluded that
weekly administration of pST improved F/G
169 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Performance measured in pigs with pneumonia and housed in different
environments.
Straw, B.E.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Feb15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (4): p. 627-630;
1991 Feb15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pneumonia; Growth rate; Liveweight gain; Feed
conversion efficiency; Lesions; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae
170 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The performance of gilts in a new group housing system: endocrinological and
immunological functions.
Von Borell, E.; Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Mallard, B.A.; Buhr, M.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2714-2721; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Group size; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Adrenal glands; Diagnostic techniques; Immune response; Reproductive performance; Body weight; Backfat; Litter weight; Hydrocortisone
Abstract: The effect of a new group housing system on performance (132 gilts and litters) and endocrinological (35 gilts) and immunological functions (28 gilts) was studied. Animals were randomly assigned to a conventional system control, involving > 2 mo in individual stalls, or to the Hurnik-Morris (H-M) housing system, involving continuous housing in small groups, for breeding-gestating swine. The gilts were reared throughout gestation in their respective housing systems and moved 3 to 5 d prefarrowing to a common farrowing facility. Various production data were collected, including sow weight and backfat measurements, number of pigs born, number born alive, number weaned, litter birth weight, and litter weaning weight. An adrenal function test using dexamethasone pretreatment and ACTH1-24 challenge was imposed on gilts 5 d prebreeding and once between d 81 to 87 of gestation. Plasma progesterone was measured at the same time. Immune function was measured by serum antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin. Gilts reared in the H-M housing system exhibited a number of pigs weaned per litter and litter weaning weights comparable to the number and weights in the control system (7.3 +/- .33 vs 6.9 +/- .38, P = .421 and 56.9 +/- 2.42 kg vs 51.3 +/- 2.76 kg, P = .132, respectively). Prefarrowing and weaning backfat measurements were significantly reduced in group-housed gilts (15.8 +/- .45 mm vs 17.8 +/- .55 mm, P = .005 and 14.6 +/- .4 mm vs 16.2 +/- .42 mm, P = .008, respectively). Adrenocortical function and plasma progesterone were not different between gilts in different housing systems. Antibody response to HEWL and inflammatory response was numerically but not significantly greater for gilts reared in the H-M housing system than for those in the control system. The results of this study provided encouragement for the development of group housing without compromising production or endocrinological and immunolo
171 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The peri-parturient behaviour of sows housed in pairs.
Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 49-59; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Group behavior; Farrowing; Reproductive behavior; Aggressive behavior; Social dominance; Nesting; Maternal behavior
172 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pig.
Vieuille-Thomas, C.; Signoret, J.P.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1551-1557; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Alarm pheromones; Stress; Urine; Animal behavior;
Conditioning; Learning
Abstract: The process of spontaneous learning in an automatic food dispenser
by a group of domestic female pigs was studied when one of the animals of the
group had an aversive experience. Restraining a gilt in the dispenser without
access to food resulted in later avoidance of the system by other gilts,
especially when the reactions of the restrained animal had been especially
violent and associated with urination. The hypothesis of a delayed
transmission of an unpleasant experience was tested. The food dispenser was
sprayed with urine collected from either a control gilt or from an animal
undergoing stress. In half of the cases, the presence of urine of a stressed
animal resulted in a long-lasting avoidance of the food dispenser, suggesting
the existence of some kind of alarm pheromone produced in the urine of a sow
during an unpleasant experience.
173 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Physiological and reproductive correlates of behavioural strategies in female
domestic pigs.
Mendl, M.; Zanella, A.J.; Broom, D.M.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Dec.
Animal behaviour v. 44 (pt.6): p. 1107-1121; 1992 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Social dominance
Abstract: Thirty-seven pregnant primiparous domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, were
introduced into a large indoor pen. The pigs were divided into three groups
according to their ability to displace others in agonistic interactions and
the behavioural characteristics of these groups were investigated. High
Success pigs were able to displace at least as many individuals as displaced
them. They were characterized by low levels of inactivity, high involvement in
social interactions and high aggression. No Success pigs never displaced any
other pig and were most inactive, least aggressive and showed low involvement
in social interactions. Low Success pigs were able to displace some pigs but
were more often displaced themselves. They were aggressive, despite their
relative lack of success, and experienced the highest levels of aggression
from and displacement by others. During the first month in the group, High
Success pigs gained the most weight. Low Success pigs had the highest basal
levels of salivary cortisol and showed the highest peak cortisol levels in
response to an adrenocorticotrophic hormone challenge test. At the first
parturition, Low Success pigs produced the lowest weight of piglets born
alive. Hence there were more adverse effects associated with being aggressive
and often displaced than with being aggressive and usually winning, or being
unaggressive and involved in few interactions. The strategy used to cope with
the social environment may be as important as the success achieved in
agonistic interactions, at least in terms of consequences for physiology and
reproduction.
174 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Porcine somatotropin and dietary lysine influence bone mineralization and
mechanical properties of bones in finishing swine.
Goodband, R.D.; Hines, R.H.; Nelssen, J.L.; Kropf, D.H.; Schricker, B.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 673-678; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Diet; Lysine; Bone mineralization; Blood serum; Alkaline phosphatase; Enzyme activity; Mechanical properties; Bone ash
Abstract: The femur, a rib, and a third metacarpal were collected from 108
barrows (initial weight = 57 kg) and analyzed to determine the effects of
porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary lysine on bone mineralization and
mechanical properties. In Exp. 1, pigs were injected daily with 4 mg of PST
and fed diets containing 1.0% Ca and .9% P and either .6, .8, 1.0, 1.2, or
1.4% lysine. Control pigs (placebo injection) received the .6% lysine diet.
Bone wall thickness (BWT) of the femur increased (linear, P < .05) but ash
content decreased (linear, P < .10) as dietary lysine level increased. Stress
and ash content of the rib also decreased (linear, P < .05) with increasing
dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, pigs were injected with either 4 or 8 mg/d of
pST and fed diets containing 1.1% Ca and 1.0% P and either .8, 1.0, 1.2, or
1.4% lysine. Control pigs received the .8% lysine diet. Increasing pST dosage
increased BWT of the femur (linear, P < .10) but decreased ash content
(linear, P < .10). In the rib, increasing PST dosage reduced stress, modulus
of elasticity (linear, P < .10), and ash content (linear, P < .01). Increasing
lysine level resulted in increased BWT of the femur and decreased ash content
of rib, femur, and metacarpal (linear, P < .10). These data indicate that PST
administration in conjunction with increasing lysine levels decreases bone ash
content but increases BWT of finishing pigs.
175 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B
Porcine stress syndrome.
Judge, M.D.; Eikelenboom, G.; Marple, D.N.
East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov.
Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State
University v.): 3 p.; 1992 Nov. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Pork
and Pork Quality.
Language: English
Descriptors: Porcine stress syndrome; Swine diseases; Stress; Genetic factors;
Tests; Meat quality; Disease prevention
176 NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
Porcine trypanosomosis in Nigeria: infections in local and exotic pigs in the
Nsukka area of Anambra State.
Onah, D.N.
Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press; 1991 Aug.
Tropical animal health and production v. 23 (3): p. 141-146; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nigeria; Pigs; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosomiasis; Free range husbandry; Intensive livestock farming; Seasonal fluctuations; Breed differences; Exotics; Susceptibility
177 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
Portable housing for poultry and hogs.
Klober, K.
Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun.
Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range husbandry
178 NAL Call. No.: SF5.B74
Postnatal care in pigs.
Hughes, P.E.
Midlothian, Scotland : The Society; 1992.
BSAP occasional publication : an occasional publication of the British Society
of Animal Production (15): p. 149-161; 1992. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Mortality; Literature reviews
179 NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
Postprandial hemodynamics and oxygenation in developing piglet intestine.
Crissinger, K.D.; Burney, D.L.
Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1991 Jun.
American journal of physiology v. 260 (6,pt.1): p. G951-G957; 1991 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Feeding; Intestines; Intestinal mucosa; Oxygen consumption; Blood flow; Ischemia; Hemodynamics; Age
Abstract: Age-related differences in the intestinal hemodynamic and
oxygenation responses to feeding were studied in 1-day- (never-nursed and
nursed-fasted), 3-day-, 2-wk-, and 1-mo-old piglets. A distal branch of the
superior mesenteric vein draining an isolated loop of jejunoileum was used to
measure intestinal blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, venous
pressure, and capillary pressure. Calculations of oxygen uptake and vascular
resistance were performed from the measured variables. Radioactive
microspheres were used to measure fractionated flow. After luminal
instillation of a cow milk-based formula, postprandial oxygen uptake increased
to a similar extent in all age groups. In never-nursed newborns the increase
was achieved by a dramatic rise in oxygen extraction with no change in total
flow, while all other groups demonstrated a combined increase in blood flow
and oxygen extraction. Mucosal blood flow increased to a similar extent in all
age groups, but in never-nursed newborns it was at the expense of
muscularis-serosa flow. Thus, because oxygen extraction and mucosal blood flow
appear to be near maximal during feeding alone, newborn intestine may be at
risk for tissue hypoxia and subsequent mucosal injury in the presence of a
superimposed cardiovascular stress.
180 NAL Call. No.: HV4701.A35
Potbellied pigs: Perfect pets or simply swine?.
Prince, M.
Englewood, Colo. : American Humane Association, Animal Protection Division;
1992.
Advocate v. 10 (2): p. 10-14; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care
181 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Preference by sows for a partially enclosed farrowing crate.
Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 35-43; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Age differences; Acceptability; Design
182 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The preparturient behaviour of sows in enriched pens and the effect of
pre-formed nests.
Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 61-68; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive behavior; Prepartum period; Farrowing pens;
Nests; Nesting; Sand; Straw
183 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The process of weaning in pigs: when the sow decides.
Boe, K.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 47-59; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Litter size; Sows; Suckling; Age differences;
Animal behavior; Feed intake; Liveweight gain
184 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Productivity, time budgets and social aspects of eating in pigs penned in
groups of five or individually.
Gonyou, H.W.; Chapple, R.P.; Frank, G.R.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 291-301; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Group behavior; Pens; Feeding behavior; Aggressive
behavior; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Sex
differences; Time; Pig housing; Productivity
185 NAL Call. No.: 99.9 F7662J
Prototyping an automated lumber processing system.
Klinkhachorn, P.; Kothari, R.; Huber, H.A.; McMillin, C.W.; Mukherjee, K.;
Barnekov, V.
Madison, Wis. : Forest Products Society; 1993 Feb.
Forest products journal v. 43 (2): p. 11-18; 1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hardwoods; Lumber; Processing; Automation; Cutting; Lasers;
Computer techniques; Optimization
Abstract: The Automated Lumber Processing System (ALPS) is a multi-disciplinary continuing effort directed toward increasing the yield obtained from hardwood lumber boards during their process of remanufacture into secondary products (furniture, etc.). ALPS proposes a nondestructive vision system to scan a board for its dimension and the location and expanse of surface defects on it. This information is then used to determine an efficient placement of the desired wood parts. Finally, a laser path planning algorithm is used to obtain an efficient path for the Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) laser to follow to effectively punch out desired parts. While some individual subsystems of ALPS have been reported separately in previous communications, our recent success with the vision system required by ALPS has made the integration of the individual modules of ALPS possible. The vision subsystem and some other subsystems have been prototyped at West Virginia University. Recent efforts have been directed toward integrating these subsystems with the material-handling and laser cut-up system at Michigan State University in an attempt to create a fully functional prototype of ALPS.
186 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Recombinant porcine somatotropin for sows during late gestation and throughout
lactation.
Cromwell, G.L.; Stahly, T.S.; Edgerton, L.A.; Monegue, H.J.; Burnell, T.W.;
Schenck, B.C.; Schricker, B.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1404-1416; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Sows; Somatotropin; Sow lactation; Sow pregnancy; Milk yield; Feed intake; Dietary fat; Blood serum; Blood sugar
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate whether administration
of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) to sows (Hampshire-Yorkshire)
enhanced lactational performance. In Exp. 1, sows (n = 84) were fed a
corn-soybean meal diet (17.8% CP), or a similar diet with 8% added fat, from d
108 of gestation to d 28 of lactation. Half of the sows fed each diet were
injected with 6 mg/d of pST from d 108 of gestation to d 24 of lactation.
Diets were fed at 2.27 kg/d from d 108 of gestation until farrowing and then
were self-fed during lactation. By d 3 of lactation, litter size was
standardized at 8 to 10 pigs per litter. Treating sows with pST resulted in a
10-fold increase (P < .001) in serum somatotropin at 4 h postinjection. Serum
glucose was increased (P < .01) and serum triglycerides, creatinine, and urea
N were decreased (P < .01) by pST. During the summer, apparent heat stress
occurred in pST-treated sows, resulting in 14 deaths. Most (10) of the deaths
occurred just before, during, or shortly after farrowing. Fewer (P < .08)
deaths occurred when pST-treated sows were fed the diet with added fat. Sows
treated with pST consumed less feed (P < .10) and lost more backfat (P < .10)
during lactation than controls. Increasing the dietary fat did not prevent
these changes. Weaning weights of pigs and milk yield of sows (estimated by
deuterium oxide dilution) were not affected by pST treatment. In Exp. 2, sows
(n = 42) were injected weekly with 0 or 70 mg of pST on d 3, 10, 17, and 24 of
lactation. Litters were standardized by d 3 at 8 to 10 pigs, and sows were fed
the same control (low fat) diet as in Exp. 1. Sows treated with pST consumed
less feed and lost more weight and backfat during lactation than untreated
sows. Litter size, average pig weaning weights, and milk yield were not
influenced by pST treatment. These data indicate that a 6-mg daily injection
of pST from 6 d prepartum to d 24 of lactation or a 70-mg weekly injection of
pST from 3 d postpartum to d 24 of
187 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Regional brain neurotransmitter concentrations in stress-susceptible pigs.
Adeola, O.; Ball, R.O.; House, J.D.; O'Brien, P.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 968-974; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Halothane susceptibility; Porcine stress syndrome;
Catecholamines; Hippocampus; Blood serum; Creatine kinase; Hypothalamus;
Brain; Neurotransmitters; Genotypes
Abstract: In three experiments, the concentrations of indoleamines and catecholamines were measured in the brain regions of pigs that were homozygous-positive (nn, stress-susceptible), heterozygous (Nn), and homozygous-negative (NN, stress-tolerant) for the halothane gene. In Exp. 1 (n = 10), hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptophan (P < .1) and serotonin (P <.05) were lower in nn than in NN pigs. Concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DOPAMINE), norepinephrine, and epinephrine in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus were lower (P < .05) in nn (n = 8) than in NN (n = 7) pigs in Exp. 2. However, there were no differences in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) between nn and NN pigs. Hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine were lower (P <.05) in nn than in NN pigs. In the third experiment, serotonin was the only neurotransmitter that was lower in the hippocampus of Nn (n = 5) than of NN (n = 6) pigs; concentrations of all other neurotransmitters in the three brain regions were similar between Nn and NN pigs. Results from these experiments suggest central nervous system involvement in porcine stress syndrome.
188 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Relationship between behaviour and adrenocortrical response pattern in
domestic pigs.
Borell, E. von; Ladewig, J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 195-206; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Locomotion; Vocalization; Animal behavior; Adrenal cortex; Corticotropin; Age differences; Pens; Litters; Hydrocortisone
189 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The response of lactating sows to tactile visual and auditory stimuli
associated with a model piglet.
Hutson, G.D.; Wilkinson, J.L.; Luxford, B.G.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (2/3): p. 129-137; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Stimuli; Visual stimuli; Touch; Sounds; Maternal
behavior; Genetic variation
190 NAL Call. No.: RA771.A1J68
Results of an educational intervention to improve the health knowledge,
attitudes and self-reported behaviors of swine confinement workers.
Gjerde, C.; Ferguson, K.; Mutel, C.; Donham, K.; Merchant, J.
Kansas City, Mo. : National Rural Health Association; 1991.
The Journal of rural health v. 7 (3): p. 278-286; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Safety at work; Educational programs; Health; Knowledge; Attitudes; Behavior; Respiratory diseases; Health promotion; Risk
Abstract: Swine confinement workers participated in an educational intervention designed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to respiratory disease. The desired changes were (1) improvement in knowledge about recommended gas and dust levels in buildings and benefits of using properly fitted masks; (2) improvement of attitudes about wearing dust masks, taking safety precautions, and inspecting the ventilation and heating systems; and (3) improvement in behaviors such as regular inspection of buildings and wearing an appropriate dust mask or respirator. The health risks of failing to practice these behaviors include chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, organic dust toxic syndrome, chronic sinusitis, and even death from acute toxicity related to hydrogen sulfide. An intervention group and a nonintervention group of swine confinement workers were assessed at the beginning of the project and one year later to determine changes brought about by an educational intervention. During that year, swine producers in the intervention group were mailed a series of six educational home study modules and reference materials on confinement topics. Analysis of covariance and categorical repeated measures analysis were used to determine changes over time in the percentage of people who answered correctly in each group. Significant changes in knowledge scores, attitude scores, and reported behavior scores all favored the intervention group. The 14 statistically significant changes in knowledge items were related to dust mask use, manure pit safety, liquid manure agitation, building gas and dust norms, and recommended gas levels. The four attitudinal items that improved significantly concerned the importance of regular cleaning and upkeep, improving health and safety, knowing ways to keep buildings safer, and recognizing the benefits of wearing a dust mask. The four items about self-reported behavior changes included inspecting and servicing of building heaters, measuring
191 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Risk factors associated with transmissible gastroenteritis in swine.
Siegel, J.P.; Hungerford, L.L.; Hall, W.F.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Dec01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199 (11): p.
1579-1583; 1991 Dec01. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Illinois; Pigs; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Risk; Animal
husbandry; Databases
192 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
Rotavirus excretion by village pigs in Papua New Guinea.
Alpers, D.; Sanders, R.C.; Hampson, D.J.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Feb.
Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (2): p. 65-67; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Papua new guinea; Pigs; Rotavirus; Feces; Diarrhea; Disease
transmission; Extensive husbandry
193 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Salmonellosis in swine.
Schwartz, K.J.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jan.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13
(1): p. 139-147. ill; 1991 Jan. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Salmonellosis; Salmonella choleraesuis; Pigmeat; Serotypes; Septicemia; Enterocolitis; Differential diagnosis; Stress factors; Physiopathology; Disease control; Antibacterial agents
194 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
The seeking of novelty and its relation to play.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M.; Vestergaard, K.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
Animal behaviour v. 42 (pt.4): p. 599-606; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Play; Exploration; Toys
Abstract: Inquisitive exploration, in which an animal acts so as to initiate
a change in its environment rather than responding to a stimulus, was studied
in six litters of domestic piglets, Sus scrofa, aged 5-6 weeks. During 16
tests each of 5 min the piglets were allowed to enter two side pens adjacent
to their home pen and with either a novel or a familiar object hidden in it.
No object had any biological value to the piglets, and in each test a
different novel object was used. They were placed in the same side pen over
all sessions with each litter, and all litters showed a significant preference
for the pen with the novel object in it first. Exploration directed towards
the novel objects lasted 2.3--92 times longer than towards the familiar
objects. However, the interest in the novel objects declined rapidly and
significantly over the 5 min of each session. During the same time, play, i.e.
scampering and sparring, increased significantly. The function of this could
be to direct the attention of litter-mates towards the novel stimulus and to
make them participate in the exploration. The ability of the piglets to learn
to enter first the pen with the novel object and consequently to examine it is
considered clear evidence for the presence of inquisitive exploration.
Therefore pigs seem to possess a high level of curiosity, and the results
underline the need to do away with monotonous environments if the welfare of
piglets is to be considered seriously.
195 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Selection of mating partners in boars and sows under multi-sire mating.
Tanida, H.; Miyazaki, N.; Tanaka, T.; Yoshimoto, T.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 13-21; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Boars; Sows; Mating preferences; Sexual behavior
196 NAL Call. No.: QH540.F85
Serotype abundance distributions in reports of Salmonella incidents in
domestic livestock as indicators of the population biology of Salmonella
infections.
Izsak, J.; Hunter, P.R.
Oxford, U.K. : British Ecological Society; 1992.
Functional ecology v. 6 (2): p. 154-159; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cattle; Pigs; Sheep; Fowls; Salmonella; Salmonellosis; Serotypes;
Population ecology; Epizootiology; Species diversity; Animal husbandry; Animal
production; Mathematical models
197 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Shipping stress and social status effects on pig performance, plasma cortisol,
natural killer cell activity, and leukocyte numbers.
McGlone, J.J.; Salak, J.L.; Lumpkin, E.A.; Nicholson, R.I.; Gibson, M.;
Norman, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 888-896; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Natural
killer cells; Stress; Blood picture; Body weight; Feed intake; Social
dominance
Abstract: Crossbred pigs were used to evaluate the effects of shipping stress
on natural killer (NK) cell activity, leukocyte numbers, plasma cortisol, and
BW changes. In the first study, pigs were bled at a commercial farm and, after
shipping, resident and shipped pigs were bled again. Plasma cortisol
concentrations were not different (P > .10) because of large variation in
cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, NK cytotoxicity was nondetectable among
all pigs. A second study showed that plasma cortisol concentration rose by
approximately 2.6 ng/mL (P = .018) for each minute after pigs were aroused. In
the third, more controlled study, pigs were housed in pens of three pigs each.
Video recordings were made during the first 24 h pigs were grouped to identify
socially dominant, intermediate, and submissive pigs. At time zero (before
shipping), resident pigs and those to be shipped had similar plasma cortisol
concentrations. However, after the 4-h shipping experience, shipped pigs had
elevated (P < .05) plasma cortisol compared with resident control pigs.
Shipped pigs lost 5.1% of their BW (P < .05) compared with resident pigs,
which gained .02% of their BW. Body weight change during shipping and plasma
cortisol were negatively correlated (r = -.34, P = .04), indicating pigs that
had greater adrenal response to shipping also lost more weight during
shipping. Shipping reduced (P < .05) NK cytotoxicity among pigs of
intermediate and submissive social status compared with shipped, dominant
pigs. At the end of shipping or control treatments, the correlation between NK
cytotoxicity and plasma cortisol was positive (r = .35, P = .036), indicating
that pigs with greater cortisol response had greater NK cytotoxicity. In both
shipping studies, numbers of blood neutrophils increased (P < .01),
lymphocytes decreased (P < .01), and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio increased (P
< .01) after shipping. These data suggest that 1) social status and shipping
stress interact in NK cytotoxicity respo
198 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Simulated thermal performance of a solar-heated floor.
Kocher, M.F.; DeShazer, J.A.; Bodman, G.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (2): p. 559-567; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Floors; Pig housing; Solar heating; Simulation models
Abstract: A low cost, simple solar heating system consisting of an active
collector with an In-Floor Heat Distribution and Storage (IFHDS) system was
developed in response to the energy crisis of the 1970s. A two-dimensional
finite difference model was developed and used to simulate the performance of
IFHDS system cross-sections. Simulation runs were conducted with a
steady-periodic model for the temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS
system cross-section. The steady, periodic simulation results indicated IFHDS
system energy efficiency increases with decreasing air temperature in the room
above the IFHDS system, peak temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS
system cross-section, and required temperature of the IFHDS system floor
surface. The results also indicated that energy efficiency increases as
thermal storage mass thickness decreases. The thermal storage mass thickness
should be the minimum necessary to meet the requirements for maximum
permissible daily floor surface temperature fluctuation, or time lag between
time of peak, solar-heated air temperature in the IFHDS system cross-section
and time of peak floor surface temperature.
199 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Simulation tests on the effect of floor temperature on leg abrasions in
piglets.
Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Buckley, D.J.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 999-1003. ill; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Interactions; Legs; Lesions; Simulation; Trauma; Concrete; Metals; Rubber; Floors; Heat; Sliding friction; Temperature
Abstract: Piglets often develop lesions on their legs from repeated rubbing against the floor during suckling. To simulate this situation, a reciprocating, motor-driven apparatus was developed to rub leg specimens from stillborn piglets against different floor surfaces in a standardized way. Three experiments were conducted to examine the influence of floor temperature on tissue damage. Tissue damage was significantly greater (P < 0.001) on a warmed floor (34 degrees C) than on a cooler one (21 degrees C) for all three floor types tested (concrete, rubber, metal). In a more extreme comparison (Experiment 2), rates of tissue loss were two to three times greater on a 55 degrees C concrete floor compared to a 21 degrees C floor. In Experiment 3, tissue temperature, measured by thermocouples implanted in the skin, increased rapidly when leg specimens were rubbed repeatedly on warmed (34 degrees C) rubber or concrete flooring material, occasionally reaching 53 degrees C, a level sufficient to cause burn damage to skin. The results suggest that frictional heat build-up combines with floor abrasiveness to influence rates of tissue damage, and that the common practice of warming pen floors used by piglets may increase the severity of leg lesions on many floor types.
200 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224
Some observations on cardiac failure in sows.
Drolet, R.; D'Allaire; Chagnon, M.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May.
The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (5): p. 325-329; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Heart diseases; Mortality; Predisposition; Stress; Body
weight; Heat stress
201 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Space requirements of barrows and gilts penned together from 54 to 113
kilograms.
Arthur, R.D.; Brumm, M.C.; Christenson, R.K.; Crenshaw, J.D.; Curtis, S.E.;
Gonyou, H.C.; Hines, H.; Jesse, G.W.; Johnston, L.J.; Jones, H.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1088-1091; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Space requirements; Floor area; Performance; Pig fattening;
Slatted floors
Abstract: Two experiments, involving six experiment stations in the North
Central Region of the United States, were conducted to examine the space
requirements of mixed-sex pigs (barrows and gilts) from 54 to 113 kg live
weight. In both experiments, corn- or milo-soybean meal-based diets were
formulated within stations to contain .6% lysine and no growth-promoting feed
additive. In Exp. 1, entire pens of pigs given .56, .74, or .93 m2/pig
remained on test until the week that the individual pen of pigs weighed
greater than or equal to 113.6 kg. In Exp. 2, treatments were .56, .74, .93,
and 1.11 m2/pig and individual pigs were removed during the week that they
weighed greater than or equal to 113.6 kg. There was a linear (P < .005)
improvement in ADG in Exp. 1 for the .56, .74, and .93 m2/pig treatments (.64,
.69, and .72 kg/d). This response was accompanied by a linear (P < .05)
improvement in gain:feed (.247, .258, and .261, respectively). In Exp. 2, the
linear (P < .0005) response of ADG to increasing space allocation (.71, .76,
.80, and .81 kg/d for the respective treatments) and the linear (P < .005)
improvement in gain:feed (.265, .268, .274, and .281, respectively) suggested
that pig performance reached a plateau. These results suggest that performance
of pens of mixed-sex pigs grown to 113 kg live weight was maximized at the .93
m2/pig space allocation.
202 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Spatial variability of airborne and settled dust in a piggery.
Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.; Nicol, R.A.C.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 107-127; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Dust; Concentration; Air pollution; Spatial
variation; Measurement; Particle size; Analysis; Air temperature; Velocity;
Air flow; Pens; Hygiene; Animals; Stocking density
203 NAL Call. No.: DNASF601.C66
The specific stress-free system.
Tielen, M.; Scheepens, K.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1993 Jan.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 15
(1): p. 125-127; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Stress factors
204 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Spray cooling of early weaned piglets: a first approach.
Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Papadopoulos, G.; Tambouratzis, D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jan.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (1): p. 106-110; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Cooling
Abstract: Two field trials were conducted during the summer of 1990 to study
the effectiveness of spray cooling early weaned piglets, three to four weeks
old when allotted, reared under Greek summer conditions (i.e., high
temperatures and low relative humidities). Overall, the cooling system did not
significantly improve piglets' weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion.
However, when mean weekly pen level air temperature exceeded 28.5 degrees C
(83.3 degrees F), spray cooling did tend to improve piglets' growth
performance.
205 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Stereotyped behaviour, social interactions and suckling pattern of pigs housed
in groups or in single crates.
Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.; Algers, B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 157-166; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Stocking density; Abnormal behavior; Piglets;
Stress; Pens; Crates
206 NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4
Stereotypic behavior, adrenocortical function, and open field behavior of
individually confined gestating sows.
Von Borell, E.; Hurnik, J.F.
Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1991 Apr.
Physiology & behavior v. 49 (4): p. 709-713; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Pregnancy; Animal behavior; Animal housing; Stress;
Physical activity; Hydrocortisone
Abstract: The adrenocortical response and open field behavior of a random sample of 37 individually confined gestating sows in different parities were tested around day 85 of pregnancy. The sows were classified as stereotyped [S] and nonstereotyped [N) based on 8-h individual behavioral observations during daytime. Behavioral analysis from time-lapse video recordings included percentage of time spent standing and sitting, as well as the duration spent performing elements of stereotyped actions. Blood samples were drawn for cortisol analysis by suborbital sinus puncture before and after adrenocortical stimulation with 200 IU ACTH. Locomotor activity in an open field, isolated visually and auditorily from other sows, was also studied. Seventeen sows exhibited stereotyped behavior for 54.9 +/- 4.8% of the 8-h observation period during daytime. The total time the sows spent standing and sitting was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher for [S] sows than for [N] sows. Sows in the [S] group exhibited a higher adrenocortical response to ACTH stimulation than [N] sows. Mean locomotor scores in the open field were higher for [S] than for N] sows but these did not correlate with the physical activity and adrenocortical function in the home crate, Our results provide no evidence that the performance of stereotypies constitutes a mechanism that helps sows to cope in an environment of low complexity.
207 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Stochastic assessment of evaporative misting for growing-finishing swine in
Kentucky.
Bridges, T.C.; Gates, R.S.; Turner, L.W.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (5): p. 685-693; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kentucky; Pig housing; Evaporative coolers; Mists; Stochastic models; Simulation models; Performance; Animal production
Abstract: Pig growth was simulated for a naturally ventilated
growing-finishing swine facility with and without an evaporative misting
system. Forty-two years of weather data for summertime conditions in central
Kentucky were used to determine the simulated environment. Use of evaporative
misting was found to reduce the length of a summer growth cycle by an average
of 14.1 days and feed consumption by an average of 17.7 kg (39 lb) for the
42-year period. Average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratio were also improved.
The economic benefit to the producer, in terms of feed savings, ranged from
$800 to $2,964 (coolest year to warmest year) with an average of $1,700/year
for the period of record. The results also indicated a high probability that a
misting system would return the initial investment within a single average
year, based on feed savings alone.
208 NAL Call. No.: SF71.2.S76 1992
Stockmanship improving the care of the pig and other livestock.
English, Peter
Ipswich, U.K. : Farming Press,; 1992.
xii, 190 p., [12] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 175-180) and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal culture; Domestic animals; Swine; Human-animal
relationships; Livestock workers
209 NAL Call. No.: SF105.T5 Bd.22
Der Stolba-Familienstall fur Hausschweine ein tiergerechtes Haltungssystem fur
Zucht- und Mastschweine [The Stolba Family Pen system for pig production].
Wechsler, Beat
Basel ; Boston : Birkhauser,; 1991.
95 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Tierhaltung ; Bd. 22). Summary in English. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 84-90).
Language: German
210 NAL Call. No.: HD2006.A1R3 nr.57
Struktur og produktionssystemer i dansk svineproduktion = Structural
development and economic analysis of production systems in Danish pig
production.. Structural development and economic analysis of production
systems in Danish pig production
Sorensen, J. Bent
Kobenhavn : Statens Jordbrugsokomiske Institut,; 1991.
78 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rapport / Statens Jordbrugsokonomiske Institut, nr.
57). Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).
Language: Danish
211 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
A study of aggression when group housed sows are mixed.
Mount, N.C.; Seabrook, M.F.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 377-383; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Aggressive behavior; Mixing
212 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Suckling behaviour of sows in farrowing crates and straw-bedded pens.
Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 175-189; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Sucking; Vocalization; Maternal behavior; Posture; Liveweight gain
213 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Supplemental heat for swine.
Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-57),
revised June 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: North central states of U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Heating
systems; Heat exchangers; Heat regulation; Heat lamps; Heating costs; Solar
collectors
214 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.A43
Sustainable swine production in the U.S. corn belt.
Honeyman, M.S.
Greenbelt, Md. : Institute for Alternative Agriculture; 1991.
American journal of alternative agriculture v. 6 (2): p. 63-70; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Iowa; Pigs; Animal production; Sustainability; Alternative farming; Animal husbandry; Pig feeding; Feeds; Pig manure; Waste utilization; Cycling; Nutrients; Animal housing; Animal health; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Genetic variation; Profitability; Environmental impact
Abstract: Swine production is a major component of Corn Belt agriculture:
thus development of a sustainable Corn Belt agriculture depends on sustainable
swine production systems. Swine are versatile enough to adapt to sustainable
concepts, and swine production raises several opportunities to enhance
sustainability. These include: 1) feeding with increased use of forages and
by-product feeds; 2) nutrient cycling through improved handling of manure; 3)
low-capital housing systems that offer an improved environment for the
operator and reduced financial risk; 4) management systems suited to the
swine's behavior; and 5) preventive approaches to swine health and a broader
genetic base. The challenge beyond identifying the opportunities is research
and technology transfer and incorporation of sustainable concepts into
ecologically based swine production systems.
215 NAL Call. No.: SF395.S92
Swine care practices.
Farley, James L.
California : California Pork Industry Group : University of California,
Cooperative Extension, 1991?; 1991.
18 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal care series). Includes bibliographical references (p.
16).
Language: English
Descriptors: Swine
216 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S96 1992
Swine facilities & equipment.
Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service
Clemson, S.C. : Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University,; 1992;
C5935Ex 3.A36-3 no.557.
41 p. : ill. ; 22 x 28 cm. (AEnL (Clemson University. Cooperative Extension
Service) ; 557.). Cover title. July 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agricultural engineering; Swine
217 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S92 1992
Swine farrowing handbook housing and equipment., 1st ed..
Friday, William H.
Midwest Plan Service
Ames, IA : Midwest Plan Service, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Dept., Iowa State University,; 1992.
iv, 52 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. MWPS-40. Includes index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Swine farrowing facilities
218 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Swine growing-finishing units.
Meyer, V.M.; Driggers, L.B.; Ernest, K.; Ernest, D.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1991 Jun.
Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1991 Jun. Housing, (PIH-11), revised, June
1991.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pig fattening
219 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81
Swine models for cardiovascular research: a low stress transport and restraint
system for large swine.
Lighty, G.W. Jr; Spear, R.S.; Karatay, M.C.; Hare, C.L.; Carlson, R.J.
Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr.
Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 131-140; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Disease models; Cages; Restraint of animals; Transport of animals; Stress; Safety; Blood specimen collection; Echocardiography
220 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
Swine on pasture: a viable production option for the small producer.
Klober, K.
Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Feb.
Small Farm Today v. 10 (1): p. 16-19; 1993 Feb.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Pastures; Grazing; Small farms
221 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Swine responses to constant and modified diurnal cyclic temperatures.
Xin, H.; De Shazer, J.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2533-2540; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Responses; Air temperature; Behavior; Feed intake; Growth; Heat loss; Simulation; Unrestricted feeding; Water intake
Abstract: Ad libitum fed and individually penned crossbred gilts (39 +/- 2 kg) were exposed to a constant air temperature of 30.8 degrees C (CON) and equal-mean diurnal cyclic temperatures cycling from 26 degrees to 33 degrees C (RPK) and from 23.4 degrees to 40 degrees C (RNT). Fluorescent lighting with an intensity of 800 to 1100 L/m/m2 was provided from 0600 h to 2100 h. Measurements of feed intake, heat loss rates, water usage, growth, and ingestion behavior were made for a five-day period and replicated six times. Daily average heat loss rates, water usage, and feed conversion of the RPK and RNT pigs could be predicted with those of the CON pigs. However, daily feed intake and growth of the RNT pigs, 1.56 kg and 0.70 kg, respectively, were reduced (p < 0.01) compared to the CON pigs (1.71 and 0.82) and the RPK pigs (1.78 and 0.84). Ingestion patterns of the pigs for all treatments were characterized by a meal size of 160 to 170 g/meal-pig, drink size of 250 to 270 g/drink-pig, meal frequency of 9 to 11 meals/day, drink frequency of 36 drinks/day-pig, meal duration of 13 to 14 min/meal, and drink duration of 0.6 min/drink. Hourly feed intakes of the pigs were unevenly distributed throughout the 24-h period. Total heat production generally increased about two to three hours after an increase in feed intake and declined accordingly.
222 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful.
McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1071-1074; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Animal welfare; Teaching; Pain; Stress; Castration
Abstract: Animal science faculty teach, demonstrate, and ask students to perform procedures that are known to be painful. Potentially painful procedures include castration, branding, dehorning, ear notching, teeth clipping, beak trimming, comb and wattle removal, and tail docking. In each case, the degree of pain experienced by an animal is generally not known. Furthermore, the consequences of animals having to endure pain are also not fully understood. A survey was conducted of animal science faculty to identify current departmental policies and practices related to castration in beef and swine production classes. Departments vary in what they require of students. Departments should set a policy to address 1) which (and how) potentially painful procedures are taught and 2) how the faculty deal with students who refuse to participate in putatively painful procedures. The institutional animal care and use committee should approve potentially painful teaching procedures after instructor and department have concluded that teaching such procedures is essential to a complete educational experience.
223 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
A technique for serial sampling of cerebrospinal fluid from conscious swine
and sheep.
Prelusky, D.B.; Hartin, K.E.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Laboratory animal science v. 41 (5): p. 481-485; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Sheep; Cerebrospinal fluid; Sequential sampling; Catheters
Abstract: We devised a method for the atraumatic repeated collection of
cerebrospinal fluid samples from conscious swine and sheep. Indwelling
needles, with injection caps, were secured intracisternally and protected with
plastic "crowns" attached to their skulls. The crowns permitted the animals
freer movement with minimal risk of damage to the needles. With sheep,
cerebrospinal fluid was withdrawn directly by puncturing the selfsealing
injection caps attached to the hubs of the fixed needles. With the pigs, which
are less amenable to handling, lengths of sterile polyethylene tubing inserted
into the fixed needles enable collection without continuously disturbing the
pigs. Serial samples were withdrawn from sheep (.10 to .30 ml) for up to 3
weeks with no problems, and from pigs (.05 to .15 ml) for 8 to 12 days, until
the cannulae failed.
224 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Techniques for evaluation and quantification of pig reproductive, ingestive,
and social behaviors.
McGlone, J.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4146-4154; 1991 Oct. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Animal experiments; Methodology;
Measurement; Physiology
Abstract: A literature survey was conducted to find papers that reported pig
behavior during the period 1987 to June 1990. A total of 171 papers reporting
measures of pig behavior was identified. Investigators used either
descriptions of behavior or they quantified behavior. Behavior was quantified
by recording frequency, durations, sequences, or bouts of behavior. Sexual
behavior was often recorded as an all-or-none event (e.g., they were bred or
not). Feeding behavior was studied by either weighing feeders often or by
operant techniques. Operant feeding devices were commonly used to study pig
feeding and drinking behaviors. Social behavior was studied either as
interactions among established groups or when pigs fought after grouping. In
either case, behavioral frequencies or durations were often reported. A large
number of papers documented studies of maternal-neonatal interactions, teat
orders, and animal care issues. Only a few studies reported mechanisms
controlling pig behavior. Because few studies investigated behavior-genetics
or physiological mechanisms controlling pig behavior, these areas of
investigation hold great opportunity for future improvements in pork
production.
225 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Three-dimensional buoyant turbulent flows in a scaled model, slot-ventilated,
livestock confinement facility.
Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 671-686. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Simulation models; Temperature;
Ventilation
Abstract: A three-dimensional turbulence model was used to determine the
effects of animal-generated buoyant forces on the airflow patterns and
temperature and airspeed distributions in a ceiling-slot, ventilated, swine
grower facility. The model incorporated the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model for
low-Reynolds Number airflow typical of slot-ventilated, livestock facilities.
The predicted results from the model were compared with experimental results
from a scaled-enclosure. The predicted and measured results indicated a rather
strong cross-stream recirculation zone in the chamber that resulted in
substantial three-dimensional temperature distributions for moderate to highly
buoyancy-affected flows. Airflow patterns were adequately predicted for Ar(c)
> 40 and J values < 0.00053. For Ar(c) < 40 and J values > 0.00053, the
visualized patterns indicated that the jet separated from the ceiling before
the opposing end-wall. This discrepancy was attributed to variations in the
experimental and numerical inlet flow development assumptions.
226 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Time in lairage needed by pigs to recover from the stress of transport.
Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E.; Anil, M.H.; Fordham, D.P.
London : The Association; 1992 Aug29.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131
(9): p. 194-196; 1992 Aug29. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Stress; Recovery; Time; Blood; Lactic
acid; Creatine kinase; Hydrocortisone; Endorphins
227 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224
Total plasma creatine kinase activity in relation to Phi and Pgd phenotypes in
normal and stress-susceptible Landrace pigs.
Doize, F.; Martineau-Doize, B.; DeRoth, L.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Apr.
The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (4): p. 263-264; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Creatine kinase; Enzyme activity; Blood plasma; Phenotypes;
Stress; Susceptibility; Halothane; Genes
228 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Treatment and care of pet pigs.
Duran, O.; Walton, J.
London : The Association; 1992 Dec19.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131
(25/26): p. 572-573; 1992 Dec19.
Language: English
Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care
229 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Troubleshooting swine reproductive failure.
Evans, L.; Britt, J.; Kirkbride, C.; Levis, D.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,
[1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Reproduction. (PIH-96),
revised December 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Reproductive performance; Reproductive behavior;
Reproductive physiology; Reproductive traits; Reproductive organs; Abortion;
Reproductive disorders; Mummification; Stillbirths
230 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Two reduced nocturnal temperature tegimens for early-weaned pigs.
Brumm, M.C.; Shelton, D.P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1379-1388; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Piglets; Night temperature; Pig housing; Pens; Air temperature;
Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion;
Energy consumption; Heating costs; Growth
Abstract: Two experiments, each consisting of three trials and using 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effects of two reduced nocturnal temperature regimens on weaned pig and subsequent growing-finishing performance and nursery energy (propane and electricity) use. In Exp. 1, nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2 degrees C/wk and 2) a regimen for pigs in pens with hovers (MRNT-H) in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 beginning 1 wk after weaning was lowered 6 degrees C from the 0700 to 1900 temperature setting, which was 3 degrees C lower than CT. The nursery temperature treatments in Exp. 2 were 1) CT and 2) a 10 degrees C reduction in air temperature (MRNT10) from 1900 to 0700 from CT beginning 1 wk after weaning. In addition, within each temperature, diet sequences of 1.2% lysine for 3 wk followed by 1.0% lysine vs 1.15% lysine offered continuously were evaluated. In Exp. 1, there was no effect (P > .1) of temperature on feed intake but ADG decreased (P < .001) in two of the three trials for MRNT-H vs CT and feed/gain worsened (P < .05) in all trials. In Exp. 2, there was no difference between MRNT1O and CT for ADG and feed/gain. No interaction was observed between nursery diet and temperature regimen for weaned pig performance. There was no effect (P > .1) in either experiment of nursery temperature on subsequent growing-finishing performance. Overall energy savings comparing the MRNT-H and CT treatments were 68 MJ per weaned pig. Energy savings for Exp. 2 were 79 MJ per weaned pig. Application of cyclical temperatures in a controlled manner can result in energy savings of approximately $.50 per pig weaned under the conditions of these experiments.
231 NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 63
Untersuchungen zu Einzel- und Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen unter besonderer
Berucksichtigung von Leistung, Konstitution and Verhalten [Studies on
individual and group rearing of pregnant sows with special regard to
performance, constitution and behavior].
Taureg, Susanne,
Kiel : Selbstverlag des Institutes fur Tierzucht ujd Tierhaltung der
Christian-Albrechts-Universitat,; 1991.
132 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und
Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 63). English
summary. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-130).
Language: German
232 NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 70
Untersuchungen zur integrierten Gruppenhaltung von Sauen unter besonderer
Berucksichtigung von Verhalten, Konstitution und Leistung [Studies on
integrated group housing of sows with special regard to behavior, constitution
and performance].
Gertken, Georg
Kiel : Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der
Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel,; 1992.
143, [1] p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und
Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 70). Summary in
English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-139).
Language: German
233 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3
Use of a DNA-based test for the mutation associated with porcine stress
syndrome (malignant hyperthermia) in 10,000 breeding swine.
O'Brien, P.J.; Shen, H.; Cory, C.R.; Zhang, X.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Sep15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (6): p. 842-851;
1993 Sep15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Canada; Cabt; England; Cabt; Pigs; Porcine stress
syndrome; Susceptibility; Pig breeds; Laboratory tests; Dna; Mutations; Gene
frequency; Breed differences
234 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Use of body surface area to set minimum space allowances for confined pigs and
cattle.
Hurnik, J.F.; Lewis, N.J.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 577-580; 1991 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Cattle; Space requirements; Body surface area; Animal
welfare
235 NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-26
Using nature as both mentor and model animal welfare research and development
in sustainable swine production.
Halverson, Marlene K.
St. Paul, Minn. : University of Minnesota, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry
and Home Economics,; 1991.
44 p. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P ; 91-26). June 1991. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 34-40).
Language: English
236 NAL Call. No.: DISS F1992051
Vergleich der gegebenen Bedingungen der Schweinemast in Sudoldenburg mit den
Bestimmungen der "Verordnung zum Schutz von Schweinen bei Stallhaltung" vom
30. Mai 1988 unter Berucksichtigung klinischer Symptome bei den Masttieren
[Comparison of given conditions for fattening pigs in South Oldenburg and
regulations of the 'order for the protection of pigs held in pens' from 30.
May 1988 with particular regard of clinical symptoms in fattening animals].
Wubbelmann, Heinrich
Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992.
122 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 107-122).
Language: German
237 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4
Vice, mutilations and welfare of pigs.
Oldham, J.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov.
In practice v. 14 (6): p. 305-306, 308; 1992 Nov.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Pigs; Animal welfare; Tail biting; Vices; Pig housing;
Docking; Teeth; Castration
238 NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5
Wanted: a humane manufacturer to produce the Edinburgh foodball.
Harrison, R.
Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1993.
The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 42 (1): p. 17; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Toys; Animal welfare
239 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
Washington Meat Animal Quality Assurance Program.
Smith, J.; Busboom, J.
Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Jun.
Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension
Service (1676): 21 p.; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cattle feeding; Cattle husbandry; Pig feeding; Feed additives;
Veterinary products; Meat quality; Meat inspection
240 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
We should not manipulate the genome of domestic hogs.
Sapontzis, S.F.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 177-185; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics
241 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 J822
Welfare effects of the national pseudorabies eradication program.
Ebel, E.D.; Hornbaker, R.H.; Nelson, C.H.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1992 Aug.
American journal of agricultural economics v. 74 (3): p. 638-645; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Aujeszky virus; Pigs; Livestock numbers; Disease control; Consumer surplus; Market prices; Demand; Production costs; Returns; Supply elasticities; Mathematical models; Programs; Welfare economics
Abstract: A welfare methodology is adapted to evaluate market and
distributional effects of a completed pseudorabies eradication effort in the
U.S. The model predicts small market effects from pseudorabies eradication.
Welfare analysis suggests that, in states generating relatively large hog
numbers, producers will experience a net gain from eradication in all
scenarios considered, yet in smaller hog producing areas individual hog
operations may lose producer surplus. Consumer surplus changes vary by
scenario but are always positive. In general, the national pseudorabies
eradication program is to be economically efficient.
242 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The welfare of pigs in two farrowing/lactation environments: cortisol
responses of sows.
Cronin, G.M.; Barnett, J.L.; Hodge, F.M.; Smith, J.A.; McCallum, T.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (2/3): p. 117-127; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sows; Animal welfare; Farrowing; Pens; Sow lactation;
Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Corticotropin; Piglets; Mortality;
Liveweight gain
243 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
When do sows eat?.
Weldon, W.C.; Lewis, A.J.
Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1991.
EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219): p. 13-15;
1991. In the series analytic: 1991 Nebraska Swine report / compiled by W.T.
Ahlschwede.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sow feeding; Feed intake; Sow pregnancy; Sow lactation; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Feeding behavior
244 NAL Call. No.: S13.A53 nr.108
Wplyw systemu wentylacji na okres ogrzewczy w warchlakarni = The effect of
ventilation system on heating season length in a building for early-weaned
pigs.. Effect of ventilation system on heating season length in a building
for early-weaned pigs
Kuczynski, Tadeusz
Wroclaw : Wydawn. Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu,; 1992.
49 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Zeszyty naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu.
Rozprawa habilitacyjna, nr. 108). In Polish; summary in English. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 43-48).
Language: Polish
Author Index
Aalhus, J.L. 107
Adeola, O. 93, 117, 187
Agricultural Training Board 111
Aherne, F. 140
Akins, C.K. 105
Algers, B. 205
Alpers, D. 192
Alsemgeest, P. 110
American Association of Swine Practitioners 24
Amerongen, G. van 73
Anil, M.H. 226
Annor, S.Y. 158
Appelgate, J. 123
Apple, J.K. 129
Appleby, M.C. 72
Archibald, A.L. 38
Arellano, P.E. 97, 205
Arendonk, J.A.M. van 48
Arey, D.S. 64, 171, 182
Argent, M.F. 128
Armstrong, C.H. 49
Arthur, R.D. 201
Axaopoulos, P. 32
Azain, M.J. 168
Backus, G.B.C. 92
Bael, J. van 27
Ball, R.O. 117, 187
Bamba, K. 80
Barber, E.M. 10, 149, 202
Barkema, A. 28
Barnekov, V. 185
Barnett, J.L. 68, 69, 71, 75, 76, 242
Batchelor, G.R. 84
Bate, L.A. 152
Bates, R.O. 168
Battams, V.A. 10, 202
Beames, R.M. 58
Becker, H. Neil 24
Benitez, F. 104
Bertin-Mahieux, J. 70
Biro, H. 50
Blatz, C.V. 135
Bodman, G.R. 198
Boe, K. 183
Boehncke, Engelhard 9
Boggess, M.V. 122
Boles, J.A. 61
Borell, E. von 188
Borg, K.E. 37
Bosschaerts, L. 27
Bradford, J.R. 25
Brake, J.H.A. te 102
Braun, W. Jr 114
Brazeau, P. 115
Bremner, K.J. 164
Bressers, H.P.M. 102, 161
Bridges, T.C. 165, 207
Britt, J. 229
Broom, D.M. 173
Brown, S.N. 226
Brumm, M.C. 201, 230
Buckley, D.J. 199
Buhr, M.M. 170
Buiting, G.A.J. 160
Buonomo, F.C. 2
Burnell, T.W. 186
Burney, D.L. 179
Burton, C.H. 35
Busboom, J. 239
Butera, M. 34
Butler, K.L. 77
Canesco, R.S. 96
Canizares, R.D. 104
Cantley, T.C. 79
Carlson, A.R. 57
Carlson, R.J. 219
Chagnon, M. 200
Chapple, R.P. 184
Chen, Y.R. 150
Christenson, R.K. 201
Christianson, L.L. 166
Clark, L.K. 49
Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service 216
Cline, T.R. 168
Coleman, G.J. 127
Colleaux, Y. 120, 121
Collins, E.R. Jr 29
Combs, N.R. 23, 90
Connor, J.F. 42
Cook, M.L. 28
Corey, M.M. 57
Cory, C.R. 233
Couture, Y. 115
Craig, J.V. 129
Cran, D.G. 80
Crenshaw, J.D. 168, 201
Crey, J. 134
Crissinger, K.D. 179
Cromwell, G.L. 168, 186
Cronin, G.M. 60, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 212, 242
Cropley, J.A. 60
Csermely, D. 145
Curtis, S.E. 201
D'Allaire 200
Dalrymple, R.H. 95
Danielson, M. 56
Danks, P.W. 155
Datascope Communications, Glaxo Group Research Limited, Institute of Animal
Technology 100
Dawson, J.R. 10, 202
Day, B.N. 79
De Shazer, J.A. 221
Dee, S.A. 57
Dellmeier, G.R. 16, 156
Demeyer, D. 95
dePassille, A.M.B. 53
Deroanne, C. 95
Deroover, E. 95
DeRoth, L. 227
Deschutter, A. 93
DeShazer, J.A. 41, 103, 198
Dial, G.D. 22, 88
Dickenson, L.G. 128
Dijkhuizen, A.A. 48
Doize, F. 227
Dominguez, A.R. 104
Done, S.H. 86
Donham, K. 190
Donham, K.J. 11
Driggers, L.B. 36, 218
Drohan, W.N. 96
Drolet, R. 200
Dubreuil, P. 115
Duran, O. 228
Dybkjaer, L. 118
Ebel, E.D. 241
Ebner, Jakob 106
Edgerton, L.A. 186
Edwards, J.E. 226
Eikelenboom, G. 175
Elbers, A.R.W. 110
Engel, B. 102
English, Peter 208
Ernest, D. 218
Ernest, K. 218
Esbenshade, K.L. 37
Evans, L. 229
Fabry, J. 95
Farley, James L. 215
Farmer, C. 115
Feddes, J.J.R. 41
Fehr, R.L. 36, 82
Ferguson, K. 190
Feyerherm, A.M. 83
Fischer, E. 85
Fisher, P.S. 154
Fisher, T.F. 148
Fordham, D.P. 226
Foster, T.M. 164
Fowler, V.R. 64, 171, 182
Frank, G.R. 184
Fraser, D. 8, 43, 65, 72, 181, 199
Friday, William H. 217
Friend, T.H. 16, 156
Friendship, R.M. 113
Funayama, Y. 126
Gates, R.S. 146, 165, 207
Geers, R. 27, 39, 87
Gertken, Georg 232
Gibson, M. 197
Girard, C.L. 52
Gjerde, C. 190
Goedseels, V. 27, 39, 87
Gonyou, H.C. 201
Gonyou, H.W. 12, 184
Goodband, R.D. 174
Goossens, K. 27, 39, 87
Gort, F. 20
Gotz, M. 26
Green, R.D. 105
Groeneveld, E. 163
Guise, H.J. 66
Hacker, R.R. 34, 93
Haer, L.C.M. de 160, 167
Hall, W.F. 191
Halverson, Marlene 98
Halverson, Marlene K. 235
Hamakawa, M. 159
Hampson, D.J. 3, 192
Hansen, C. 127, 154
Hare, C.L. 219
Haritani, M. 119
Harp, S.L. 45, 213
Harris, D.L. 33
Harrison, R. 238
Harrison, R.A.P. 17
Hartin, K.E. 223
Hartog, L.A. den 92
Hattum, J.A. van 160
Hawkins, M.H. 5
Hedrick, H.B. 168
Heinze, P.H. 31
Helmink, K.J. 166
Hemsworth, P.H. 68, 71, 75, 127, 130
Henry, Y. 120, 121
Hessing, M.J.C. 132
Heylen, L. 27
Hicks, T.A. 222
Hines, H. 201
Hines, R.H. 174
Hintz, R.L. 168
Hodge, F.M. 242
Hodgson, J. 14
Hoff, S.J. 40, 151, 225
Hogberg, M.G. 140
Hogg, James 137
Honeyman, M.S. 214
Hornbaker, R.H. 241
Horning, Bernhard 9
Horrell, I. 14
Houkes, M. 87
House, J.D. 187
Huber, H.A. 185
Hughes, P.E. 178
Huhnke, R.L. 45, 141, 213
Huiatt, T.W. 61
Humane Slaughter Association (1986-) 111
Hungerford, L.L. 191
Hunter, E.J. 66
Hunter, P.R. 196
Hurnik, J.F. 55, 170, 206, 234
Hutson, G.D. 30, 128, 157, 189
Illisu, A.W. 131
Illius, A.W. 124
Itoh, H. 126
Izsak, J. 196
Izumi, M. 126
Jacobson, L.D. 40, 97, 151, 205, 225
Jacques, M.L. 17
Jalvingh, A.W. 48
James, L.F. 59
Janni, K.A. 40, 151, 225
Janssens, S. 27, 39
Jensen, M.B. 1
Jensen, P. 18, 19, 153
Jensen-Waern, M. 44
Jesse, G.W. 201
Jin, Y. 4
Johnson, B.H. 37
Johnson, J.L. 96
Johnston, L.J. 201
Jones, D.D. 36
Jones, H.W. 201
Jones, R. 142
Jones, S.D.M. 53, 107
Jongman, E. 127
Judge, M.D. 175
Kabuga, J.D. 158
Kains, F.A. 34
Karatay, M.C. 219
Kasser, T.R. 93, 168
Kasson, C.W. 133
Kattner, Christa, 89
Kawashima, K. 119
Khanna, V.K. 38
Kidoguchi, K. 126
Kilgour, R. 164
Kirchhof, Wolfgang 21
Kirkbride, C. 229
Klindt, J. 2
Klinkhachorn, P. 185
Klober, K. 177, 220
Knight, C.D. 168
Knight, J.W. 96
Knox, K. 49
Kocher, M.F. 198
Kooper, H.G. 160
Kornegay, E.T. 23, 81, 90, 94, 96, 140
Kothari, R. 185
Kovacs, F. 50
Kropf, D.H. 174
Kuczynski, Tadeusz 244
Kyriazakis, I. 1
Kyritsis, S. 32, 91, 204
Laarakker, E. 132
Lacher, P. 163
Ladewig, J. 188
Langenhove, H. van 162
Lawrence, A.B. 1, 124, 131
Lennoxville, Quebec 70
Lerohl, M.L. 5
Levis, D. 125, 229
Lewis, A.J. 243
Lewis, N.J. 234
Lighty, G.W. Jr 219
Lindemann, M.D. 23, 90
Luce, W.G. 139, 141, 144
Lumpkin, E.A. 197
Luxford, B.G. 128, 189
Lynch, D.V. 136
MacDonald, E.J. 54
MacLennan, D.H. 38, 138
Mahan, D.C. 51
Mallard, B.A. 170
Marcus, G.J. 154
Marple, D.N. 175
Marsh, W.E. 22
Martineau, G.P. 70
Martineau-Doize, B. 227
Mason, J.P. 23
Masse, D.I. 46
Matte, J.J. 52, 70
Matthews, L.R. 164
Maxwell, C.V. 139
Mayrose, V.B. 49
McCallum, T.H. 69, 71, 75, 76, 77, 242
McDonald, T.P. 150
McGlone, J.J. 105, 197, 222, 224
McMillin, C.W. 185
Mendl, M. 173
Mendl, M.T. 101
Merchant, J. 190
Merks, J.W.M. 160, 167
Merrill, J.K. 53
Meunier-Salaun, M.C. 20, 120, 121
Meyer, V.M. 218
Mhoma, J.R.L. 3
Midwest Plan Service 217
Miller, L.F. 79
Miller, N.G.A. 17
Minvielle, F. 33
Mitchell, G. 31
Miyazaki, N. 195
Mohling, K. 29
Mohling, S. 29
Molnar, L. 85
Molyneux, R.J. 59
Monegue, H.J. 186
Monnier, M. 120, 121
Montes, M.C. 104
Morris, J.R. 170
Morrison, W.D. 34
Motoi, Y. 126
Mount, N.C. 211
Muehling, A.J. 29
Mukherjee, K. 185
Munroe, J.A. 46
Mutel, C. 190
Nanba, K. 119
Narita, M. 119
Nebraska Cooperative Extension Service 109
Nelson, C.H. 241
Nelssen, J.L. 174
Newman, E.A. 69, 71, 75, 76
Newton, E.A. 51
Nicholson, R.I. 197
Nicol, R.A.C. 202
Nicosia, E. 145
Nielsen, D.B. 59
Nienaber, J.A. 150, 165
Nishino, M. 159
Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. 102, 161
Norman, R.L. 197
Notter, D.R. 23, 90
O'Brien, P.J. 187, 233
Odink, J. 110
Ogilvie, J.R. 4, 34
Ogunbameru, B.O. 94
Oldham, J. 237
Onah, D.N. 176
Otsu, K. 38
Overhults, D.G. 146
Page, R.L. 96
Pajor, E.A. 72
Panagakis, P. 32, 91, 204
Panter, K.E. 59
Papadopoulos, G. 91, 204
Parduyns, G. 27, 87
Parfet, K.A.R. 12
Parks, J.E. 136
Parrish, F.C. Jr 61
Pascual Minguez, M.L. 17
Paterson, A.M. 63, 108
Pearce, G.P. 63, 108
Pearson, R.E. 96
Penny, R.H.C. 66
Petchey, A.M. 64, 171, 182
Petitclerc, D. 115
Phillips, Clive 99
Phillips, M.S. 138
Phillips, P.A. 43, 46, 65, 181, 199
Pickrell, J. 112
Piggins, David 99
Pijoan, C. 97, 205
Polson, D.D. 22
Pomar, C. 33
Poso, A.R. 44
Prelusky, D.B. 223
Price, E.O. 130
Prince, M. 180
Prunier, A. 20
Rafai, P. 50
Randall, J.M. 116
Rantzer, Dan 13
Raskopf, Sabine 9
Reeves, David E. 24
Rieke, A.R. 79
Riskowski, G.L. 166
Rivas, L. 104
Robert, S. 52, 70
Robertson, I.D. 3
Robertson, W.M. 107
Robson, R.M. 61
Ruen, P.D. 22
Rushen J. 74
Rushen, J. 53
Sakai, T. 159
Salak, J.L. 197
Sanders, R.C. 192
Saner, R. 56
Sapontzis, S.F. 240
Sather, A.P. 107
Savoie, P. 33
Schaefer, A.L. 53
Scheepens, C.J.M. 132
Scheepens, K. 203
Scheidt, A.B. 49
Schenck, B.C. 186
Schirmer, B.N. 77
Schneider, Manuel 9
Schniewind, A.P. 47
Schouten, W. 74
Schouten, W.G.P. 62, 78, 132
Schouten, W.P.G. 20
Schricker, B.R. 174, 186
Schwartz, K.J. 193
Seabrook, M.F. 211
Seve, B. 120, 121
Shackleton, D.M. 58
Shelton, D.P. 230
Shen, H. 233
Shipley, C.F. 81
Shurson, G.C. 140
Siegel, J.P. 191
Signoret, J.P. 172
Siler, J.F. 134
Simantke, Christel 9
Singleton, W. 125
Slocombe, J.W. 83
Smeets, J.F.M. 110
Smith, C.P. 7
Smith, J. 239
Smith, J.A. 67, 77, 212, 242
Smith, J.H. 34
Smith, T.K. 54
Smith, V.G. 133
Sneath, R.W. 35
Soede, N.M. 62
Sokhansanj, S. 149
Sorensen, J. Bent 210
Sparks, A.E.T. 96
Spear, R.S. 219
Stahly, T.S. 186
Stangel, G. 18, 19
Stetson, L.E. 83
Storer, Kristin 147
Storer, Pat 147
Straw, B.E. 169
Stuart, J.L. 156
Sueyoshi, S. 47
Swenson, G.H. 168
Tambouratzis, D. 91, 204
Tamura, K. 126
Tan, S.S.L. 58
Tanaka, T. 195
Tanida, H. 195
Taureg, Susanne, 231
Te Brake, J.H.A. 161
Temple, W. 164
Tennessen, T. 65
Terlouw, E.M.C. 124, 131
Terlouw, S.L. 79
Thielemans, M.F. 95
Thirapatsakun, T. 159
Thompson, B.K. 8, 65, 181
Tielen, M. 203
Tielen, M.J.M. 132
Tilbrook, A.J. 130
Tong, A.K.W. 53, 107
Travieso, L. 104
Truyen, B. 39
Tubbs, R.C. 88, 143
Tuboly, S. 50
Turner, L.W. 146, 165, 207
Ullrey, D.E. 15
Underhill, L. 154
University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics 98
Usry, J.L. 165
Vaillancourt, J.P. 88
Van Bael, J. 87
Vanrolleghem, P. 162
Velander, W.H. 96
Vermeer, H.M. 92
Verstraete, W. 162
Vestergaard, K. 194
Vieuille-Thomas, C. 172
Ville, H. 27, 39, 87
Visser, I.J.R. 110
Von Borell, E. 55, 170, 206
Voorde, G. van de 95
Walter, Jurgen 9
Walton, J. 228
Warriss, P.D. 226
Wassenhove, F. van 162
Webster, J. 6
Wechsler, Beat 209
Weeding, C.M. 66
Weldon, W.C. 243
Welker, F.H. 90
Wenninghoff, J. 56
Whiffle, Augustus 137
Wijngaards, G. 110
Wilkinson, J.L. 189
Williams, A.G. 35
Williams, B.L. 96
Wilson, J.H. 23
Winkelman, N.L. 57
Wiseman, S. 56
Wolverton, Doyle R. 109
Wood, C.M. 81, 94
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 194
Worthington, T.R. 155
Wouters, P. 39
Wubbelmann, Heinrich 236
Xin, H. 103, 221
Yen, J.T. 2
Yoon, C.S. 159
Yoshimoto, T. 195
Zanella, A.J. 101, 173
Zhang, X. 233
Zhang, Y. 149
Subject Index
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 54
Abnormal behavior 74, 118, 129, 205
Abortion 229
Acceptability 181
Accuracy 10
Acrosome 80
Actin 61
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 169
Activity 18
Adrenal cortex 188
Adrenal glands 170
Adverse effects 59
Aerobic treatment 35
Aerosols 34
Age 33, 51, 79, 179
Age at weaning 140
Age differences 52, 65, 126, 158, 181, 183, 188
Aggressive behavior 58, 69, 71, 75, 76, 152, 171, 184, 211
Agonistic behavior 65, 78
Agricultural engineering 216
Agricultural policy 5, 28
Air 34
Air flow 4, 202, 225
Air microbiology 11
Air pollutants 11, 86, 112
Air pollution 10, 162, 202
Air quality 11, 34
Air temperature 202, 221, 230
Alarm pheromones 172
Alberta 5
Alkaline phosphatase 174
Alternative farming 214
Amino acids 44, 120, 121
Ammonium nitrogen 104
Analysis 202
Animal behavior 1, 12, 16, 19, 26, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 68, 71, 74, 78,
87, 92, 105, 108, 120, 121, 124, 132, 158, 164, 172, 183, 188, 206, 214, 224
Animal breeding 22
Animal culture 208
Animal experiments 164, 224
Animal feeding 15
Animal health 25, 98, 100, 113, 114, 214
Animal housing 112, 206, 214
Animal husbandry 3, 7, 16, 25, 49, 57, 84, 86, 88, 113, 114, 142, 143, 148,
163, 191, 196, 214, 220
Animal models 7
Animal nutrition 88
Animal production 163, 196, 207, 214
Animal tissues 85
Animal welfare 6, 7, 30, 64, 70, 71, 75, 84, 92, 98, 99, 100, 111, 116, 135,
157, 214, 222, 234, 237, 238, 240, 242
Animals 111, 202
Antibacterial agents 193
Antibiotics 42
Antibody formation 123
Applications 148
Artificial ventilation 149
Attitudes 190
Attractants 12
Aujeszky virus 119, 241
Aujeszky's disease 119
Automatic control 39
Automation 185
Backfat 133, 170
Bacteria 34
Beef cattle 109
Behavior 190, 221
Behavior change 19, 26, 53
Behavior patterns 20, 131
Beta-adrenergic agonists 53
Bibliographies 7, 164
Biological competition 8
Biological treatment 104
Biopsy 90
Biotechnology 6, 135
Birth weight 72, 88
Blood 226
Blood chemistry 2, 70, 110
Blood flow 179
Blood picture 197
Blood plasma 20, 44, 50, 51, 108, 120, 121, 170, 197, 227, 242
Blood pressure 41
Blood sampling 101
Blood serum 2, 37, 126, 174, 186, 187
Blood specimen collection 219
Blood sugar 186
Boar feeding 144
Boars 17, 37, 80, 125, 130, 136, 144, 154, 161, 195
Body composition 51
Body fat 79
Body heat loss 40, 151
Body surface area 234
Body temperature 27, 39, 41
Body temperature regulation 87
Body weight 33, 39, 51, 52, 79, 92, 170, 197, 200
Bone ash 90, 174
Bone mineralization 90, 174
Bone strength 23
Brain 120, 187
Breed differences 176, 233
Breeding 139
Breeding methods 144
British landrace 38
Building construction 29, 125
Buildings 32
Bulls 17, 37, 136
Butylated hydroxytoluene 80
Cabt 233, 233, 233
Cages 219
Calcium 23, 90
Campylobacter 42
Canada 54, 233
Carcass composition 2, 95, 107, 168
Carcass weight 93
Carcasses 93
Cardiovascular system 7
Carrier state 57
Castration 222, 237
Catecholamines 117, 187
Catheters 101, 223
Cattle 59, 164, 196, 234
Cattle feeding 239
Cattle husbandry 239
Cell mediated immunity 50
Cells 85
Cerebrospinal fluid 223
Change 60
Chemical treatment 69
Classification 163
Climatic factors 132
Cocks 136
Cold resistance 80
Cold shock 80, 136
Cold stress 132
Collection 10
Collectors 10
Colorado 57
Colostrum 123
Comparisons 45
Composite boards 47
Computer simulation 32, 33
Computer software 163, 166
Computer techniques 185
Computers 39, 41
Concentration 202
Concrete 199
Conditioned reflexes 30
Conditioning 157, 164, 172
Consumer surplus 241
Control 149
Control programs 113
Controlled release 2
Controllers 146
Cooling 36, 165, 204
Cooling systems 36, 45
Corticoids 68
Corticotropin 50, 152, 188, 242
Costs 28, 166
Crates 67, 205, 212
Creatine kinase 187, 226, 227
Creep feeding 72
Creosote 46
Crowding 63
Cryopreservation 154
Cutting 185
Cyclic fluctuations 119
Cycling 214
Cytology 85
Cytosine 38
Cytotoxicity 50
Dams (mothers) 14
Data collection 39
Databases 191
Decay 46
Decision making 48
Deformities 88
Demand 241
Dentition 8
Deposition 10
Dermatology 7
Design 4, 35, 41, 71, 97, 166, 181
Detection 161
Diagnosis 90
Diagnostic techniques 170
Diarrhea 88, 192
Diet 174
Dietary fat 186
Differential diagnosis 42, 193
Digestive system 7
Disease control 49, 113, 139, 141, 193, 241
Disease course 49, 86
Disease models 219
Disease prevalence 49
Disease prevention 113, 123, 175
Disease resistance 119
Disease transmission 192
Diurnal activity 65
Dna 96, 233
Docking 237
Dogs 164
Domestic animals 99, 208
Dosage effects 2, 23, 95, 120, 133, 168
Drainage 29
Drinkers 43
Drinking behavior 43, 70
Drivers 116
Drug effects 55
Dry lot feeding 141
Durability 46
Duration 105
Dust 10, 34, 202
Dynamics 47, 149
Early weaning 118, 123, 140, 204
Ears 101
Echocardiography 219
Economic impact 5, 28
Educational programs 190
Efficiency 10
Egg yolk 80
Eisenia fetida 85
Electrical energy 83
Electronics 39
Embryo mortality 79
Embryo transfer 96
Endorphins 226
Energy conservation 82
Energy consumption 83, 230
Energy metabolism 27
England 233
Enrichment 84
Enteritis 42
Enterocolitis 193
Environment 84
Environmental control 36, 146
Environmental factors 40, 55, 85, 86, 131
Environmental impact 15, 85, 214
Environmental temperature 32, 34, 40, 50, 87, 88, 94, 103, 119, 149, 159, 230
Enzyme activity 174, 227
Epizootiology 196
Equipment 149, 160
Estrus 79, 81, 96, 130, 161
Ethics 135, 240
Evaluation 91
Evaporative coolers 207
Evaporative cooling 165
Excreta 104
Exercise 27, 31, 44
Exotics 176
Exploration 194
Extensive husbandry 192
Exudative meat 61, 117, 122
Eyes 7
Fans 82
Farm management 48
Farm surveys 3
Farrowing 20, 64, 67, 73, 77, 78, 88, 94, 171, 242
Farrowing houses 29, 45, 149, 151
Farrowing pens 14, 26, 30, 60, 67, 73, 78, 181, 182, 212
Farrowing rate 81, 127
Fasting 120, 121
Fat percentage 93
Fat thickness 95, 133
Feces 14, 192
Fecundity 127
Feed additives 50, 52, 56, 139, 239
Feed conversion 58, 93, 95, 121, 168, 230
Feed conversion efficiency 133, 169, 184
Feed dispensers 139, 160
Feed formulation 33
Feed grains 5
Feed intake 39, 51, 52, 56, 70, 72, 92, 95, 103, 121, 133, 150, 160, 167, 183,
184, 186, 197, 221, 230, 243
Feed supplements 15, 117
Feeding 179
Feeding behavior 8, 72, 102, 103, 150, 160, 167, 184, 243
Feeding frequency 70, 103
Feeding preferences 164
Feeds 30, 214
Female fertility 79, 81, 127
Fertilization 96
Field tests 91
Fire prevention 29
Floor area 4, 201
Floor space 78
Floors 47, 88, 198, 199
Folic acid 52
Fowls 196
Free range husbandry 176, 177
Fusaric acid 54
Gastric ulcer 52, 133
Gene frequency 233
Genes 27, 38, 107, 227
Genetic analysis 138
Genetic differences 107
Genetic engineering 134, 135, 240
Genetic factors 175
Genetic variation 105, 189, 214
Genetics 88
Genotypes 2, 187
Gibberella fujikuroi 54
Gills 130
Gilts 31, 51, 53, 62, 68, 75, 78, 96, 124, 129, 139, 143, 170
Glycolysis 31
Glycoproteins 126
Goats 164
Grazing 220
Greece 32
Group behavior 171, 184
Group interaction 58
Group size 167, 170
Groups 39, 68, 92, 161
Growth 67, 68, 95, 107, 221, 230
Growth models 23
Growth rate 73, 108, 133, 169
Guidelines 11
Haloperidol 55
Halothane 27, 31, 38, 107, 227
Halothane susceptibility 187
Handling 27, 68, 108, 124
Hardwoods 185
Health 190
Health promotion 190
Heart diseases 200
Heart rate 156
Heat 199
Heat exchangers 213
Heat lamps 94, 213
Heat loss 221
Heat production 27
Heat regulation 87, 213
Heat stress 32, 139, 154, 200
Heating 94
Heating costs 82, 213, 230
Heating systems 149, 213
Hematology 7
Hemodynamics 7, 179
Hemorrhagic enteritis 42
Hens 164
Herd structure 33, 48
Heritability 105
Heterozygotes 27
Hippocampus 187
Histology 85
Histopathology 42
History 5
Homozygotes 27
Hormone secretion 37, 115
Horses 164
Human-animal relationships 208
Humid tropics 158
Humoral immunity 50
Hungary 50
Hunger 157
Hydrocortisone 20, 37, 50, 71, 75, 101, 108, 120, 152, 170, 188, 197, 206, 226,
242
Hygiene 202
Hyperthermia 38
Hypothalamus 54, 117, 187
Identification 14, 39
Ileum 42
Illinois 191
Immobilization 104
Immune response 50, 126, 170
Immune serum 126
Immunization 115
Immunological deficiency 75
Immunology 7
Impact loads 47
Incidence 57, 105
Indicators 118
Individual characteristics 124
Individual feeding 167
Individuals 68
Infection 88
Information needs 163
Information storage 39
Information systems 163
Inheritance 38
Injection 96
Injuries 75
Insecticides 141
Installations 35
Insulin-like growth factor 2
Intensive livestock farming 158, 176
Interactions 19, 108, 151, 199
Intestinal mucosa 179
Intestines 179
Iowa 214
Ischemia 179
Isolation 62
Joints (timber) 46
Jugular vein 101
Kansas 83
Kentucky 57, 207
Knowledge 190
Laboratory methods 7
Laboratory tests 233
Lactic acid 226
Landscaping 29
Large farms 28
Large white 20
Lasers 185
Leaching 155
Learning 172
Legislation 155
Legs 199
Lesions 126, 169, 199
Life cycle 33
Line differences 2
Lipids 136
Literature reviews 40, 164, 165, 178
Litter 14, 65, 67, 88, 212
Litter size 67, 81, 88, 127, 183
Litter weight 170
Litters 188
Livestock 98, 99, 100, 109
Livestock enterprises 83
Livestock numbers 241
Livestock workers 208
Liveweight gain 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 72, 79, 159, 168, 169, 183, 184, 212, 230,
242
Loads 46
Locomotion 188
Loose housing 74
Losses 35
Losses from soil 155
Lumber 185
Lungs 126
Lysine 174
Maize 54
Male animals 108
Man 108
Market prices 5, 241
Marketing 163
Marketing boards 5
Marketing policy 5
Markov processes 48, 150
Materials 30
Maternal behavior 60, 67, 73, 78, 128, 145, 171, 189, 212
Mathematical models 40, 149, 150, 151, 165, 196, 241
Mating 37, 125
Mating ability 144
Mating behavior 62, 144
Mating preferences 130, 195
Mating systems 127
Meal patterns 167
Measurement 10, 39, 41, 202, 224
Meat and livestock industry 5, 28, 163
Meat composition 93
Meat cuts 93
Meat inspection 239
Meat production 5
Meat quality 93, 95, 122, 175, 239
Meat yield 2
Mechanical properties 174
Medical research 7
Medical treatment 88
Metabolism 31
Metabolites 31
Metals 199
Meteorological factors 86
Methodology 17, 224
Microbial contamination 34
Microclimate 50
Microenvironments 32
Microprocessors 41
Milk production 134
Milk yield 186
Mineral nutrition 23, 90
Miniature pigs 24, 25, 114, 148, 180, 228
Miniature pigs as pets 24
Miniature swine as pets 147
Minnesota 57
Mists 165, 207
Mixing 211
Molds 34
Monitoring 39
Montana 57
Mortality 31, 94, 178, 200, 242
Motility 80, 136
Motivation 30
Mouth 7
Movement 12, 41
Mummification 229
Muscles 31, 95
Mutations 38, 233
Mycoplasma 49
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 169
Myofibrils 61
Myosin 61
Naloxone 74
Natural killer cells 197
Natural ventilation 46
Nebraska 103
Nesting 19, 30, 64, 73, 153, 171, 182
Nests 182
Neuroleptics 58
Neurotransmitters 54, 187
New Zealand 164
Newborn animals 12, 40, 43, 94, 123, 151, 152, 179
Nigeria 176
Night temperature 230
Nitrate 155
Nitrogen 35
Nitrogen cycle 155
Normal values 126
North America 113
North central states of U.S.A. 213
North Dakota 57
Nutrient intake 143
Nutrient requirements 15, 25
Nutrients 214
Nutrition 7, 139
Nutritional muscular dystrophy 15
Odor abatement 35
Odor emission 35, 162
Odors 12, 14, 162
Oklahoma 45
Olfactometers 162
Operator comfort 116
Optimization 185
Organs 2, 95
Overcrowding 118
Ovulation 51
Ovulation rate 96
Oxygen consumption 179
Pain 222
Papua new guinea 192
Parametric programming 166
Parasites 114, 141
Parous rates 128
Particle size 34, 202
Pastures 141, 220
Pathology 119
Pennsylvania 123
Pens 75, 129, 184, 188, 202, 205, 230, 242
Perception 164
Performance 35, 93, 201, 207
Performance testing 45
Perinatal mortality 88
Pet care 180, 228
Ph 95
Pharmacodynamics 7
Phenotypes 227
Phosphorus 23, 90
Physical activity 39, 55, 206
Physiology 224
Physiopathology 193
Pig breeds 20, 233
Pig farming 3, 48, 139, 155
Pig fattening 50, 70, 93, 141, 159, 201, 218
Pig feeding 75, 88, 103, 114, 117, 141, 150, 167, 214, 239
Pig housing 4, 10, 11, 22, 29, 35, 36, 39, 41, 46, 49, 63, 65, 71, 75, 76, 82,
87, 88, 91, 92, 97, 102, 108, 118, 125, 129, 140, 141, 144, 146, 159, 161, 162,
165, 166, 169, 170, 177, 184, 198, 202, 203, 205, 207, 213, 218, 225, 230, 237
Pig manure 29, 162, 214
Pig slurry 35
Piglet feeding 8, 140
Piglet production 33, 142
Piglets 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 26, 27, 40, 43, 60, 67, 72, 73, 78, 88, 94, 114,
118, 128, 140, 151, 152, 158, 178, 179, 183, 189, 194, 199, 204, 205, 212, 230,
242
Pigmeat 5, 28, 61, 117, 122, 134, 168, 193
Pigs 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 16, 22, 23, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49,
50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 76, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87,
90, 93, 95, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123,
125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 135, 141, 142, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 172,
174, 176, 184, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 201, 203, 213, 214, 218,
219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241
Pituitary 133
Plane of nutrition 143
Plasma membranes 136
Play 129, 194
Pneumonia 49, 86, 126, 169
Poisoning 54
Poisonous plants 59
Pollution 15
Population ecology 196
Populations 86
Porcine stress syndrome 38, 61, 122, 138, 175, 187, 233
Postmortem changes 61
Postpartum interval 19, 26, 60, 128
Posture 60, 212
Poultry housing 146, 177
Prediction 35, 161
Predisposition 200
Pregnancy 55, 206
Pregnancy rate 62, 96
Prenatal period 152
Prepartum period 182
Preweaning period 88, 94
Probabilistic models 48
Processing 185
Product development 134
Production costs 241
Productivity 11, 143, 184
Profitability 214
Progesterone 20, 51, 170
Programs 241
Prolactin 20
Protein content 1, 95, 136
Protein degradation 61
Protein intake 133, 168
Proteins 61
Puberty 51, 79
Puerperium 7
Rams 17
Rapid methods 154
Ratios 54
Receptors 38
Record keeping 88, 163
Recording 160
Recovery 226
Regional surveys 83
Regulations 15
Relative humidity 32, 34, 151
Replacement 48
Reproduction 7, 48
Reproductive behavior 20, 171, 182, 229
Reproductive disorders 229
Reproductive efficiency 59
Reproductive organs 229
Reproductive performance 20, 68, 92, 170, 229
Reproductive physiology 229
Reproductive traits 229
Requirements 90
Research support 134
Resistance 31
Respiratory diseases 190
Responses 128, 164, 221
Restraint of animals 131, 219
Restricted feeding 51, 52, 131, 157, 243
Returns 241
Risk 190, 191
Roles 113
Rotavirus 192
Rubber 47, 199
Safety 219
Safety at work 190
Salmonella 196
Salmonella choleraesuis 193
Salmonellosis 193, 196
Sampling 10
Sand 182
Sarcomeres 61
Sawdust 77
Sds-page 61
Seasonal fluctuations 88, 176
Seasons 50
Selenium 15, 50
Semen diluent additives 80
Semen diluents 80
Semen preservation 80
Semen production 144
Senses 14
Separation 17
Septicemia 193
Sequential sampling 223
Serotonin 54, 117
Serotypes 193, 196
Sex differences 2, 53, 88, 93, 168, 184
Sex ratio 58
Sexual behavior 37, 127, 130, 195
Shading 36
Shear strength 23, 168
Sheep 59, 109, 164, 196, 223
Simulation 27, 199, 221
Simulation models 4, 32, 33, 48, 149, 198, 207, 225
Site selection 29
Skeletomuscular system 7
Slatted floors 201
Slaughter 66, 110, 122
Sliding friction 199
Small farms 28, 220
Social behavior 18
Social dominance 171, 173, 197
Social environment 62, 86
Social structure 145
Solar collectors 213
Solar heating 198
Solubility 61
Somatostatin 115
Somatotropin 2, 37, 79, 93, 95, 133, 134, 168, 174, 186
Sounds 60, 189
South Dakota 57
Sow feeding 92, 143, 243
Sow lactation 67, 145, 186, 242, 243
Sow pregnancy 186, 243
Sows 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 33, 48, 55, 60, 64, 67, 71, 73, 74, 77, 81, 89, 92,
96, 101, 102, 123, 125, 128, 131, 139, 143, 145, 152, 153, 156, 157, 161, 171,
173, 181, 182, 183, 186, 189, 195, 200, 205, 206, 211, 212, 242
Space requirements 75, 201, 234
Spatial variation 202
Species diversity 196
Spermatozoa 17, 80, 136, 154
Spf husbandry 126
Spirulina 104
Stallions 136
Stalls 75
Standing reflex 161
Stillbirths 229
Stimulation 60
Stimuli 12, 55, 164, 189
Stochastic models 207
Stocking density 11, 63, 118, 129, 202, 205
Straw 30, 64, 65, 67, 182, 212
Stray voltage 70
Streptococcus suis 57
Stress 7, 27, 31, 41, 50, 63, 66, 68, 71, 75, 108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 129,
172, 175, 187, 188, 197, 200, 205, 206, 219, 222, 226, 227, 242
Stress factors 42, 56, 118, 193, 203
Stress response 37, 110
Structural change 28
Sucking 212
Suckling 26, 152, 183, 212
Summer 32
Superovulation 96
Supplementary feeding 139
Supply elasticities 241
Surgery 7
Survival 67, 73, 123
Susceptibility 31, 119, 136, 176, 227, 233
Sustainability 214
Sweden 11
Swine 9, 9, 98, 109, 137, 137, 208, 215, 216
Swine diseases 11, 113, 126, 175
Swine farrowing facilities 217
Synchronization 81, 96
Synergism 54
Synthetic progestogens 81
Systems 39, 149
T-2 toxin 54
Tail biting 237
Teaching 222
Technology 35
Teeth 7, 237
Telecommunications 163
Telemetry 156
Temperament 124
Temperature 82, 125, 136, 151, 199, 225
Tenderness 95
Testosterone 37
Tests 154, 175
Tethered housing 74
Thymine 38
Time 48, 128, 158, 184, 226
Tissue proliferation 42
Tissues 107
Touch 60, 189
Toxicity 15
Toxicology 7
Toxins 59
Toys 63, 129, 194, 238
Transgenics 6, 96, 135
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus 191
Transport of animals 27, 116, 197, 219, 226
Trauma 88, 199
Treatment 68, 124
Trucks 116
Trusses 46
Trypanosoma brucei 176
Trypanosoma congolense 176
Trypanosomiasis 176
Tryptophan 54, 117, 120, 121
Tyrosine 117
U.S.A. 28, 29, 82, 125, 229, 233, 241
Udders 14
Uk 35, 155, 237
Unrestricted feeding 103, 167, 221, 243
Urinary tract 7
Urine 14, 172
Vaccination 114, 123
Validity 88
Velocity 202
Ventilation 4, 34, 40, 82, 91, 166, 225
Veterinarians 113
Veterinary products 239
Veterinary services 113
Viability 154
Vibration 47, 116
Vices 237
Visual stimuli 189
Vitamin e 50
Vocalization 14, 67, 128, 188, 212
Vomiting 54
Waste utilization 214
Water intake 221
Water pollution 155
Weaning 18, 88, 140, 183
Weaning weight 67, 72, 140
Weather data 32
Weight 2, 95, 133
Welfare economics 241
Western australia 3
Wood strength 46
Young animals 65
Zoonoses 114
Zygotes 96
Animal Welfare
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